Complex PREP U chp 54

A client with newly diagnosed renal cancer is questioning why detection was delayed. Which is the best response by the nurse?

"Very few symptoms are associated with renal cancer."

The nurse recognizes which condition as an integumentary manifestation of chronic renal failure?

Gray-bronze skin color

A client with chronic renal failure complains of generalized bone pain and tenderness. Which assessment finding would alert the nurse to an increased potential for the development of spontaneous bone fractures?

Hyperphosphatemia

Which of the following occurs late in chronic glomerulonephritis?

Peripheral neuropathy

Diet modifications are part of nutritional therapy for the management of ARF. Select the high-potassium food that should be restricted.

Citrus fruits

For a client in the oliguric phase of acute renal failure (ARF), which nursing intervention is the most important?

Limiting fluid intake

Hyperkalemia is a serious side effect of acute renal failure. Identify the electrocardiogram (ECG) tracing that is diagnostic for hyperkalemia.

Tall, peaked T waves

What is used to decrease potassium level seen in acute renal failure? a. IV dextrose 50% b. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate c. Calcium supplements d. Sorbitol

b The elevated potassium levels may be reduced by administering cation-exchange resins (sodium polystyrene sulfonate [Kayexalate]) orally or by retention enema. Kayexalate works by exchanging sodium ions for potassium ions in the intestinal tract.

A client has a family history of polycystic kidney disease. As the nurse gathers information and completes an assessment related to a polycystic kidney diagnosis, which findings would the nurse expect to find? Select all that apply.

Hypertension Polyuria Pain from retroperitoneal bleeding

The nurse cares for a client with acute kidney injury (AKI). The client is experiencing an increase in the serum concentration of urea and creatinine. The nurse determines the client is experiencing which phase of AKI?

Oliguria

A client's renal failure has become chronic. Which signs and symptoms are associated with chronic renal failure? Select all that apply.

lethargy muscle cramps bleeding of the oral mucous membranes

A nurse assesses a client shortly after living donor kidney transplant surgery. Which postoperative finding must the nurse report to the physician immediately? a. Urine output of 20 ml/hour b. Serum sodium level of 135 mEq/L c. Temperature of 99.2° F (37.3° C) d. Serum potassium level of 4.9 mEq/L

Urine output of 20 ml/h

A client who agreed to become an organ donor is pronounced dead. What is the most important factor in selecting a transplant recipient?

Compatible blood and tissue types

A client who suffered hypovolemic shock during a cardiac incident has developed acute renal failure. Which is the best nursing rationale for this complication?

Decrease in the blood flow through the kidneys.

A nurse identifies a nursing diagnosis of risk for ineffective breathing pattern related to incisional pain and restricted positioning for a client who has had a nephrectomy. Which of the following would be most appropriate for the nurse to include in the client's plan of care?

Encourage use of incentive spirometer every 2 hours.

The nurse weighs a patient daily and measures urinary output every hour. The nurse notices a weight gain of 1.5 kg in a 74-kg patient over 48 hours. The nurse is aware that this weight gain is equivalent to the retention of: a. 1,000 mL of fluid b. 2,000 mL of fluid c. 500 mL of fluid d. 1,500 mL of fluid

d A 1-kg weight gain is equal to 1,000 mL of retained fluid.

Which nursing assessment finding indicates that the client who has undergone renal transplant has not met expected outcomes? a. Diuresis b. Absence of pain c. Weight loss d. Fever

d Fever is an indicator of infection or transplant rejection.

The client with polycystic kidney disease asks the nurse, "Will my kidneys ever function normally again?" The best response by the nurse is:

"As the disease progresses, you will most likely require renal replacement therapy."

What is a characteristic of the intrarenal category of acute renal failure?

increased BUN

A patient admitted with electrolyte imbalance has carpopedal spasm, ECG changes, and a positive Chvostek sign. What deficit does the nurse suspect the patient has?

Calcium

A client who has been treated for chronic renal failure (CRF) is ready for discharge. The nurse should reinforce which dietary instruction?

"Increase your carbohydrate intake."

The client with chronic renal failure complains of intense itching. Which assessment finding would indicate the need for further nursing education?

Brief, hot daily showers

A client is in end-stage chronic renal failure and is being added to the transplant list. The nurse explains to the client how donors are found for clients needing kidneys. Which statement is accurate?

Donors are selected from compatible living donors.

Which of the following causes should the nurse suspect in a client diagnosed with intrarenal failure?

Glomerulonephritis

The nurse is caring for a patient after kidney surgery. What major danger should the nurse closely monitor for?

Hypovolemic shock caused by hemorrhage

A client diagnosed with acute kidney injury (AKI) has developed congestive heart failure. The client has received 40 mg of intravenous push (IVP) Lasix and 2 hours later, the nurse notes that there are 50 mL of urine in the Foley catheter bag. The client's vital signs are stable. Which health care order should the nurse anticipate?

Lasix 80 mg IVP

A client has been diagnosed with acute glomerulonephritis. This condition causes:

Proteinuria

A child is brought into the clinic with symptoms of edema and dark brown rusty urine. Which nursing assessment finding would best assist in determining the cause of this problem?

Sore throat 2 weeks ago

Following a nephrectomy, which assessment finding is most important in determining nursing care for the client?

SpO2 at 90% with fine crackles in the lung bases

When caring for the patient with acute glomerulonephritis, which of the following assessment findings should the nurse anticipate?

Tea-colored urine

A client has undergone a renal transplant and returns to the health care agency for a follow-up evaluation. Which finding would lead to the suspicion that the client is experiencing rejection?

Tenderness over transplant site

Which clinical finding should a nurse look for in a client with chronic renal failure?

Uremia

A dialysis client is prescribed erythropoietin (Epogen) to treat anemia associated with end-stage renal disease. The client weighs 147 lbs. The order is for Epogen 50 units/kg subcutaneously 3 times per week. The pharmacy supplied Epogen 3000 units/ml. How many milliliters will the nurse administer to the client? Round to the nearest tenth.

1.1

The nurse helps a client to correctly perform peritoneal dialysis at home. The nurse must educate the client about the procedure. Which educational information should the nurse provide to the client?

Keep the dialysis supplies in a clean area, away from children and pets

A client with end-stage renal disease is scheduled to undergo a kidney transplant using a sibling donated kidney. The client asks if immunosuppressive drugs can be avoided. Which is the best response by the nurse? a. "Even a perfect match does not guarantee organ success." b. "Let's wait until after the surgery to discuss your treatment plan." c. "Immunosuppressive drugs guarantee organ success." d. "The doctor may decide to delay the use of immunosuppressant drugs."

a Even a perfect match does not guarantee that a transplanted organ will not be rejected. Immunosuppressive drugs are used in all organ transplants to decrease incidence of organ rejection. To provide the client with the information needed to provide informed consent, the treatment plan is reviewed and discussed prior to transplant.

A client has a decreased secretion of erythropoietin from the kidneys due to end-stage kidney disease. What outcome will the decrease in erythropoietin have?

Anemia from the decrease in maturation of red blood cells.

The nurse is caring for a patient in the oliguric phase of acute kidney injury (AKI). What does the nurse know would be the daily urine output? a. 1.5 L b. 1.0 L c. Less than 400 mL d. Less than 50 mL

c The oliguria period is accompanied by an increase in the serum concentration of substances usually excreted by the kidneys (urea, creatinine, uric acid, organic acids, and the intracellular cations [potassium and magnesium]). The minimum amount of urine needed to rid the body of normal metabolic waste products is 400 mL. In this phase, uremic symptoms first appear and life-threatening conditions such as hyperkalemia develop.d

Which of the following is the priority nursing diagnosis for the client in the oliguric phase of acute renal failure? a. Activity intolerance b. Disturbed body image c. Fluid volume excess d. Urinary retention

c The oliguric phase is characterized by fluid retention.

A client is diagnosed with polycystic kidney disease. Which of the following would the nurse most likely assess?

Hypertension

A client with chronic renal failure comes to the clinic for a visit. During the visit, he complains of pruritus. Which suggestion by the nurse would be most appropriate?

"Keep your showers brief, patting your skin dry after showering."

The nurse is providing discharge instructions to the client with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Which statement by the client indicates a need for further teaching?

"I should drink as much as possible to keep my kidneys working."

An investment banker with chronic renal failure informs the nurse of the choice for continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis. Which is the best response by the nurse?

"This type of dialysis will provide more independence."

Sevelamer hydrochloride (Renagel) has been prescribed for a client with chronic renal failure. The physician has prescribed Renagel 800 mg orally three times per day with meals to treat the client's hyperphosphatemia. The medication is available in 400 mg tablets. How many tablets per day will the nurse administer to the client?

6

A patient with chronic kidney failure experiences decreased levels of erythropoietin. What serious complication related to those levels should the nurse assess for when caring for this client?

Anemia

The presence of prerenal azotemia is a probable indicator for hospitalization for CAP. Which of the following is an initial laboratory result that would alert a nurse to this condition?

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)-to-creatinine ratio (BUN:Cr) >20.

Patient education regarding a fistulae or graft includes which of the following? Select all that apply.

Check daily for thrill and bruit. Avoid compression of the site. No IV or blood pressure taken on extremity with dialysis access. No tight clothing.

The client is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of acute glomerulonephritis. Which clinical manifestation would the nurse expect to find?

Cola-colored urine

During the diuresis period of acute kidney injury (AKI), the nurse should observe the client closely for what complication?

Dehydration

The client with chronic renal failure is exhibiting signs of anemia. Which is the best nursing rationale for this symptom?

Diminished erythropoietin production

A nurse is assessing a client with acute renal failure. What medications should the nurse identify as a nephrotoxic drug? Select all that apply.

Gentamycin Tobramycin Neomycin

The nurse cares for a client after extensive abdominal surgery. The client develops an infection that is treated with IV gentamicin. After 4 days of treatment, the client develops oliguria, and laboratory results indicate azotemia. The client is diagnosed with acute tubular necrosis and transferred to the ICU. The client is hemodynamically stable. Which dialysis method would be most appropriate for the client?

Hemodialysis

A client in chronic renal failure becomes confused and complains of abdominal cramping, racing heart rate, and numbness of the extremities. The nurse relates these symptoms to which of the following lab values?

Hyperkalemia

A client has end-stage renal failure. Which of the following should the nurse include when teaching the client about nutrition to limit the effects of azotemia?

Increase carbohydrates and limit protein intake.

After teaching a group of students about how to perform peritoneal dialysis, which statement would indicate to the instructor that the students need additional teaching?

It is appropriate to warm the dialysate in a microwave."

A client, aged 75, is diagnosed with a renal disease and administered nephrotoxic drugs in normal doses. The nurse is aware that it is important to observe the client closely for any changes in renal status. Which of the following measures may help a nurse determine a change in renal status?

Observing the client's urinary output.

A group of students are reviewing the phases of acute renal failure. The students demonstrate understanding of the material when they identify which of the following as occurring during the second phase?

Oliguria

During hemodialysis, excess water is removed from the blood by which of the following?

Osmosis

A nurse is reviewing the history of a client who is suspected of having glomerulonephritis. Which of the following would the nurse consider significant?

Recent history of streptococcal infection

A patient has been diagnosed with postrenal failure. The nurse reviews the patient's electronic health record and notes a possible cause. Which of the following is the possible cause?

Renal calculi

Which of the following would a nurse classify as a prerenal cause of acute renal failure?

Septic Shock

Based on her knowledge of the primary cause of end-stage renal disease, the nurse knows to assess the most important indicator. What is that indicator?

Serum Glucose

The nurse performs acute intermittent peritoneal dialysis (PD) on a client who is experiencing uremic signs and symptoms. The peritoneal fluid is not draining as expected. What is the best response by the nurse?

Turn the client from side to side.

The nurse instructs a client to perform continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis correctly at home. Which educational information should the nurse provide to the client?

Use an aseptic technique during the procedure.

Which of the following is the most accurate indicator of fluid loss or gain?

Weight

Because of difficulties with hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis is initiated to treat a client's uremia. Which finding during this procedure signals a significant problem?

White blood cell (WBC) count of 20,000/mm3

The nurse is administering calcium acetate (PhosLo) to a patient with end-stage renal disease. When is the best time for the nurse to administer this medication?

With food

A history of infection specifically caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci is associated with which disorder? a. Acute glomerulonephritis b. Nephrotic syndrome c. Chronic renal failure d. Acute renal failure

a Acute glomerulonephritis is also associated with varicella zoster virus, hepatitis B, and Epstein-Barr virus. Acute renal failure is associated with hypoperfusion to the kidney, parenchymal damage to the glomeruli or tubules, and obstruction at a point distal to the kidney. Chronic renal failure may be caused by systemic disease, hereditary lesions, medications, toxic agents, infections, and medications. Nephrotic syndrome is caused by disorders such as chronic glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple myeloma, and renal vein thrombosis.

A client with chronic renal failure (CRF) has developed faulty red blood cell (RBC) production. The nurse should monitor this client for: a. fatigue and weakness. b. dyspnea and cyanosis. c. nausea and vomiting. d. thrush and circumoral pallor.

a RBCs carry oxygen throughout the body. Decreased RBC production diminishes cellular oxygen, leading to fatigue and weakness. Nausea and vomiting may occur in CRF but don't result from faulty RBC production. Dyspnea and cyanosis are associated with fluid excess, not CRF. Thrush, which signals fungal infection, and circumoral pallor, which reflects decreased oxygenation, aren't signs of CRF.

A patient has stage 3 chronic kidney failure. What would the nurse expect the patient's glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to be? a. A GFR of 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m2 b. A GFR of 85 mL/min/1.73 m2 c. A GFR of 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 d. A GFR of 120 mL/min/1.73 m2

a Stage 3 of chronic kidney disease is defined as having a GFR of 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m2

The nurse is providing supportive care to a client receiving hemodialysis in the management of acute renal failure. Which statement from the nurse best reflects the ability of the kidneys to recover from acute renal failure? a. The kidneys can improve over a period of months. b. Once on dialysis, the need will be permanent. c. Acute renal failure tends to turn to end-stage failure. d. Kidney function will improve with transplant.

a The kidneys have a remarkable ability to recover from serious insult. Recovery may take 3 to 12 months. As long as recovery is continuing, there is no need to consider transplant or permanent hemodialysis. Acute renal failure can progress to chronic renal failure.

A client with renal failure is undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Which nursing diagnosis is the most appropriate for this client? a. Risk for infection b. Toileting self-care deficit c. Activity intolerance d. Impaired urinary elimination

a. The peritoneal dialysis catheter and regular exchanges of the dialysis bag provide a direct portal for bacteria to enter the body. If the client experiences repeated peritoneal infections, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis may no longer be effective in clearing waste products. Impaired urinary elimination, Toileting self-care deficit, and Activity intolerance may be pertinent but are secondary to the risk of infection.

The nurse cares for a client diagnosed with chronic glomerulonephritis. The nurse will observe the client for the development of

anemia

A client admitted with a gunshot wound to the abdomen is transferred to the intensive care unit after an exploratory laparotomy. IV fluid is being infused at 150 mL/hour. Which assessment finding suggests that the client is experiencing acute renal failure (ARF)? a. Temperature of 100.2° F (37.8° C) b. Urine output of 250 ml/24 hours c. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level of 22 mg/dl d. Serum creatinine level of 1.2 mg/dl

b ARF, characterized by abrupt loss of kidney function, commonly causes oliguria, which is characterized by a urine output of 250 ml/24 hours. A serum creatinine level of 1.2 mg/dl isn't diagnostic of ARF. A BUN level of 22 mg/dl or a temperature of 100.2° F (37.8° C) wouldn't result from this disorder.

Which of the following is a term used to describe excessive nitrogenous waste in the blood, as seen in acute glomerulonephritis? a. Hematuria b. Azotemia c. Bacteremia d. Proteinuria

b The primary presenting features of acute glomerulonephritis are hematuria, edema, azotemia (excessive nitrogenous wastes in the blood), and proteinuria (>3 to 5 g/day). Bacteremia is excessive bacteria in the blood.

A client with chronic renal failure (CRF) is admitted to the urology unit. Which diagnostic test results are consistent with CRF? a. Uric acid analysis 3.5 mg/dL and phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) excretion 75% b. Increased serum levels of potassium, magnesium, and calcium c. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 100 mg/dL and serum creatinine 6.5 mg/dL d. Increased pH with decreased hydrogen ions

c The normal BUN level ranges 8 to 23 mg/dl; the normal serum creatinine level ranges from 0.7 to 1.5 mg/dl. A BUN level of 100 mg/dl and a serum creatinine of 6.5 mg/dl are abnormally elevated results, reflecting CRF and the kidneys' decreased ability to remove nonprotein nitrogen waste from the blood. CRF causes decreased pH and increased hydrogen ions — not vice versa. CRF also increases serum levels of potassium, magnesium, and phosphorous, and decreases serum levels of calcium. A uric acid analysis of 3.5 mg/dl falls within the normal range of 2.7 to 7.7 mg/dl; PSP excretion of 75% also falls within the normal range of 60% to 75%.

The nurse is caring for a patient after kidney surgery. What major danger should the nurse closely monitor for? a. Abdominal distention owing to reflex cessation of intestinal peristalsis b. Paralytic ileus caused by manipulation of the colon during surgery c. Pneumonia caused by shallow breathing because of severe incisional pain d. Hypovolemic shock caused by hemorrhage

d If bleeding goes undetected or is not detected promptly, the patient may lose significant amounts of blood and may experience hypoxemia. In addition to hypovolemic shock due to hemorrhage, this type of blood loss may precipitate a myocardial infarction or transient ischemic attack.

Glomerulonephritis is an inflammatory response in the glomerular capillary membrane, and causes disruption of the renal filtration system. Although diagnostic urinalysis can reveal glomerulonephritis, many clients with glomerulonephritis exhibit: a. polyuria. b. fever. c. headache. d. no symptoms.

d Many clients with glomerulonephritis have no symptoms. Early symptoms may be so slight that the client does not seek medical attention.

One of the roles of the nurse in caring for clients with chronic renal failure is to help them learn to minimize and manage potential complications. This would include: a. eating protein liberally. b. limiting iron and folic acid intake. c. allowing liberal use of sodium. d. restricting sources of potassium usually found in fresh fruits and vegetables.v

d Restrict sources of potassium usually found in fresh fruits and vegetables; hyperkalemia can cause life-threatening changes. Restrict sodium intake as ordered; doing so prevents excess sodium and fluid accumulation. Prescribed iron and folic acid supplements or Epogen should be taken. Iron and folic acid supplements are needed for RBC production. Epogen stimulates bone marrow to produce RBCs. Restrict protein intake to foods that are complete proteins within prescribed limits. Complete proteins provide positive nitrogen balance for healing and growth.

The nurse expects which of the following assessment findings in the client in the diuretic phase of acute renal failure? a. Hypertension b. Crackles c. Hyperkalemia d. Dehydration

d The diuretic phase of acute renal failure is characterized by increased urine output, hypotension, and dehydration.

A client diagnosed with acute kidney injury (AKI) has a serum potassium level of 6.5 mEq/L. The nurse anticipates administering: a. IV dextrose 50% b. Calcium supplements c. Sorbitol d. sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)

d The elevated potassium levels may be reduced by administering cation-exchange resins (sodium polystyrene sulfonate [Kayexalate]) orally or by retention enema. Kayexalate works by exchanging sodium ions for potassium ions in the intestinal tract. Sorbitol may be administered in combination with Kayexalate to induce a diarrhea-type effect (it induces water loss in the GI tract). If the client is hemodynamically unstable (low blood pressure, changes in mental status, dysrhythmia), IV dextrose 50%, insulin, and calcium replacement may be administered to shift potassium back into the cells.

The nurse cares for a client with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Which acid-base imbalance is associated with this disorder?

pH 7.20, PaCO2 36, HCO3 14-

A client with chronic renal failure (CRF) is receiving a hemodialysis treatment. After hemodialysis, the nurse knows that the client is most likely to experience:

weight loss.