Comprehensive Biology SOL Review 1

Pataasin ang iyong marka sa homework at exams ngayon gamit ang Quizwiz!

The names of enzymes mostly end in

" ASE" Protease Exception: Pepsin

Cell Membrane

"Border control", controls what comes in and out of the cell; maintains homeostasis

Nucleus

"Brain" of the cell, control center; Contains DNA (genetic material)

Endoplasmic reticulum

"Cell highway", transports goods and materials throughout the cell, 2 types

Carl Linnaeus

"Father of Taxonomy"; established his classification of living things; famous for animal naming system of binomial nomenclature

Autosomes

All the chromosomes in our cells other than the X and Y chromosome (the 1st through the 22nd chromosomes shown on a karyotype)

genome

All the genetic information in an organism; all of an organism's chromosomes.

biotic factors

All the living components of an ecosystem.

abiotic factors

All the nonliving components of an ecosystem.

Rubber stoppers

Also called a bung, a rubber stopper is a truncated cylindrical or conical closure to seal a container, such as a bottle, tube or flask.

Allele

Alternate forms of a gene. Represented by an upper or lower case letter.

Allele

Alternate forms of an gene (normally one from mother and one from father)

Allele

Alternate versions of a gene

pH 11

Ammonia

PCR machine (thermal cycler)

Amplifies fragments of nucleic acids by exposing PCR samples to cycles of three temperatures (denaturation, annealing, elongation).

Theory

An accepted explanation of something based on many observations and experiments.

Analytical scale

An analytical balance is a class of balance designed to measure small mass in the sub-milligram range. The measuring pan of an analytical balance (0.1 mg or better) is inside a transparent enclosure with doors so that dust does not collect and so any air currents in the room do not affect the balance's operation. This enclosure is often called a draft shield.

omnivore

An animal that eats both plants and animals

Ectotherm

An animal that is dependent on external sources of body heat; cold-blooded

Vertebrate

An animal with a backbone

Invertebrate

An animal without a backbone

Mass spectrometer

An apparatus for separating isotopes, molecules, and molecular fragments according to mass. The sample is vaporized and ionized, and the ions are accelerated in an electric field and deflected by a magnetic field into a curved trajectory that gives a distinctive mass spectrum.

Galapagoes

An archipelago of islands in which Darwin developed his theory

adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

Climax community

An community in which populations of plants or animals remain stable and exist in balance with each other and their environment

Climax community

An ecological community in which populations of plants or animals remain stable and exist in balance with each other and their environment. A climax community is the final stage of succession, remaining relatively unchanged until destroyed by an event such as fire or human interference.

primary succession

An ecological succession that begins in an area where no biotic community previously existed; no soil; ex. glaciers and lava

Fish

An ectothermic vertebrate that breathes through gills, lives in water, has scaly, slimy skin covering, and lays jelly-like eggs.

Reptile

An ectothermic vertebrate that has lungs, lays leathery eggs, and scaly skin or bony plates.

Amphibian

An ectothermic vertebrate that has moist, porous skin. These animals begin their lives in water and breathe with gills. As adults they live on land and breathe with lungs. They must return to the water to lay their jelly-like eggs.

Hypothesis

An educated guess for the outcome of the experiment. Is made prior to conducting an experiment

Hypothesis

An educated guess or testable prediction.

Hypothesis

An educated guess.

Mammal

An endothermic vertebrate that has hair/fur, carries eggs and developing embryos internally, and provide milk for their young.

Bird

An endothermic vertebrate with feathers, wings and beaks. They lay eggs with hard shells and have hollow bones to reduce the density of their skeleton.

Catalase

An enzyme found in cells that helps break down H2O2.

Lactase

An enzyme that breaks down lactose.

Sucrase

An enzyme that breaks down sucrose.

Adaptive radiation

An evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species

population growth

An increase in population over a period of time due to striving and abundant needs

herbivory

An interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga.

predation

An interaction in which one organism (predator) kills another (prey) for food.

Mollusk

An invertebrate with a soft, unsegmented body; most are protected by a hard outer shell, but includes octopus and squid

mitochondria

An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP aka "POWERHOUSE OF CELL"

Lichen

An organism made of a fungus and either algae or autotrophic bacteria that live together in a mutualistic relationship.

decomposer

An organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms

producer

An organism that can make its own food by using energy from its surroundings; another name for autotroph

producer

An organism that can make its own food.

heterotroph

An organism that cannot make its own food.

secondary consumer

An organism that eats primary consumers / second level of consumer

primary consumer

An organism that eats producers / first level of consumer

tertiary consumer

An organism that eats secondary consumers / last level of consumer

Hetertroph

An organism that gets its food from other living organisms.

heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait

homozygous

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait

Endotherm

An organism that is internally warmed by a heat-generating metabolic process; warm-blooded

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

consumer

An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms

consumer

An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms; another name for heterotroph

Homeostasis

An organism's abilility to maintain a stable internal environment.

genotype

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.

phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

Scientific Method

An organized way to test scientific hypotheses

Denature

An protein no longer functions properly: modify (as a native protein) especially by heat, acid, alkali, or ultraviolet radiation so that all of the original properties are removed or diminished

DNA fingerprint

Analysis of sections of DNA that have little or no known function, but vary widely from one individual to another, in order to identify individuals.

Chargaff

Analyzed DNA from many species and found that [A=T] and [G=C] -- which led to the understanding of the base pairing rules of DNA

Omnivore

Animal that feeds on both animal and plants

Herbivore

Animal that feeds on plants

Vertebrate

Animals with backbones

Asymmetrical symmetry

Animals with no general body plan, these animals have no definite shape

Calvin Cycle

Another name for the Light Independent Reactions

Fern

Any of a group of seedless vascular plants

Domain Archaea

Any of various single-celled prokaryotes genetically distinct from bacteria, often thriving in extreme environmental conditions

Matter

Anything that occupies space; it cannot be created or destroyed.

Disposal of Chemicals

Ask teacher. Solid chemicals, metals, matches, filter paper, and all other insoluble materials are to be placed in proper waste container.

Ribosome

Assembles amino acids into proteins.

Sex-linked trait

Associated with genes that are located on the X chromosome; more common in males than females. (ex: hemophilia or color-blindness)

Cytokinesis

At the end of M Phase --> Division of cytoplasm

Ion

Atom with a negative charge (because it gained electrons) or a positive charge (because it lost electrons).

CHNOP

Atoms found in nucleic acids

Isotope

Atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons.

Hydrophilic

Attracted to water.

cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Gregor Mendel

Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884)

pH 9

Bakingsoda

Aquatic

Based on Water

cell

Basic unit of life

Alkaline

Basic; having a pH greater than 7

Enzyme

Biological catalyst - special type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions

tundra

Biome characterized as a frozen desert where permafrost (frozen soil) exists. Only found in the northern hemisphere.

Rain Forest

Biome characterized by canopy of trees and large amount of precipitation

Coniferous Forest

Biome characterized by conifers (pine trees, having cones)

Tundra

Biome characterized by low temperatures and low growing vegetation

Grassland/Savanna

Biome dominated by grass species

tropical rainforest

Biome in which rainfall is abundant - more that 200 cm (80 in) per year - and temperatures are warm or hot year-round

Nervous System

Bodies response to stimuli from inside or outside the body. Brain, spinal cord and system of nerves

vestigial structures

Body parts that have lost their original function through evolution

Bilateral symmetry

Body plan in which only a single, imaginary line can divide the body into two equal halves.

Immune System

Body's defense. White blood cells and other components destroy foreign pathogens

peptide

Bonds that connect amino acids.

Circulatory System

Brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells; fights infection; removes cell wastes; helps to regulate body temperature Structures: Heart, blood vessels, blood

carbohydrate

Broken down to glucose to provide energy.

fatty acid

Building blocks of lipids

amino acid

Building blocks of protein

How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?

By lowering the activation energy

Robert Hooke

Came up with the term "cells"

Chitin

Carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of fungi

Cellulose

Carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of plants

mRNA

Carries the code from DNA (in nucleus) to the ribosomes (in cytoplasm); messenger RNA

Mutagen

Causes mutations

Binary fission

Cell division in prokaryotic cells

meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms; each new cell is unique

Dipolid cell

Cells that contain 2 of each chromosomes - ex: human skin cell has 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes

Plants and Animals (and all eukaryotes)

Cells that contain mitochondria

Haploid cell

Cells that contain only 1 of each chromosome - OR HALF the amount of chromosomes - ex: human sperm cell has 23 chromosomes

Cancer cells

Cells that grow and divide uncontrollably

Mutation

Change in DNA

Adaptations

Changes in physical structure, function, or behavior that allow an organism or species to survive and reproduce in a given environment.

hormones

Chemical messengers that travel through your bloodstream and tell your cells to change somehow, ex. testosterone

Hydrolysis

Chemical reaction in which water is added and polymers are separated into monomers.

Dehydration synthesis

Chemical reaction in which water is taken out and monomers are joined to form polymers.

Non-disjunction

Chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis

metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Homologous chromosomes

Chromosomes that carry genes controlling the same inherited characters

protein

Class of nutrients made up of amino acids. They are needed to build and repair body structures, and to regulate processes in the body

pH 5

Coffee

pH 3

Cola, vinegar

Gene pool

Collection of genes in a population

Heterozygous

Combination of recessive and dominant allele (example Tt)

gene pool

Combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population

Deduction

Coming up with a conclusion by reasoning

Spill Kit

Commercially packaged materials containing supplies and equipment needed to clean up a spill of biohazardous substance.

carbohydrate

Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the approximate ratio of C:2H:O (e.g., sugars, starches, and cellulose)

pH 0

Concentrate hydrochloric acid

Multicellular

Consisting of many cells

biosphere

Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.

Nucleus

Consists of protons and neutrons = the atomic mass.

Lysomsomes

Contain enzymes that digest waste and damaged organelles so the cell can dispose of them

Diploid

Containing a full number of chromosomes. Ex: body cells

Hypertonic

Containing a higher concentration of dissolved solids. Cells will shrink in this solution

Hypotonic

Containing a lower concentration of dissolved solids. Cells will swell in this solution

Chloroplast

Contains chlorophyll and other pigments; in autotrophs that carry out photosynthesis

Nucleus

Control center of the cell containing DNA

Endocrine System

Controls growth, development, metabolism and homeostasis. Done by glands in body

Photosynthesis

Conversion of solar energy, CO2 and water into glucose and oxygen in autotrophs/producers (occurs normally in chloroplasts)

Digestive system

Converts foods into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body; absorbs food. Structures include mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum

What is transcription?

Copying part of a nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in mRNA

DNA replication

Copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA

prophase

DNA and proteins condense into tightly coiled chromosomes.

Theory of Natural Selection

Darwin's explanation for how evolution occurs: Overproduction, Inherited Variation, Struggle to Survive, Successful Reproduction leads to changes in a population

Evidence

Data gathered in an experiment to support or not support a hypothesis

quantitative

Data that is in numbers / expressed through amount

What is translation?

Decoding of mRNA message into a polypeptide chain or protein

Mushroom

Decomposer that breaks down waste material and dead animals to get energy. Has a cap, stalk, and mycelium.

Term: Genus

Definition: A classification grouping that consists of a number of similar, closely related species

Gas line hose

Deliver gas between supply and burners.

Rubber tubing

Delivers gas between supply and burner or glassware.

DNA stands for:

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Contains the genetic makeup of an organism. Made of nucleotides (nitrogenous bases, phosphate groups and deoxyribose sugar)

DNA stands for...

Deoxyribonucleic acid

dominant

Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait.

Fluid Mosaic Model

Describes both the "mosaic" arrangement of proteins embedded throughout the lipid bilayer as well as the "fluid" movement of lipids and proteins alike.

Selective permeability

Describes how the cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell -- not everything can get in or out -- it selects what can get in and out

Phospholipid Bilayer

Describes how the phospholipids line up tail to tail

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Developed microscopes and was first to observe microscopic animal life

Food/Energy Pyramid

Diagram showing the trophic levels from producers to top level consumers in which energy moves up

Concentration gradient

Difference in concentration of a dissolved substance in a solution between a region of high density and one of lower density. Difference in concentration can result in osmosis or diffusion.

Genetic variation

Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments

genetic variation

Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments

Allele

Different version of a gene

osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Lamarck

Disproved Law of Use and Disuse

Mitosis

Division of chromosomes; has 4 stages (PMAT)

yes, because ice has a less density than water

Does ice float on water? Why or why not?

classification system

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Disaccharide

Double sugar. Examples: lactose, maltose, sucrose

pH 14

Drain cleaner

NADH & FADH2

Electron Carriers

Covalent bond

Electrons are shared.

Ionic bond

Electrons are transferred.

Leading strand

Elongates continuously 5'->3' as the replication fork progresses; moves toward the replication fork

Glycogen

Energy storage in animals.

Starch

Energy storage in plants.

lipid

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

DNA Polymerase

Enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork --> as individual nucleotides align with complementary nucleotides along a template strand of DNA, this enzyme adds them, one by one, to the growing end of the new DNA strand

Ligase

Enzyme that joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments, forming a signel new DNA strand

Helicase

Enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks, separating the 2 parental strans and making them available as template strands

Lysosome

Enzyme vesicle.Breaks down larger food molecules into smaller molecules; digests old cell parts

The enzyme binds to its substrate, forming what?

Enzyme-substrate complex

Reusable

Enzymes are not a reactant or a product - they are able to be used again.

Lock and Key Model

Enzymes are specific. The only wok on the substrate that they "fit." Just like a lock has a specific key to open it.

Some enzymes reside in specific organelles, such as...

Enzymes for cellular respiration are located in mitochondria

Specific

Enzymes only catalyze ONE reaction - the active site fits with only one substrate.

Isotonic

Equal concentration. Water will move in and out of a cell equally

Protista

Eukaryotic mostly unicellular, little multi no cell walls autotroph/heterotroph asexual not motile ex. Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium

Plantae

Eukaryotic multicellular cellwalls made of cellulose autotroph sexual not motile ex. grasses, mosses, flowers

Animalia

Eukaryotic multicellular no cell wall heterotroph sexual motile ex. chordata, humans, nematode

Fungi

Eukaryotic multicellular(except yeast) cell wall made of chitin hetertroph - decomposer asexual not motile ex. mushroom, yeast, mold

Crossing over

Event that occurs in Prophase I of Meiosis I where homologous chromosomes that are paired up exchange equal segments (genes) with each other -- leads to genetic variation in offspring

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

Homologous

Example would be homologous chromosomes (same length and contains similar versions of genes) from mom and dad

Sugar, Glucose, Starch, Cellulose

Examples of Carbohydrates

Fat, Oil, Phospholipid, Cholesterol

Examples of Lipids

DNA and RNA

Examples of Nucleic Acid

Hemoglobin, Insulin, Antibodies, Enzymes

Examples of Proteins

Constant

Experimental conditions that do not change.

Dominant allele

Expressed whenever present; represented by a capital letter

Polyploidy

Extra set of chromosomes (such as down syndrome with 3 chromosomes at pair 21)

True or false: Enzymes fit with any shape of molecules.

FALSE. Each substrate/reactant has a unique shape. The have a specific substrate the work on

True or False: Enzymes start chemical reactions.

FALSE. Enzymes don't start reactions- they SPEED UP reactions that would occur eventually.

Pistil

Female part of flower made up of stigma, style, and ovary)

Light Dependent Reactions

First stage of Photosynthesis

Angiosperm

Flowering Plants that have their seeds contained within an ovary

Angiosperm

Flowering plants: plants having seeds in a closed ovary (your fruits, vegetables, grains)

Chromatin

Form of DNA between cell divisions. the chromatin condenses into chromosomes

Sodium/Potassium Pump

Form of active transport that moves Na+ and K+ against their concentration gradient - important for the function of nerve cells.

Evaporative cooling

Form of homeostasis that allows organisms to maintain a stable internal temperature when they are getting too hot.

Behavioral Isolation

Form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding

Speciation

Formation of new species

speciation

Formation of new species

Ionic Bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

protein synthesis

Forming proteins based on information in DNA and carried out by RNA

Mitochondria

Found in most eukaryotes that produce energy for the cell through cellular respiration

Store Energy and Structural Support

Function of Carbohydrates

Store Energy, Insulation, Components of Cell Membrane

Function of Lipids

Store and communicate genetic information

Function of Nucleic Acids

Build muscle, Speed up reactions, Cell Communication, Transport of Oxygen

Function of Proteins

fertilization

Fusion of an egg and sperm cell; Each give 23 chromosomes

Genotype

Genetic makeup

Cell Wall

Gives support and protection to cell; made of cellulose in plants.

Monosaccharide

Glucose that combine to form dissacharides of polysaccharides (starch, cellulose)

pH 10

Great Salt Lake

Vegetative Propogation

Growing roots from cut plant stems

exponential growth

Growth of a population in an ideal, unlimited environment, represented by a J-shaped curve when population size is plotted over time.

H2O2

Harmful chemical made in cells that fits in the active site of catalase.

Aerobic

Has oxygen

Adaptation

Having the best physical or chemical characteristics to survive in an environment (example: long fur to survive the cold)

Homozygous

Having two of the same alleles

Animal Kingdom

Heterotrophs, Multicellular, Eukaryotic, and No Cell Wall

Recessive allele

Hidden by a dominant allele and only expressed when an organism has 2; represented by a lowercase letter

Test tube rack, plastic

Holds test tubes upright.

Test tube rack, wooden

Holds test tubes upright.

Chlorophyll in their cell membranes

How do some prokaryotes photosynthesize?

Gradualism

Idea that species evolve slowly and continuously over long periods of geological time

Punctuated equilibrium

Ideas that evolution occurs in fits and starts rather than in a steady process of slow change

acid

If something a "2" on the pH scale, then is it a base, acid, or neutral substance?

neutral

If something a "7" on the pH scale, then is it a base, acid, or neutral substance?

base

If something is a "13" on the pH scale, then is it a base, acid, or neutral substance?

control

In an experiment, the standard that is used for comparison

Flow cytometer

In biotechnology, flow cytometry is a laser-based, biophysical technology employed in cell counting, cell sorting, biomarker detection and protein engineering, by suspending cells in a stream of fluid and passing them by an electronic detection apparatus. It allows simultaneous multiparametric analysis of the physical and chemical characteristics of up to thousands of particles per second.

Nucleus

In both plant and animal cells; controls cellular functions:

Mitochondria

In both plant and animal cells; takes sugar and turns it into energy (ATP)

Location of translation

In the cytoplasm at the ribosome

Location of transcription

In the nucleus

Budding

In yeast and hydra in which a bud forms and can develop into organism

observation

Information obtained through the senses.

Channel Protein

Integral protein involved in facilitated diffusion.

competition

Interaction among organisms that vie for the same resource in an ecosystem; a relationship in which both organisms of different species are harmed

Analysis

Interpretation of data collected in an experiment

Asexual

Involving one individual organism. Produces copy of organism (binary fission)

Control

Is used to determine the effect of the independent variable. Can be considered the baseline or natural condition that is used for comparison.

Glass stir rod

It's a human-powered stir rod. Enough said.

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like substance the cell organelles float in

Niche

Job of an organism in its environment

Fungi

Kingdom that includes mushrooms, lichens and yeast. Heterotrophic, multicellular and with cell walls. Made up of hyphae

Charles Darwin

Known as father of evolution

Theory of Acquired Characteristics

Lamark's explanation on evolution: concept that modifications that occur during an organism's lifetime are passed on to its offspring. Ex. Giraffes grow longer necks as needed.

Terrestrial

Land based

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support.

density-independent limiting factors

Limiting factors that affect populations in similar ways, regardless of size; usually abiotic factors like a forest fire, weather, and flood.

Cholesterol

Lipid molecule found in animal cell membranes that contributes to the stability and fluidity of the cell membrane.

Electron Transport Chain

Located in the thylakoid membrane, this is how the Light Dependent reactions make ATP and NADPH

Thylakoid

Location in the chloroplast where Light Dependent Reactions occur

Stroma

Location in the chloroplast where Light Independent Reactions/Cavlin Cycle occur

Hydrocarbons

Long chains of carbon and hydrogen which are nonpolar and make lipids hydrophobic.

Proper Dress for labs

Long hair tied back. Dangling jewelry, loose or baggy clothing must be secured.

Symbiosis

Long term interactions between two organsims

Deciduous

Lose leaves at the end of the growing season

Vaccines

Made from parts of original virus to help organisms build immunity by allowing body to make antibodies

Lipid

Made of Fatty acids. Fats, oils, and waxes. Function: Long Term Energy Storage

Unicellular

Made of a single cell

Protein

Made of amino acids. control cell functions and provide support. Ex: enzymes

Carbohydrate

Made of chains of monosaccharides. Used for short term energy. Sugars

Chromosome

Made of chromatin (a complex of DNA and associated protein molecules) --> each contains one very long, linear strand of DNA that carries several hundred to a few thousand genes

Cytoskeleton

Made of protein microtubules and microfilaments.

Phospholipid

Made of up of a phosphate head and lipid tail. Makes up the bilayer of the cell membrane

Skeletal System

Made up bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage that supports and protects the body

Spindle fibers

Made up of microtubules -- used to pull chromatids apart and chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell

Plant Kingdom

Made up of organisms that can perform photosynthesis to make food. Characteristics include multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic, and mostly green in color.

Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment

Homeostasis

Maintaining stable internal environment within an organisms.

Gamete Production

Major reason why cells go through Meiosis

Growth and Repair

Major reasons why cells go through Mitosis

Polysaccharide

Many sugars - polymer of carbohydrates

pH

Measurment of the number of hydrogen ions in a solution.

Endocytosis

Membrane folding to allow materials into the cell

Nucleus

Membrane-bound organelle that stores and protects the DNA in eukaryotic cells

Relative dating

Method of determining the age of a fossil by comparing its placement with that of fossils in other layers of rock

Absolute dating

Method of measuring rates of decay of radioactive materials to determine how long ago an event occurred or an organism lived

"FOIL"

Method to determine gamete possibilities for a dihybrid cross

pH 6

Milk

Buffer

Mixture that can react with an acid or a base to keep the pH within a particular range.

Monosaccharides - glucose

Monomer of Carbohydrates

Nucleotide

Monomer of Nucleic Acids

Amino Acids

Monomer of Proteins

Nucleotide

Monomer of nucleic acids

nucleotide

Monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Protozoan

Mostly one celled Eukaryotes with no cell wall. Some are Plant like, some are animal like and some are fungus like.

Gene Flow

Movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from from high concentration to low concentration

diffusion

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration

Migrate

Moving out of a particular area in search of resources

Surface area to volume ratio

Must be LARGE to increase the efficiency of moving materials in and out of the cell --- It is largest (and therefore the cell is able to be most efficient) when cells are small

Lagging strand

Must grow in an overall 3'->5' direction by the addition of Okazaki fragments that grow in 5'->3' direction; moved away from the replication fork

NADPH

NADP+ becomes this in the Light Dependent Reactions.

NADP+

NADPH becomes this when its energy is used in the Calvin Cycle

When should you eat or drink in the lab?

NEVER EVER EVER

Directional selection

Natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do other individuals.

Stabilizing selection

Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes

greenhouse effect

Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases

Electron

Negative charged part of an atom.

Neutron

Neutral part of an atom

A, T, C, G

Nitrogenous bases of DNA

A, U, C, G

Nitrogenous bases of RNA

Centrosome

Nonmembranous organelle that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell's microtubules - found in both plant and animal cells

Fatty acid tails

Nonpolar region of the phospholipid that is hydrophobic.

Quantitative

Observation measured or otherwise expressed with numbers

Quantitative

Observation using measuring tools and is given in a number form (example 5 milliliters of liquid)

Carbon Fixation

Occurs during the Calvin Cycle -- when CO2 is made into C6H12O6

logistic growth

Occurs when a populations growth slows and then stops following a period of exponential growth; reaches the carrying capacity; s-shaped curve

Fermentation

Occurs when oxygen is not available

3:1 phenotypic ratio of offspring

Occurs when two heterozygous parents are crossed.

9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio of offspring

Occurs when two parents are crossed that are heterozygous for two different traits.

Monera

Old classification for all bacteria.

Monera

Old kingdom that included all bacteria (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria)

The number of strands in RNA

One

Point mutation

One base is substituted/replaced by another - potentially coding for another amino acid

Frameshift mutation

One or more bases are added or deleted in DNA sequence resulting in a shift in the amino acid sequence

Frameshift mutation

One or more bases are removed or inserted causing the reading frame to "shift" --- results in many wrong amino acids

Emergency Shut off Valves

One valve shuts off electricity and gas manually. The second valve shuts off water.

Paleontologist

One who studies of the forms of life existing in prehistoric or geologic times, as represented by the fossils of plants, animals, and other organisms

10% Rule

Only 10% of the total energy produced at each trophic level is available to the next level. The amount of energy passed up to the levels of the food pyramid reduces as you go up.

Centriole

Organelle associated with the centrosome of animal cells only -- assists in cell division

Carbohydrate

Organic molecule that is structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals. Made up of saccharides.

lipid

Organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and store food energy until needed (fats)

Autotroph

Organism capable of photosynthesis (known as producers)

Autotroph

Organisms that are able to make their own food (like by photosynthesizing it)

Heterotroph

Organisms that must eat food to obtain energy (Same as a consumer)

Autotroph

Organisms who is able to make their own food (Same as a producer)

Deciduous/Temperate Forest

Our biome characterized by broad leaf trees that lose leaves in fall

pH 13

Oven cleaner

Food Web

Overlapping food chains that show direction of energy from producers to consumers to decomposers

Ring worm

Parasitic fungus that affects the skin and causes a red, flaky, itchy rash.

S phase

Part of interphase in which the DNA replication occurs -- all of the chromosom

Phosphate and Deoxyribose sugar

Parts of the nucleotide that make up the "uprights of the ladder"

heredity

Passing of traits from parents to offspring

Punctuated equilibrium

Pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change

Glycoprotein

Peripheral protein with a carbohydrate association that is involved in cell recognition and identification.

Components of a DNA nucleotide

Phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogenous base

Components of an RNA nucleotide

Phosphate, ribose sugar, and nitrogenous base

Phenotype

Physical or physiological characteristics

Micropipet

Pipet used to deliver small volumes of fluid with precision; particularly common in molecular biology.

green

Plant cells are the color _______ because of the pigment called chlorophyll.

Central vacuole

Plant cells have large one to store water.

Algae

Plant like protists that include red, brown, and green forms as well as diatoms

Vascular tissue

Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body.

Gymnosperm

Plants that have their seeds contained within a Cone.

Disposable pipet

Plastic pipet used to deliver small volumes of fluid (usually 0.5 mL to 3 mL); not nearly as precise as a micropipette.

Phosphate head

Polar region of the phospholipid that is hydrophilic.

Reproductive isolation

Populations of organisms become separated and can no longer interbreed.

Proton

Positive charged part of an atom; number of these determines the atomic number.

Gel electrophoresis

Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel

translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

Sexual reproduction

Process by which two gametes fuse and offspring that are a genetic mixture of both parents are produced

Convergent Evolution

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

Binary Fission

Process in bacteria in which the entire cell splits into two new cells

Sporulation

Process in fungus and ferns in which spores grow for reproduction

cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Produces 2 ATP (by glycolysis) and Lactic acid

Alcohol Fermentation

Produces 2 ATP (by glycolysis), CO2 and alcohol

H2O and O2

Products of the reaction that breaks down H2O2.

Glucose and Galactose

Products when lactose is broken down.

Glucose and Fructose

Products when sucrose is broken down.

Human Genome project

Project to determine all the genes in our DNA for studying human disease

UV Transilluminator

Projects ultraviolet radiation through a translucent sample for observation or photography.

Surface tension

Property of water created by cohesion and adhesion, allows some insects to walk on water.

Adhesion

Property that causes water to stick to other substances

Eye Wash

Protective lab device that sprays water into your eyes in order to clean chemicals or irritants from your eyes

Goggles

Protects the eyes from flying objects or chemical splashes. Worn whenever chemicals, heat or glassware are used.

Chemical Aprons

Provides clothing protection.

Respiratory System

Provides gas exchange of oxygen in and carbon dioxide out. Made up of lungs, nose, trachea, larynx, pharynx

pH 7

Pure water

Vesicles

"Mail men," small membrane bound sacs that transport materials around cell and to cell membrane

Mitochondria

"Powerhouse" or "Energy producer"; makes ATP through cell respiration

Golgi body

"Quality control", Modifies and Processes proteins made by the cell.

Organelle

"Small organs" of the cell that carry out specific functions

Pinocytosis

"cell drinking" - type of endocytosis

Phagocytosis

"cell eating" - type of endocytosis

Vacuole

"warehouse," stores food, water, waste; larger in plant cells

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

RNA

(biochemistry) a long linear polymer of nucleotides found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell where it is associated with microsomes; it transmits genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm and controls certain chemical processes

Spindle

(biology) tiny fibers that are seen in cell division; the fibers radiate from two poles and meet at the equator in the middle

Succession

(ecology) the gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another

Succession

(ecology) the gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is established

Inversion

(genetics) a kind of mutation in which the order of the genes in a section of a chromosome is reversed

Mutation

(genetics) any event that changes genetic structure; any alteration in the inherited nucleic acid sequence of the genotype of an organism

Mutation

(genetics) any event that changes genetic structure; any alteration in the inherited nucleic acid sequence of the genotype of an organism (harmful, no charge, or helpful)

Inheritance

(genetics) attributes acquired via biological heredity from the parents

Transcription

(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA; the process whereby a base sequence of messenger RNA is synthesized on a template of complementary DNA

DNA Replication

(genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division

Replication

(genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division

Translation

(genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm

diploid

(of a cell or nucleus) containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent; seen in mitosis and somatic cells

Cell Theory

1. Cells are basic unit of life 2. All living things are made of cells 3. Cells come from other cells

characteristics of life

1.cells 2.reproduction 3.genetic code 4.growth & development 5.Use energy 6.response to environment 7.homeostasis 8.evolution

Meiosis

2 Cell divisions that produces 4 haploid daughter cells that become either sperm, if performed in the testes of a male, or egg, if performed in the ovaries of a female

Archaea and Eubacteria

2 Prokaryotic Domains

allele

2 different versions of the same gene

Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals

4 Kingdoms in the Eukarya Domain

photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Interphase

90% of the cells life. Spent growing, replicating DNA, and preparing for cell division

Cilia

: Hairlike structures that can form on the outside of the cell of organisms such as ciliates (type of Protist) to provide locomotion

Cilia

: a minute short hairlike process often forming part of a fringe; especially : one on a cell that is capable of lashing movement and serves especially in free unicellular organisms to produce locomotion or in higher forms a current of fluid

Bunsen burner

A Bunsen burner, named after Robert Bunsen, is a common piece of laboratory equipment that produces a single open gas flame, which is used for heating, sterilization, and combustion. The gas can be natural gas (which is mainly methane) or a liquefied petroleum gas, such as propane, butane, or a mixture of both.

Büchner (sidearm) flask

A Büchner flask, also known as a vacuum flask, or side-arm flask, is a thick-walled Erlenmeyer flask with a short glass tube and hose barb protruding from its neck. The hose barb effectively acts as an adapter over which the end of a flexible hose (tubing) can be fitted, with the other end connected to an aspirator, vacuum pump, or house vacuum. The thick wall of the Büchner flask provides it the strength to withstand the pressure difference while holding a vacuum inside. It is primarily used together with a Büchner funnel for filtration of samples.

Büchner funnel

A Büchner funnel is a piece of laboratory equipment used in filtration. It is traditionally made of porcelain, but glass and plastic funnels are also available. On top of the funnel-shaped part there is a cylinder with a fritted glass disc/perforated plate separating it from the funnel. The main advantage in using this type of filtration is that it proceeds much more quickly (several orders of magnitude) than simply allowing the liquid to drain through the filter medium via the force of gravity.

Florence (boiling) flask

A Florence flask has a round body with a flat bottom and a single long neck. It is designed for uniform heating, boiling, distillation and ease of swirling; it is produced in a number of different glass thicknesses to stand different types of use.

Meker burner

A Meker burner is a laboratory burner that produces multiple open gas flames, used for heating, sterilization, and combustion. It is used when laboratory work requires a hotter flame than attainable using a Bunsen burner, or used when a larger-diameter flame is desired, such as with an inoculation loop or in some glassblowing operations. The burner was introduced by French chemist Georges Méker in an article published in 1909. The Meker-Fisher burner heat output can be in excess of 12,000 BTU (13,000 kJ) per hour (about 3.5 kW) using LP gas.

Schlenk flask

A Schlenk flask is a reaction vessel typically used in air-sensitive chemistry, invented by Wilhelm Schlenk. It has a side arm fitted with a PTFE or ground glass stopcock which allows the vessel to be evacuated or filled with gases (usually inert gases like nitrogen or argon).

Alkaline

A base or a substance with a pH from 8-14

Beaker

A beaker is a simple container for stirring, mixing and heating liquids commonly used in many laboratories. Beakers are generally cylindrical in shape, with a flat bottom. Most also have a small spout (or "beak") to aid pouring as shown in the picture. Beakers are available in a wide range of sizes, from one milliliter up to several liters.

ecosystem

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

nucleic acid

A biological macromolecule (DNA or RNA) composed of the elements C, H, N, O, and P that carries genetic information.

deciduous forest

A biome with four seasons, plants shed leaves in the fall and grow new ones in the spring.

Buret

A burette (also buret) is a device used in analytical chemistry for the dispensing of variable, measured amounts of a chemical solution. A volumetric burette delivers measured volumes of liquid.

scavenger

A carnivore that feeds on the bodies of dead organisms

cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Mutation

A change in a gene or chromosome.

mutation

A change in a gene or chromosome; can be either harmful, beneficial, or neutral to an organism

Genetic drift

A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance; affects small populations

Chromosomal mutation

A change in the structure of a chromosome

Paramecium

A ciliated (it propels itself via cilia) protist that lives in fresh water and eats other tiny organisms for food.

organ

A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body

food web

A community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains

DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

inference

A conclusion based off of evidence and reasoning

herbivore

A consumer that eats only plants.

Dihybrid cross

A cross between individuals that are hybrid/heterozygous for two different traits, such as height and seed color

Monohybrid

A cross between only one trait with a punnett square

Dihybrid

A cross between two traits with a punnett square

Cuvette

A cuvette is a small tube of circular or square cross section, sealed at one end, made of plastic, glass, or fused quartz (for UV light) and designed to hold samples for spectroscopic experiments. Disposable plastic cuvettes are often used in fast spectroscopic assays, where speed is more important than high accuracy.

nitrogen cycle

A cycle of matter in which nitrogen atoms move from nitrogen gas in the atmosphere to inorganic forms in the soil, to organic forms in living things, and then back to inorganic forms in the soil and nitrogen gas in the atmosphere

Hot plate

A device for heating substances, most often solutions in beakers or flasks.

Fire Extinguisher

A device that sprays chemicals that put out fires.

Stir plate

A device that, with a magnetic stir bar, can be used to mix solutions.

Cladogram

A diagram that illustrates the evolutionary relationship between groups of organisms based on shared derived traits

Scale

A digital scale is a measurement device used to measure the weight or mass of an object or substances. Digital scales are often more compact, durable, and precise than other kinds of scales, such as spring scales or balances, which often wear out and give different readings over time. A digital scale may be used for many different purposes ranging from the measurement of ingredients in the kitchen to the precise measurement of substances in a lab.

Lactose

A disaccacharide found in milk - substrate that fits in the active site of lactase.

Sucrose

A disaccharide found in table sugar - substrate that fits in the active site of sucrase.

phospholipid bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes.

Phylogenetic tree

A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms

Flint spark lighter

A flint spark lighter (sometimes just called a spark lighter, striker, or flint lighter) is a type of lighter used in many applications to safely light a gaseous fuel to start a flame. It is most commonly used for bunsen burners and oxyacetylene welding torches.

Endocytosis

A form of active transport where the cell engulfs large substances and takes them into the cell.

Exocytosis

A form of active transport where the cell secretes large substance out of the cell.

Sexual selection

A form of selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates.

Distillation flask

A glass usually round-bottomed flask for holding a substance to be distilled.

Graduated cylinder

A graduated cylinder is a piece of laboratory equipment used to measure the volume of a liquid. Graduated cylinders are generally more accurate and precise than laboratory flasks and beakers. However, they are less accurate and precise than volumetric glassware, such as a volumetric flask or volumetric pipette.

chloroplast

A green organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Chlorophyll

A green pigment that absorbs light

molecule

A group of atoms bonded together

population

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

community

A group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other

organ system

A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function.

tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

Species

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

species

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

estuary

A habitat in which the fresh water of a river meets the salt water of the ocean.

Inference

A hypothesis based on prior knowledge

cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

polymer

A large molecule composed of repeating structural units or monomers.

organism

A living thing

Echinoderm

A member of a group of slow moving or sessile marine animals characterized by a rough or spiny skin, a water vascular system, an endoskeleton, and a radial symmetry in adults, with examples such as sea stars, sea urchins and sand dollars

solution

A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.

disaccharide

A molecule composed of two monosaccharides. Common disaccharides include maltose, sucrose, and lactose.

protein

A molecule that is made up of amino acids and that is needed to build and repair body structures and to regulate processes in the body.

phospholipid

A molecule that makes up cell membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.

natural selection

A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.

Cell plate

A new cell wall forming; appears in cytokinesis of plant cell

Virus

A non-living agent of disease

Moss

A non-vascular plant; most primitive of plants

DNA

A nucleic acid that contains the genetic information of the cell; shaped as a double helix

insertion mutation

A nucleotide is added to a DNA sequence by mistake.

deletion mutation

A nucleotide is removed by mistake

pH meter

A pH meter is an electronic device used for measuring the pH (acidity or alkalinity) of a liquid (though special probes are sometimes used to measure the pH of semi-solid substances). A typical pH meter consists of a special measuring probe (a glass electrode) connected to an electronic meter that measures and displays the pH reading.

polypeptide

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

polysaccharide

A polymer of thousands of simple sugars formed by dehydration synthesis. a carbohydrate that is composed of many monosaccharide units joined together

Fossil

A preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past.

capillary action

A process powered by adhesion that causes water molecules to move upward through a narrow tube such as the stem of a plant.

Gradualism

A proposed explanation in evolutionary biology stating that new species arise from the result of slight modifications (mutations and resulting phenotypic changes) over many generations.

enzyme

A protein that makes a reaction happen QUICKER; decreases activation energy of a reaction.

commensalism

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

parasitism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

Asexual reproduction

A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.

Retort

A retort is a glassware device used for distillation or dry distillation of substances. It consists of a spherical vessel with a long downward-pointing neck. The liquid to be distilled is placed in the vessel and heated. The neck acts as a condenser, allowing the vapors to condense and flow along the neck to a collection vessel placed underneath

Ring stand

A retort stand, also called a ring stand, is a piece of scientific equipment, to which clamps can be attached to hold test tubes and other equipment such as burettes which are most often used in titration experiments. It is also used in filtering.

Separatory funnel

A separatory funnel is a piece of laboratory glassware used in liquid-liquid extractions to separate the components of a mixture into two immiscible solvent phases of different densities. Typically, one of the phases will be aqueous, and the other a non-polar lipophilic organic solvent such as ether, MTBE, dichloromethane, chloroform, or ethyl acetate. All of these solvents form a clear delineation between the two liquids. The two layers formed are usually known as the organic and aqueous phases.

food chain

A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

Cleavage furrow

A shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate; appears in cytokinesis of animal cells

glucose

A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.

monosaccharide

A simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate

Yeast

A single-celled fungus; performs alcoholic fermentation.

RNA

A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages (Ribonucleic Acid)

Hypertonic Solution

A solution that has a higher amount of solute. "SALT SUCKS"

Hypotonic Solution

A solution that has a lower amount of solute. Ex: fresh water

Isotonic Solution

A solution that has an equal amount of solute as the inside of the cell.

endangered species

A species whose numbers are so small that the species is at risk of extinction

Spectrophotometer

A spectrophotometer is an apparatus for measuring the intensity of light in a part of the spectrum, especially as transmitted or emitted by particular substances.

climax community

A stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in species over time

Buret shut up cha cha

A stopcock is a valve used to restrict or isolate the flow of a liquid or gas through a pipe (or, in this case, a buret).

Substrate

A substance on which an enzyme acts during a chemical reaction.

Product

A substance produced in a chemical reaction

Catalyst

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.

base

A substance that tastes bitter, feels slippery, and turns red litmus paper blue.

acid

A substance that tastes sour, reacts with metals and carbonates, and turns blue litmus red.

Binomial Nomenclature

A system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name

Domain

A taxonomic category above the kingdom level, and is the most broad. Living things are divided into three: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; such as blood glucose, body temperatuere, or pH, around a particular level, equilibrium.

hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

virus

A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell.

Adaptation

A trait that allows an organism to be better suited to their environment

savanna

A tropical grassland biome with scattered individual trees, large herbivores, and three distinct seasons based primarily on rainfall, maintained by occasional fires and drought.

desert

A type of biome characterized by low moisture levels and infrequent and unpredictable precipitation. Daily and seasonal temperatures fluctuate widely

Convergent

A type of evolution in which organisms evolve traits independently from each other based on a similar environment. Similar functions but different structures.

eukaryote

A type of organism composed of one or more cells containing a membrane‐bound nucleus, specialized organelles in the cytoplasm..

Osmosis

A type of passive transport - the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane.

Diffusion

A type of passive transport that involves the movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration.

Facilitated Diffusion

A type of passive transport where special proteins in the cell help molecules move from a high concentration to a low concentration.

enzyme

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

Amoeba

A type of protist characterized by great flexibility and the presence of pseudopodia.

Hydrogen Bond

A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Dewar flask

A vacuum flask (also known as a Dewar flask, Dewar bottle or Thermos) is an insulating storage vessel that greatly lengthens the time over which its contents remain hotter or cooler than the flask's surroundings. Invented by Sir James Dewar in 1892, the vacuum flask consists of two flasks, placed one within the other and joined at the neck. The gap between the two flasks is partially evacuated of air, creating a near-vacuum which prevents heat transfer by conduction or convection.

constant

A value that does not change during experiment

Gymnosperm

A vascular plant that produces seeds that are not enclosed by a protective fruit, but rather have cones

macromolecule

A very large molecule (as of a protein, nucleic acid, or carbohydrate) built up from smaller chemical structures

Vortexer

A vortex mixer, or vortexer, is a simple device used commonly in laboratories to mix small vials of liquid. It consists of an electric motor with the drive shaft oriented vertically and attached to a cupped rubber piece mounted slightly off-center. As the motor runs the rubber piece oscillates rapidly in a circular motion. When a test tube or other appropriate container is pressed into the rubber cup (or touched to its edge) the motion is transmitted to the liquid inside and a vortex is created. Most vortex mixers have variable speed settings and can be set to run continuously, or to run only when downward pressure is applied to the rubber piece.

Nitrogenous bases of DNA

A-T and C-G

Nitrogenous bases of RNA

A-U and C-G

Gamete possibilities for the genotype AaBb

AB, Ab, aB, and ab

ATP

ADP becomes this in the Light Dependent Reactions

ADP

ATP becomes this when its energy is used in the Calvin Cycle

Albino

Absence of color. In humans the absence of melanin

Nocturnal

Active at night

Camouflage

Adaptation which allows an organism to blend in to the environment.

Nitrogenous bases

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine are these parts of the nucleotides of DNA; make up the "rungs of the ladder"

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate- Energy molecule

ATP

Adenosine tri-phosphate: The energy molecule produced in energy cycle to power the body

Sister chromatids

After DNA replication, each chromosome consists of 2 of these --> each contains an identical DNA molecule

Somatic Cell

All body cells (except reproductive cells)

cell theory

All living things are made of cells. Cells are the basic unit of life. New cells come from preexisting cells. Cells contain DNA All cells are basically the same chemical composition. Cells contain organelles. Energy flows within the cells and between cells

Answer: Can incorporate new scientific discoveries

Question: An important feature of the modern classification systems is that they ---

Answer: Genus

Question: Escherichia coli is the scientific name of a bacterium. What category of classification is Escherichia?

Active site

Region of an enzyme into which a particular substrate fits.

Homologous

Related organisms share a similar structure with different function (example: Bird Wing and Human arm)

Aquatic

Related to water

Vestigial structure

Remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species.

Hydrophobic

Repelled by water.

Gametes

Reproductive cells (sperm and egg cells)

Cones and flowers

Reproductive structures of Vascular plants

RNA stands for:

Ribonucleic Acid

RNA stands for...

Ribonucleic acid

Fire Blanket

Safety equipment made of specially treated, fire resistant fabric and used to smother fires.

homologous structures

Same structure, different function. Comes from common ancestor.

Watson & Crick

Scientists recognized for discovering the structure of DNA

pH 8

Sea water

Light Independent Reactions

Second stage of Photosynthesis

Gene

Segment of DNA that codes for a protein

Gene

Segment of DNA; hereditary unit with coded information

Artificial selection

Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms

Control

Setup where the independent variable is not changed.

Control

Setup where the independent variable is not changed. Used for a comparison

Double helix

Shape of DNA

Cocci (spherical), Bacilli (rod), or Spiral

Shapes of Bacteria

Pedigree

Similar to a family tree. Typically used to show inheritance of a trait

Analogous structure

Similarities in functions among unrelated species that result from convergent evolution -- differ structurally

Embryology Comparison

Similarities of embryos as they develop suggest common ancestry

Centriole

Site of fibers in with chromosome are directed toward in cell division

5 Mechanisms of Evolution

Small Population (Genetic drift), Sexual selection, Mutations, Gene flow (immigration/emigration, & Natural Selection

atom

Smallest unit of an element

Paleontologist

Someone who studies forms of life existing in prehistoric times

Selective pressure

Something that makes it harder for an organism to survive in an environment.

Desert Biome

Spare vegetation with little precipitation

Catalyst

Speed up chemical reactions

spermatogenesis

Sperm cell production

pH 1

Stomach acid

Function of nucleic acids

Store and communicate genetic information

Chitin

Structural support - Cell wall of fungi and exoskeleton of arthropods.

Cellulose

Structural support - Cell wall of plants.

double helix

Structure of DNA

Structure of Amino Acid

Structure:

Structure of Carbohydrates

Structure:

Structure of Cholesterol

Structure:

Structure of DNA

Structure:

Structure of Hemoglobin

Structure:

Structure of Lipid

Structure:

Structure of Nucleotide

Structure:

Structure of Phospholipid

Structure:

Homologous structures

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry -- may have different functions

Vestigial

Structures with no current apparent use (appendix)

Homologous structures

Structures with same physical characteristics but different functions (whale flipper and human arm)

Embryology

Study of how embryos can look similar in development in comparing organisms

Glycerol and Fatty Acids

Subunits of Lipids

Radial symmetry

Symmetry about a central axis.

Flagella

Tail like projections of some cells that aid in movement

Each enzyme has an optimal _________ and _________ in which it can function.

Temperature / pH

An enzyme's activity can be affected by what three factors?

Temperature, pH and Concentration of the Substrate

Isotonic

Tension is the same

Photosynthesis

The Process of converting light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose. Reactants: sunlight, water, carbon dioxide Products: glucose, oxygen

Capillary Action

The ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, and in opposition to, external forces of gravity.

Environmental fitness

The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce and it's specific environment

What is the active site?

The active site is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds.

2 ATP and 2 ATP

The amount of ATP made by glycolysis and Kreb's Cycle

Activation Energy

The amount of energy needed to start a reaction

Centromere

The area where the two sister chromatids are attached on a chromosome

thymine

The base that pairs with Adenine in DNA

guanine

The base that pairs with Cytosine in DNA

cytosine

The base that pairs with Guanine in DNA

adenine

The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA

Beam balance

The beam balance was the first mass measuring instrument invented. In its traditional form, it consists of a pivoted horizontal lever with arms of equal length - the beam - and a weighing pan suspended from each arm (hence the plural name "scales" for a weighing instrument). The unknown mass is placed in one pan and standard masses of known weight are added to the other pan until the beam is as close to equilibrium as possible. In precision balances, a more accurate determination of the mass is given by the position of a sliding mass moved along a graduated scale. Technically, a balance compares weight rather than mass, but, in a given gravitational field (such as Earth's gravity), the weight of an object is proportional to its mass, so the standard "weights" used with balances are usually labeled in units of mass (g, kg, etc.).

Hydrogen bond

The bond between nitrogenous bases of a DNA molecule

Hydrogen bonding

The bonding between hydrogens such as in water and in DNA bases

Peptide bond

The bonds that hold amino acids together to ultimately form proteins

What happens to an animal cell in a Hypotonic solution?

The cell swells and may burst/lyse.

What happens to an animal cell in a Hypertonic solution?

The cell will shrivel.

ATP

The cells energy.

Evolution

The change in populations of organisms over time

Green

The color of light that chlorophyll reflects - not good for photosynthesis

enzyme-substrate complex

The combination of the enzyme and substrate

A-T and C-G

The complementary base pairs of DNA

Spontaneous generation

The concept of life from non-living material

water cycle

The continual movement of water among Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land surface through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation

water cycle

The continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back

Peptide bond

The covalent bond that links amino acids together to form the primary structure of a protein.

y

The dependent variable goes on the ___ axis

Primary Succession

The development of an environment from bare rock

mitosis

The division of the cell nucleus and its contents; creates two identical daughter cells

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm of a cell following telophase bringing about the separation into two daughter cells

CHNOP

The elements in nucleic acids.

Conclusion

The end of an experiment that upon interpreting/analyzing the data you state if the hypothesis was supported or not

Activation Energy

The energy required to initiate a reaction.

Specific heat

The energy required to raise 1 g of a substance 1 C. Water very high specific heat

Light + 6H2O + 6CO2 --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

The equation for photosynthesis

Independent Variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Gregor Mendel

The father of genetics. Monastery gardener that used pea plants to develop Law of independent assortment and Law of Segregation

Glycolysis

The first stage of cell respiration - glucose is broken down

Prophase

The first stage of mitosis

Transcription

The first stage of protein synthesis

Telophase

The fourth stage of mitosis

Atom

The fundamental unit of matter.

Homozygous dominant

The genotype that consists of 2 dominant alleles for a trait (ex: AA)

Homozygous recessive

The genotype that consists of 2 recessive alleles for a trait (ex: aa)

Heterozygous

The genotype that consists of one dominant allele and one recessive allele for a trait (ex: Aa)

x

The independent variable goes on the ____ axis

Electron Transport Chain

The last stage of cell respiration - O2 is the final electron acceptor and H2O is released

Translation

The last stage of protein synthesis

trophic levels

The levels of the food chain through which energy flows from primary producers to primary consumers, secondary consumers and so on.

Cell Cycle

The life of a cell from the time it is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells

CHNO

The main elements found in proteins.

Cell culture

The maintenance or growth of dispersed cells in a medium after removal from the body

Phospholipid

The major component of the cell membrane consisting of a hydrophilic (polar) head and hydrophobic (nonpolar) tails.

Stamen

The male part of flower than contains anther and filament (pollen production(

Independent variable

The manipulated variable in an experiment. It is what"I" change in order to test the hypothesis

Activation energy

The minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Nucleotide

The monomer of DNA - consists of phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base

The more oxygen bubbles produced = faster rate of photosynthesis

The more intense the light:

Larvae

The newly hatched, wingless, often wormlike form of many insects before metamorphosis.

Larvae

The newly hatched, wingless, often wormlike form of many insects.

Isotonic

The normal concentration of solutes in the cell in which water can freely flow in and out in equilibrium)

Thymine

The nucleotide that is only found in DNA.

Uracil

The nucleotide that is only found in RNA.

CHO

The only elements found in carbohydrates and lipids.

Mitochondria

The organelle that performs Cellular Respiration

Chloroplast

The organelle where photosynthesis occurs

carbon cycle

The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again

Dependent Variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

Deoxyribose

The pentose sugar in the nucleotides of DNA.

Ribose

The pentose sugar in the nucleotides of RNA.

Phenotype

The physical appearance of an organism. The looks of an organism.

Active Site

The pocket on the enzyme where the substrate fits

Polypeptide chain

The primary structure of a protein and another name for a protein.

DNA Replication

The process in which DNA molecules are copied -- produces two identical DNA molecules

Fertilization

The process of a sperm cell uniting with an egg cell

Gel Electrophoresis

The process of creating a DNA fingerprint by separating fragments of DNA based on their size.

Translation

The process of creating a protein from the mRNA template. Occurs at the ribosome

Classification

The process of grouping organisms into groups based on characterisitics

Classification

The process of grouping things based on their similarities

Transcription

The process of making mRNA from a DNA template

Cytokinesis

The process of the cell splitting into two cells

photosynthesis

The process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun.

Proton gradient

The product of the electron transport chain. A higher concentration of protons outside the inner membrane of the mitochondria than inside the membrane is the driving force behind ATP synthesis.

Glucose and Oxygen

The products of photosynthesis

Enzyme substrate

The reactant that an enzyme acts on

Substrate

The reactants of a chemical reaction that fit in the active site of the enzyme.

Light, Water, and Carbon Dioxide

The reactants of photosynthesis

Exocytosis

The removal of material across the membrane

Dependent variable

The responding variable that "depends" on the effect of the independent variable

Zygote

The resultant diploid cell after a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell

embryology

The science of the development of embryos from fertilization to birth

taxonomy

The scientific study of how living things are classified

Kingdom

The second largest level of biological taxonomy that ranks above the phylum and below the domain (there are 6 kingdoms of life)

Kreb's Cycle

The second stage of cell respiration - CO2 is released

Metaphase

The second stage of mitosis: when the chromosomes are lined up in the middle

secondary succession

The series of changes that occur in an area where the ecosystem has been disturbed, but where soil and organisms still exist; ex. forest fires and hurricanes

Double Helix

The shape of the DNA molecule that makes it appear as a twisted ladder

CHNOPS

The six essential elements of living things.

Population

The smallest unit that evolution occurs

Point mutation

The substitution of one base in DNA (sickle cell anemia)

Erlenmeyer flask

The tapered sides and narrow neck of this flask allow the contents of the flask to be mixed by swirling, without risk of spillage, making them suitable for titrations. Such features similarly make the flask suitable for boiling liquids. Hot vapors condense on the upper section of the Erlenmeyer flask, reducing solvent loss. Erlenmeyer flasks' narrow necks can also support filter funnels.

Anaphase

The third stage of mitosis: when sister chromatids are pulled apart

Recessive phenotype

The trait/characteristic that shows only when an organism is homozygous recessive.

Dominant phenotype

The trait/characteristic that shows when an organism is homozygous dominant or heterozygous.

Active Transport

The transport of material across the cell membrane and throughout cell requiring energy

Phloem

The vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.

Xylem

The vascular tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals from the roots of a plant to its leaves

Red & Blue/Violet

The wavelenghts of light best absorbed by chlorophyll

PMAT

The way to remember the steps of mitosis

Recessive

The weaker allele. Represented with a lower case letter

Constant

Things that are not being tested and should not change in an experiment.

Constant

Things that can change in an experiment but you want to keep the same.

Denaturated

This is caused by extreme temperatures and pH's - bonds are disrupted in the enzyme and it loses its shape

Golgi body

This is the packaging center of the cell

Hydrogen bond

This type of bond is a weak interaction involving a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom.

Passive Transport

This type of transport does not require energy because the molecules are moving down the concentration gradient (from an area of High concentration to an area of Low concentration).

Active Transport

This type of transport requires energy because the molecules are being moved against their concentration gradient (from an area of Low concentration to an area of High concentration).

Denature

To change the shape of an enzyme by heat or pH so that it no longer functions.

pH 4

Tomatoes

36-38 ATP

Total number of ATP produced

Sex-linked

Traits carried on the X-chromosome. Generally expressed more in males than females

Deciduous

Trees that drop their leaves at end of growing season (fall here)

The number of strands in DNA

Two

Fume Hood

Type of hood or barrier used in the laboratory to capture chemical vapors and fumes.

Asexual reproduction

Type of reproduction where offspring are produced from one parent; those offspring are genetically identical to the parent

Sexual reproduction

Type of reproduction where the combination of genetic information from two separate parents produces offspring = leads to genetic diversity in a population

Plants and Algae

Types of cells that have chloroplasts

Cigarette smoke, UV rays, and Xrays

Types of mutagens that can lead to cancer in body cells

Analogous

Unrelated organisms share a structure with Similar function but different design (example: Bird wing and Insect Wing)

Rosalind Franklin

Used X-ray crystallography to take an photo of DNA which was used to determine the structure of DNA

Mortar and pestel

Used for grinding solids into smaller particles (e.g., powder).

Petri dish

Used to hold nutrient media for culture of various microbes or Fungi (molds, etc).

Test tube tongs

Used to hold test tubes, particularly when tubes are too hot to be held by hand or when the contents might present a hazard.

Electrophoresis

Used to produce DNA profiles based the the length and number of DNA fragments: the motion of charged particles in a gel under the influence of an electric field; particles with a positive charge go to the cathode and negative to the anode.

Magnetic stir bar retriever

Used to retrieve stir bars from glassware, such as beakers and flasks.

Magnetic stir bar

Used with a magnetic stir plate; placed at bottom of glassware in which solution is being prepared; spin such that solute and solvent are more quickly mixed.

Dependent variable

Variable that is affected by what is changed by the researcher, or is what you measure.

Dependent variable

Variable that responds to what is changed by the researcher.

Dependent variable

Variable that responds(depends) on what is changed by the researcher.

Independent variable

Variable that the experimenter change in the experiment. The "I changed it" Variable.

Independent variable

Variable that you change in the experiment. The "I changed it" Variable.

Angiosperms

Vascular, flowering plants that produce seeds in fruit

Volumetric flask

Volumetric flasks are used for precise dilutions and preparation of standard solutions.

Musculatory System

Voluntary (body movement) and involuntary (muscles in digestive system and heart)

pH 12

Washing soda

Universal solvent

Water can separate the ions in many compounds.

Polar

Water has a slight positive charge on one side of the molecule and a slight negative charge on the other side.

universal solvent

Water is a __________ __________ because it can dissolve almost any substance in the world

Cohesion

Water molecules attracted to other water molecules.

High Specific Heat

Water resists temperature changes.

Adhesion

Water sticking to other things.

Cohesion

Water sticks to water through hydrogen bonds

Carbon Dioxide bubbles or Oxygen consumed

Ways to measure the amount of cellular respiration happening

Carbon dioxide, sunlight, and Water

What are the reactants for photosynthesis?

tell the teacher/instructor

What do you do if something goes wrong in the lab?

wash your hands

What should you always do when finished working in the lab?

Semiconservative model

When a double helix replicates, each of the 2 daughter molecules will have one old strand, derived from the parent molecule, and one newly made strand

Plasmolysis

When a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution and loses all of its water --- very limp

Turgor Pressure

When a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution and gains a lot of water, the cell wall presses back on the cell membrane to prevent the cell from bursting.

Hydrolysis

When compounds broken down

Law of Independent assortment

When each gene is inherited separately from others on different chromosomes

Regeneration

When in organisms such as lizards and starfish when appendages grow back

Mimicry

When one organism looks or acts like another to hide from or be protected from predators

1/2 offspring show the recessive trait.

When one parent is heterozygous and the other is homozygous recessvie, then this will occur.

All offspring show the dominant trait.

When one parent is homozygous dominant, then this will occur when crossed with any other genotype.

Extinction

When populations of organisms die out

Hypotonic

When solutes are higher inside the cell than outside resulting in water rushing into the cell causing it to swell

Hypertonic

When solutes outside the cell are higher than inside resulting in water rushing out of the cell (cell shrinking)

Direct relationship

When the independent variable increases with dependent

Divergent Evolution

When two organisms develop from a common ancestor as a result of different environments.

Convergent Evolution

When two unrelated organisms develop similar adaptations because they live in similar environments

Cohesion

When water sticks to itself. Allows for surface tension of water

Habitat

Where an organism lives

Chloroplasts

Where photosynthesis occurs; in plant cells only

plants

Who has the larger vacuoles? Plants or animals?

Aerobic

With oxygen

Anaerobic

Without oxygen

Watson and Crick

Won Nobel prize for their model of the DNA molecule

Sex chromosomes

X and Y chromosomes in human cells (the 23rd chromosomes on a karyotype)

Integumentary System

Your skin and associated structures that form barrier from infection, injury and help to regulate your internal body temperature

Lipid

a "fat" macromolecule that provides the body with long-term energy. It is made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. (C- H - O)

Carbohydrate

a "sugar" macromolecule that provides the body with quick, short-term energy. It is made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. (C- H - O)

pathogen

a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.

Binomial

a biological species name consisting of two terms

Binomial

a biological species name consisting of two terms (Genus and species, Homo sapiens)

cladogram

a branching diagram showing the evolutionary relationship between a number of species.

biome

a broad class of ecosystem defined by climate or main organisms

polysaccharide

a carbohydrate that is composed of many monosaccharide units joined together

scavanger

a carnivore that feeds on the bodies of dead organisms

Gene mutation

a change in the DNA sequence

Fermentation

a chemical phenomenon in which an organic molecule splits into simpler substances

Antibiotic

a chemical substance derivable from a mold or bacterium that kills microorganisms and cures infections

Antibiotic

a chemical substance that kills bacteria (no effect on viruses)

ecosystem

a community plus its nonliving environment

carnivore

a consumer that eats all or mostly meat

organic compound

a covalently bonded compound that contains carbon

Fluid mosaic

a description of the membrane of a cell. The fluid part refers to the phospholipids of a cell membrane, which, like liquid, flow. The mosaic part refers to proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer that act as conduits through which molecules enter and exit the cell

Trait

a distinguishing feature of an organism

Trait

a distinguishing feature of your personal nature

surface tension

a force that tends to pull adjacent parts of a liquid's surface together, thereby decreasing surface area to the smallest possible size

Test cross

a genetic test for heterozygosity in which an organism of dominant phenotype, but unknown genotype, is crossed to an organism recessive for all markers in question

Wet mount

a glass slide holding a specimen suspended in a drop of liquid (as water) for microscopic examination

pyramid numbers

a graphic representation of the relative abundance of different types of organisms in an ecosystem

Community

a group of different populations inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other

Community

a group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other

food web

a group of intersecting food chains

Population

a group of organisms of the same species populating a given area

Solution

a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances; frequently (but not necessarily) a liquid solution

Solution

a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances; liquid solution such as salt water, juice

Dichotomous key

a key for the identification of organisms based on a series of choices between alternative characteristics

Dichotomous key

a key for the identification of organisms based on a series of choices between alternative characters

Eubacteria

a large group of bacteria having rigid cell walls; motile types have flagella

Eubacteria

a large group of bacteria having rigid cell walls; motile types have flagella. Common bacteria

Macromolecule

a large, complex molecule made up of many strings of polymers.

Imprinting

a learning process in early life whereby species specific patterns of behavior are established

food chain

a linear description of who eats whom

Unsaturated Fat

a lipid that is liquid at room temperature. (Ex: oil)

Saturated Fat

a lipid that is solid at room temperature. (Ex: butter)

Solvent

a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

Solvent

a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances. Water is the Universal _______

Organism

a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently

Polymer

a long chain of monomers. Ex: charbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid, protein

Protein

a macromolecule that builds/repairs body structures and regulates processes in our bodies. It is made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen. (C- H - O - N)

Nucleic Acid

a macromolecule that stores and transmits genetic materials in our body. It is made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous. (C- H - O - N - P)

Kingdom

a major category (as Plantae or Protista) in biological taxonomy that ranks above the phylum and below the domain

Class

a major category in biological taxonomy ranking above the order and below the phylum or division

Gamete

a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

Gamete

a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes (Haploid, example sperm/egg)

Gamete

a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes. Ex: sperm cell, egg cell

Scientific Method

a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses

macromolecule

a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.

nucleotide

a monomer of DNA and RNA, consisting of a nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate group

binomial nomenclature

a naming system that gives each organism a two-word scientific name (genus species)

Natural selection

a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment

Polymer

a naturally occurring or synthetic compound consisting of large molecules made up of a linked series of repeated simple monomers

electron

a negatively charged particle ( - )

Endoplasmic reticulum

a network of tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell, occurring either with a smooth surface (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) or studded with ribosomes (rough endoplasmic reticulum), involved in the transport of materials

Endoplasmic reticulum

a network of tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell, smooth endoplasmic reticulum or studded with ribosomes (rough endoplasmic reticulum), involved in the transport of materials such as proteins

ATP

a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue; the major source of energy for cellular reactions

Nucleus

a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Nucleus

a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction (not present in prokaryotes)

Polypeptide

a peptide containing 10 to more than 100 amino acids

Polypeptide

a peptide containing 10 to more than 100 amino acids (also known as a protein)

Albino

a person with congenital albinism: white hair and milky skin; eyes are usually pink

Nucleotide

a phosphoric ester of a nucleoside; the basic structural unit of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)

Photoperiodism

a plant or animal's response or capacity to respond to photoperiod (a recurring cycle of light and dark periods of constant length)

Phylum

a primary category in biological taxonomy especially of animals that ranks above the class and below the kingdom

element

a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom -pure substance that only one type of atom

Conclusion

a reasoned judgment: the necessary consequence of two or more propositions taken as premises

Gene

a segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait

Gene

a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it can include regions preceding and following the coding DNA as well as introns between the exons; it is considered a unit of heredity; genes were formerly called factor

Gene

a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a protein; it is considered a unit of heredity

codon

a sequence of three nucleotide bases that represents the code for one amino acid (mRNA)

Substrate

a shape-specific chemical found in the body that can only be "unlocked" to react with a specific enzyme.

symbiosis

a significant interaction between two kinds of organism

Monomer

a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

Monomer

a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers (example glucose, amino acid, fatty acid, nucleotide)

Monomer

a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers. Ex: monosaccharide, amino acid, nucleotide

Glucose

a simple sugar created by plants

Organism

a single living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently

Monomer

a single unit of an organic molecule.

Plasmid

a small cellular inclusion consisting of a ring of DNA that is not in a chromosome but is capable of autonomous replication

Nucleolus

a small round body of protein in a cell nucleus; nucleoli contain RNA and are involved in protein synthesis

Polymer

a string of multiple attached monomers.

Compound

a substance formed by chemical combination of two or more elements

Compound

a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight

compound

a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions -a substance made by chemical combination of two or more elements

Catalyst

a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected

Catalyst

a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected (ex. enzyme)

Monosaccharide

a sugar (like sucrose or fructose) that does not hydrolyse to give other sugars; the simplest group of carbohydrates

Ecosystem

a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment

Family

a taxonomic group containing one or more genera (sharks belong to the fish family)

Family

a taxonomic group containing one or more genera or genus (sharks belong to the family that includes cartilaginous fish)

DNA fingerprinting

a technique that uses gel electrophoresis to analyze a person's unique pattern of DNA

Punctuated equilibrium

a theory of evolution holding that evolutionary change in the fossil record came in fits and starts rather than in a steady process of slow change

Chromosome

a threadlike body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes

Chromosome

a threadlike body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order

Chromosome

a threadlike body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order. Humans have 46 in their body cells

Vacuole

a tiny cavity filled with fluid in the cytoplasm of a cell

Enzyme

a type of protein, these work to speed up reactions in the body by lowering the amount of energy needed to complete a reaction.

Prokaryote

a unicellular organism having cells lacking membrane-bound nuclei and nucleus; bacteria are examples

Prokaryote

a unicellular organism having cells lacking membrane-bound nuclei; bacteria are the prime example but also included are blue-green algae and actinomycetes and mycoplasma

Euglena

a unicellular protist that contains chloroplast, moves about with a flagellum, and sometimes concumes other orgainsms

Theory

a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena

Beak variation in Finches

adapted for eating different types of food

Fauna

all the animal life in a particular region

population

all the organisms of a given species in an ecosystem

Flora

all the plant life in a particular region

community

all the populations in an ecosystem

Capillary Action

allows water molecules to move through things (adhesion)

Observation

an act of recognizing and noting a fact or occurrence often involving measurement with instruments

Observation

an act of recognizing or noticing an occurrence. you see something happen

camouflage

an adaptation that enables a species to blend in with its environment

Embryo

an animal organism in the early stages of growth

Embryo

an animal organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that in higher forms merge into fetal stages but in lower forms terminate in commencement of larval life

Embryo

an animal organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation. Formed by the combining of an egg and sperm during fertilization

Omnivore

an animal that feeds on both animal and vegetable substances

Emergency Shower

an apparatus which provides an emergency flow of water to rinse off a person

ions

an atom that gains electrons has a negative charge. these positively and negatively charged atoms -an atom that gains electrons has a negative charge.

Ecosystem

an environment composed of biotic and abiotic factors

Limiting Factor

an environmental variable that limits or slows the growth or activities of an organism

Limiting Factor

an environmental variable that limits or slows the growth or activities of an organism or population (examples include predation, disease, and availability of water)

Carbohydrate

an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals; includes simple sugars with small molecules as well as macromolecular substances; are classified according to the number of monosaccharide groups they contain

Genetic predisposition

an inherited genetic pattern that makes one susceptible to a certain disease

Pollinator

an insect or other organism that carries pollen from one flower to another

Pollinator

an insect that carries pollen from one flower to another

Analysis

an investigation of the component parts of a whole and their relations in making up the whole

Lipid

an oily organic compound insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents; essential structural component of living cells (along with proteins and carbohydrates)

Lysosome

an organelle found in the cytoplasm of most cells (especially in leukocytes and liver and kidney cells)

Lysosome

an organelle found in the cytoplasm of most cells that acts as a digestive system for cell in breaking down various materials

Lysosome

an organelle found in the cytoplasm of most cells that helps break down and digest old or worn out cell parts. "Cleans up the Cell"

Ribosome

an organelle in the cytoplasm of a living cell that is the site of protein synthesis

Ribosome

an organelle in the cytoplasm of a living cell; ribosomes attach to mRNA and move down it one codon at a time and stop until tRNA brings the required amino acid; when a ribosome reaches a stop codon it falls apart and releases the completed protein molecule

Ribosome

an organelle in the cytoplasm of a living cell; they attach to mRNA and move down it one codon at a time and stop until tRNA brings the required amino acid; when they reach a stop codon it falls apart and releases the completed protein molecule

Nucleus

an organelle that contains nucleic acids, the chemical instructions that direct all the cell's activities.

endoplasmic reticulum

an organelle that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids.

golgi apparatus

an organelle that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Golgi body

an organelle, consisting of layers of flattened sacs, that packages proteins/ products from the endoplasmic reticulum and then either releases the finished products into various parts of the cell cytoplasm or secretes them to the outside of the cell.

Golgi body

an organelle, consisting of layers of flattened sacs, that takes up and processes secretory and synthetic products from the endoplasmic reticulum and then either releases the finished products into various parts of the cell cytoplasm or secretes them to the outside of the cell.

Hydrocarbon

an organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen

Hydrocarbon

an organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen (example oil)

Eukaryote

an organism membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus containing the DNA (all organisms except bacteria)

Haploid

an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes

Haploid

an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes (in humans total of 23 chromosomes)

haploid

an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes; seen in meiosis and sex cells(gametes)

Diploid

an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number

Diploid

an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number. Symbolized by 2N would represent our somatic/body cells

Heterotroph

an organism that depends on complex organic substances for nutrition

Eukaryote

an organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria; i.e. an organism with `good' or membrane-bound nuclei in its cells

niche

an organism's lifestyle/role in an ecosystem; ex: trophic level (what it eats and what eats it)

Phototropism

an orienting response to light

Phototropism

an orienting response to light or plants growing toward light

Taxa

animal or plant group having natural relations

Protozoan

animal-like protist

Vertebrate

animals having a bony or cartilaginous skeleton with a segmented spinal column and a large brain enclosed in a skull or cranium

Invertebrate

any animal lacking a backbone

Invertebrate

any animal lacking a backbone or notochord; (95% of animals)

Invertebrate

any animal lacking a backbone or notochord; the term is not used as a scientific classification

Chordate

any animal of the phylum Chordata having a notochord or spinal column

Herbivore

any animal that feeds chiefly on grass and other plants

Carnivore

any animal that feeds on flesh

Carnivore

any animal that feeds on meat

Pathogen

any disease-producing agent (especially a virus or bacterium or other microorganism)

Mutation

any event that changes the DNA of an organism

fossil

any evidence of an organism that lived long ago.

Polysaccharide

any of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules

Protein

any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs

Enzyme

any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions

Steroid

any of several fat-soluble organic compounds having as a basis 17 carbon atoms in four rings; many have important physiological effects

Phospholipid

any of various compounds composed of fatty acids and phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous base; an important constituent of membranes

Flagella

any of various elongated filiament appendages of plants or animals (can be used for locomotion)

Flagella

any of various elongated filiform appendages of plants or animals

Decomposer

any of various organisms (as many bacteria and fungi) recycle organic substances in ecological cycles by feeding on and breaking down dead organisms or material produced by organisms

Decomposer

any of various organisms (as many bacteria and fungi) that feed on and break down dead organism tissue

Decomposer

any of various organisms (as many bacteria and fungi) that return constituents of organic substances to ecological cycles by feeding on and breaking down dead protoplasm

Mitochondria

any of various round or long cellular organelles of most eukaryotes that are found outside the nucleus, produce energy for the cell through cellular respiration, and are rich in fats, proteins, and enzymes

Plastid

any of various small particles in the cytoplasm of the cells of plants and some animals containing pigments or starch or oil or protein

herbivore

any organism that eats all or mostly plants

omnivore

any organism that eats both plants and animals

decomposer

any organism that helps dead organisms decay

Selective pressure

any phenomena which alters the behavior and fitness of living organisms within a given environment

Inverse relationship

as the IV increases the DV decreases

Parabolic relationship

as the IV increases, the DV increases to a point then it decreases

isotopes

atoms of an element may have different numbers of neutrons -has same type element, but have different numbers of neutrons

Cell

basic unit of life

Hibernate

be in an inactive or dormant state

nucleic acids

building blocks of DNA and RNA

Archimedes' Principle

buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water

How do enzymes catalyze reactions?

by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur

Monosaccharide

carbohydrate monomer. Ex: glucose

Surface Tension

caused by water molecules being attracted to one another (cohesion)

Mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

Mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes (makes identical cells for growth, development and repair)

Mitosis

cell division that creates 2 identical daughter cells

Meiosis

cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms; the nucleus divides into four nuclei each containing half the chromosome number (leading to gametes in animals and spores in plants)

ATP

cellular energy formed during cellular respiration

Aerobic Respiration

cellular respiration with the use of oxygen and creates more ATP than anaerobic respiration

evolution

change in a population over time in an environment

Pedigree

chart displays a family tree, and shows the members of the family who are affected by a genetic trait

anaphase

chromosomes separate apart and move to opposite ends of the cell

Plasmid

circular DNA in a prokaryotic cell (not bound by nucleus) that can be used for inserting genes during genetic engineering

Tertiary

coming next after the second and just before the fourth in position

Quaternary

coming next after the third and just before the fifth in position or time or degree or magnitude; the quaternary period of geologic time extends from the end of the tertiary period to the present

Amino acid Comparison

compare DNA to show relatedness or common ancestor

Fermentation

completed without oxygen (anaerobic) a chemical phenomenon in which an organic molecule splits into simpler substances such as alcohols, lactic acid

Enzyme

complex proteins and act as catalysts and help speed up chemical reactions reactions

Enzyme

complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions to lower the activation energy for reactions and the time to complete

Sex-linked

concerning characteristics that are determined by genes carried on the sex chromosomes (on the X chromosome in particular)

Archaebacteria

considered ancient bacteria that tend to live in extreme environments

Archaebacteria

considered ancient life forms that evolved separately from bacteria and blue-green algae

Multicellular

consisting of many cells

Haploid

containing half the number of chromosomes. Ex: sex cells

Nitrification

conversion of ammonium into nitrates and nitrites by soil bacteria (making nitrogen available to plants)

Gene expression

conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein

Broken Glass Container

correct way to dispose of cracked, chipped, or broken glass

Analogous

corresponding in function but not in evolutionary origin (wings of insect and bird)

Fertilization

creation by the physical union of male and female gametes; of sperm and ova in an animal or pollen and ovule in a plant

qualitative

data having to do with the quality or qualities of something

Aerobic

depending on free oxygen or air

Secondary

depending on or incidental to what is original or primary

Denature (verb)

destroy the characteristic properties of (a protein or other biological macromolecule) by heat, acidity, or other effects that disrupt its molecular conformation.

Punnett Square

diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment

variations

differences in the expression of a trait that exists in nature in every offspring

Community

different populations of species inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other

Osmosis

diffusion of Water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration

Osmosis

diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal

Osmosis

diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal

1st Law of Thermodynamics

energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can be transformed

Fungi Kingdom

eukaryotes, heterotrophs, mostly multicellular, cell wall made of chitin, sexual & asexual reproduction

Protist Kingdom

eukaryotic kingdom of mostly one celled organism divided into 3 groups: animal like, plant like, and fungus like

Protista

eukaryotic one-celled living organisms distinct from multicellular plants and animals; protozoa, slime molds, and eukaryotic algae

Divergent Evolution

evolution of one or more closely related species into different species; resulting from adaptations to different environmental conditions

Divergent

evolution tending to move apart in different directions. Share a common ancestor as evidenced by homologous structures.

pioneer organism

first organism to become established in a once barren area; small, fast growing, fast reproducing - examples: moss, lichen, and algae (water)

ice

floats in liquid water because it is expands and is less dense as a solid

Geographic Isolation

form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water, leading to the formation of two separate subspecies

ionic bond

formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another -made when one or more electrons are move from one atom to another

evidence of evolution

fossil record adaptations homologous structures vestigial structures embryology molecular

Oxygen

gas given off by plants and taken in by animals

Carbon Dioxide

gas taken in by plants

Triglyceride

glyceride occurring naturally in animal and vegetable tissues; it consists of three individual fatty acids bound together in a single large molecule; an important energy source forming much of the fat stored by the body

Heterozygous

having different alleles

Heterozygous

having dissimilar alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci

Homozygous

having identical alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci

Homozygous

having identical alleles either recessive or dominant (example rr or RR)

Unicellular

having or consisting of a single cell

arm

holds the tube in place and is used to carry the microscope

dichotomous keys

identification keys based on successive questions

Hypertonic

in a state of abnormally high tension

Gradualism

in evolution in with that species evolve slowly and continuously over long periods of geological time

Instinct

inborn pattern of behavior

Instinct

inborn pattern of behavior often responsive to specific stimuli (know how to do something without thinking about it)

biomagnification

increased accumulation of poisons at higher trophic levels

primary ecological succession

involves the gradual establishment of biotic communities in lifeless areas where there is no soil in a terrestrial ecosystem or no bottom sediment in an aquatic one. Ex.: on a newly formed island.

Water

is the universal solvent

RNA

it transmits genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm and controls certain chemical processes (example mRNA carries message from DNA, tRNA carries amino acids for translation)

Hypotonic

lacking normal tone or tension

cytokinesis

last phase of mitosis where cytoplasm splits forming 2 daughter cells

pH 2

lemon juice

density-dependent limiting factors

limiting factor that depends on population size; usually biotic factors like disease, predation, and parasitism

Bioluminescence

luminescence or light produced by physiological processes (as in the firefly)

Bioluminescence

luminescence produced by physiological processes (as in the firefly)

ocular lens

magnifies the specimen, usually 10 times

Homeostasis

maintaining a stable internal environment

Nucleolus

manufactures ribosomes

Homeostasis

metabolic equilibrium actively maintained by several complex biological mechanisms that operate via the autonomic nervous system to offset disrupting changes

Denature

modify (as a native protein) especially by heat, acid, alkali, or ultraviolet radiation so that all of the original properties are removed or diminished

Polar molecule

molecule with slightly negative charge at one end and a slightly positive charge at the other (water)

Nucleotide

monomers of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) that form A, T, C, G (and U instead of T in RNA)

Amino acid

monomers of proteins

Migrate

move from one country or region to another and settle there

Osmosis

movement of molecules (usually water) from high concentration to low concentration through a membrane.

nutrient cycling

movement of nutrients from living things to the non-living environment and back again

Capillary action

movement of water up thin tubes such as plant tissue caused by adhesion

Disruptive selection

natural selection in which individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle of the curve

Nocturnal

nocturnal animals are active at night; nocturnal plants have flowers that open at night and close by day

Asexual

not having or involving sex; an asexual spore; asexual reproduction

Fluid mosaic

not needed to know

Qualitative

observation using the 5 senses (example red, blue, hot, cold)

Recessive

of genes; producing its characteristic phenotype only when its allele is identical

Dominant

of genes; producing the same phenotype whether its allele is identical or dissimilar

Dominant

of genes; producing the same phenotype whether its allele is identical or dissimilar (if you inherit the allele it can hide the other recessive allele)

Isotonic

of or involving muscular contraction in which tension is constant while length changes

Toxic

of or relating to or caused by a toxin or poison

vascular

of or relating to or having vessels that conduct and circulate fluids

vascular

of or relating to or having vessels that conduct and circulate fluids (vascular tissue in plants make up of xylem and phloem(

Recombinant

of or resulting from new combinations of genetic material

Polarity

one end of the molecule has a positive charge and the other end has a negative charge

point mutation

one nucleotide is changed. Only one amino acid may be affected

Allele

one of two alternate forms of a gene that can have the same locus on homologous chromosomes and are responsible for alternative traits

Chromatid

one of two identical strands into which a chromosome splits during mitosis

Centriole

one of two small cylindrical cell organelles composes of 9 triplet microtubules; form the asters during mitosis

energy flow

one-way movement of energy from the environment, through living things, and ending up as heat

Terrestrial

operating or living or growing on land

Ribosome

organelle found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that is involved in protein synthesis

chloroplast and cell wall

organelles that are plant cell specific

Lipid

organic compound made up of fatty acids and glycerol that forms essential structural component of living cells and acts as energy storage

Amino acid

organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group; proteins are composed of various proportions of about 20 common amino acids

Primary

organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group; proteins are composed of various proportions of about 20 common amino acids

Amino acid

organic compounds that join together by peptide bonds to form a protein. 20 common amino acids

Cytokinesis

organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells

Multicellular

organism made of many cells

Unicellular

organism made of one cell

Filter feeder

organism that takes in water to filter out the food and then releases the extra water (clam, oysters, sponge)

species

organisms that are able to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring

pH

p(otential of) H(ydrogen); a scale from 0 to 14 of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution (where 7 is neutral)

pH

p(otential of) H(ydrogen); the logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen-ion concentration in gram atoms per liter; provides a measure on a scale from 0 to 14 of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution (where 7 is neutral)

Neutral solutions like H2O

pH equal to 7

Bases

pH higher than 7

Acids

pH lower than 7

pH paper

pH paper, also called litmus paper, is filter paper that is treated with natural water soluble dye from lichens. pH paper is used as an indicator to test the acidity of water-based liquids.

Factors that affect Enzyme Activity

pH, temperature, and concentration of substrate

Chloroplast

part of the plant where photosynthesis occurs.

Chlorophyll

pigment that absorbs sunlight

Angiosperm

plants having seeds in a closed ovary

Gymnosperm

plants of the class Gymnospermae having seeds not enclosed in an ovary

Gymnosperm

plants of the class Gymnospermae having seeds not enclosed in an ovary. Pine trees, spruce, having cones

Chloroplast

plastid containing chlorophyll and other pigments; in plants that carry out photosynthesis

Photosynthesis

process by which plants use the sun's energy to make food

Cellular respiration

process that uses oxygen to get energy from food

Nucleolous

produces ribosomes in a cell; found inside the nucleus

Glucose and Oxygen

products of photosynthesis

archaebacteria

prokaryotic unicellular cell walls w/ peptidoglycan autotroph/heterotroph asexual - binary fissure flagella/cilla

Eubacteria

prokaryotic unicellular cell walls w/ peptidoglycan autotroph/heterotroph asexual - binary fissure flagella/cilla ex. Salmonella; E. Coli

pH

provides a measure on a scale from 0 to 14 of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution (where 7 is neutral)

base

provides a stable platform for the microscope

Alkaline

relating to or containing an alkali; having a pH greater than 7

Qualitative

relating to or involving comparisons based on qualities (using senses)

uracil

replaces thymine in RNA

tube

separates the ocular lens from the objective lenses at a distance calculated for proper magnification

sugar and phosphate

sides ("handrails") of double helix

Mitochondria

site of cellular respiration

Estivate

sleep during summer

Drosophila

small fruit fly used by Thomas Hunt Morgan in studying basic mechanisms of inheritance

isotonic

solution has a equal concentration of solution and solutes

Hypertonic

solution has a higher concentration of solutes than another solution

Hypotonic

solution has a lower concentration of solutes than another solution

Catalyst

something that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions.

Sun

source of all energy for life

invasive species

species that enter new ecosystems and multiply, harming native species and their habitats

Vacuole

storage organelle in the cell (large vacuole found in plants)

nucleus

strong forces bind protons and neutrons together -strong power make protons and neutrons togeter

Taxonomy

study of the general principles of scientific classification

lamp

supplies the light that passes through the specimen

Chemosynthesis

synthesis of carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water; limited to certain bacteria and fungi

Photosynthesis

synthesis of compounds with the aid of radiant energy (especially in plants)

Order

taxonomic group containing one or more families

Genus

taxonomic group containing one or more species

Genus

taxonomic group containing one or more species (In scientific name the first term that is capitalized)

Species

taxonomic group whose members can interbreed

Animalia

taxonomic kingdom comprising all living or extinct animals

Law of segregation

that there are 2 alleles for each trait where each can be passed into a gamete

Nitrogen fixation

the absorption of atmospheric nitrogen by soil bacteria and its release for plant use

Camouflage

the act of concealing the identity of something by modifying its appearance

Inference

the act of passing from one proposition, statement, or judgment considered as true to another whose truth is believed to follow from that of the former

Extinction

the act or process of becoming extinct; when a species fails to exist and dies out

Specific Heat

the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a 1kg sample by 1 degree Celsius

DNA

the appearance of the chromosomal makeup of a somatic cell in an individual or species (including the number and arrangement and size and structure of the chromosomes)

Karyotype

the appearance of the chromosomal makeup of a somatic cell in an individual or species (including the number and arrangement and size and structure of the chromosomes)

Karyotype

the appearance of the chromosomal makeup of an organism.

Nitrogen fixation

the assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by soil bacteria and its release for plant use on the death of the bacteria

Classification

the basic cognitive process of arranging into classes or categories

Cell

the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; cells may exist as independent units of life (bacteria) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals

Nucleotide

the basic structural unit of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) Ex: A,T,C,G,U

Binomial Nomenclature

the biological two name, naming system

Excretion

the bodily process of discharging waste matter

Excretion

the bodily process of removing waste matter. Done by excretory system

Buoyancy

the capacity to float

Zygote

the cell resulting from the union of an egg and sperm cell

Zygote

the cell resulting from the union of an ovum and a spermatozoon (including the organism that develops from that cell)

biosphere

the collective name for all the ecosystems on Earth

Genotype

the combination of alleles inherited (example Tt)

Dehydration synthesis

the combining of materials by the removal of water (such as combining sugars)

Lock & Key

the concept that enzymes and substrate fit perfectly with each other

Reproductive isolation

the conditions, as physiological or behavioral differences or geographical barriers, that prevent potentially interbreeding populations from cross-fertilization

Ocean trench

the deep depressions in the Earth's crust, and they comprise the deepest part of the ocean

Deduction

the deriving of a conclusion by reasoning

Pedigree

the descendants of one individual

Adaptive radiation

the development of many different forms from an originally homogeneous group of organisms as they fill different ecological niches

Adaptive radiation

the development of many different species from one common ancestor

Interaction

the direct effect that one organism on another,

Interaction

the direct effect that one thing has on another. (Example the relationship between competitors)

Solute

the dissolved substance in a solution. Ex: sugar, salt, kool aid

Solute

the dissolved substance in a solution; the component of a solution that changes its state

Wavelength

the distance (measured in the direction of propagation) between two points in the same phase in consecutive cycles of a wave

Precipitation

the falling to earth of any form of water (rain or snow or hail or sleet or mist)

Telophase

the final stage of meiosis when the chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle

Telophase

the final stage of meiosis when the chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle (formation of nuclear membrane around set of chromosome and cell plate in plants and cleavage furrow in animals prior to cytokinesis)

Telophase

the final stage of meiosis when the chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle. Twins

Prophase

the first stage of mitosis/meiosis

Genotype

the genetic make up of an organism. Represented by pairs of alleles. Ex: TT, tt, Tt

population range

the geographical area in which a specific species can be found

Concentration gradient

the gradual difference in concentration of a dissolved substance in a solution between a region of high density and one of lower density

Cohesion

the intermolecular force that holds together the molecules in a solid or liquid

carrying capacity

the maximum population size that can be maintained in an ecosystem

Carrying capacity

the maximum, equilibrium number of organisms of a particular species that can be supported indefinitely in a given environment.

Carrying capacity

the maximum, number of organisms that can be supported for any long time in an environment.

Respiration

the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic moelcules; processes that take place in the cells and tissues during which energy is released and carbon dioxide is produced and absorbed by the blood to be transported to the lungs

mRNA (messenger RNA)

the molecule carries the code from DNA in the nucleus out to the ribosome (has the codons that we use on the codon chart)

Monosaccharide

the monomer of a carbohydrate. (Ex: glucose)

Fatty Acid

the monomer of a lipid. (Ex: oils)

Nucleotide

the monomer of a nucleic acid. (Ex: DNA or RNA)

Amino Acid

the monomer of a protein, it bonds with other amino acids through peptide bonds.

Electrophoresis

the motion of charged particles in a colloid under the influence of an electric field; particles with a positive charge go to the cathode and negative to the anode

Diffusion

the movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration without the use of energy

Diffusion

the movement of molecules in gases and liquids from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

covalent bond

the moving electrons actually travel about the nuclei of the both atoms -moving electrons travel about the nuclei of the both atoms

Karyotype

the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species

Metabolism

the organic chemical processes (in a cell or organism) that are necessary for life

Carbon cycle

the organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again

transcription

the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

Metabolism

the organic processes (in a cell or organism) or considered all the reactions that occur in the body

Metabolism

the organic processes (in a cell or organism) that are necessary for life

Nitrification

the oxidation of ammonium compounds in dead organic material into nitrates and nitrites by soil bacteria (making nitrogen available to plants)

Active site

the part of an enzyme that interacts with the substrate and where a substrate fits into an enzyme for them to be joined or broken apart

Active site

the part of an enzyme that interacts with the substrate during catalysis

Genotype

the particular alleles at specified loci present in an organism

interphase

the period during the cell cycle where cells grow, get copied, and prepare for division. G1, S, G2

Interphase

the period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions

Interphase

the period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions (G1 growth, S DNA replication, G2 components for cell replication)

Migration

the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding

Arthropod

the phylum to which jointed-legged invertebrates belong, including insects, arachnids and crustaceans

Conservation

the preservation and careful management of the environment and of natural resources

Carbon fixation

the process by which plants turn inorganic carbon (carbon dioxide) into organic compounds such as carbohydrates

Cellular Respiration

the process converting glucose into usable energy in the form of ATP. Reactants: Glucose, oxygen Products: ATP, water, carbon dioxide

Development

the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level

ecologcial succession

the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time.

Diffusion

the process of diffusing; the intermingling of molecules in gases and liquids as a result of random thermal agitation

Reproduction

the process of generating offspring

Transpiration

the process of giving off or exhaling water vapor through the skin or mucous membranes

Transpiration

the process of giving off or exhaling water vapor through the skin or mucous membranes (water leaving plants)

Adhesion

the property of sticking together (as of glue and wood) or the joining of surfaces of different composition

Adhesion

the property of water molecules sticking to other surfaces.

Chromatin

the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins; during mitotic division the chromatin condenses into chromosomes

Biosphere

the regions of the surface and atmosphere of the Earth (or other planet) where living organisms exist

Parasitism

the relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it (usually not fatal damage)

Commensalism

the relation between two different kinds of organisms when one receives benefits and the other is unharmed

Commensalism

the relation between two different kinds of organisms when one receives benefits from the other without damaging it

Mutualism

the relation between two different species of organisms in which each gains benefits from the other

Mutualism

the relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other

Symbiosis

the relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other

Fossil

the remains (or an impression) of a plant or animal

Fossil

the remains (or an impression) of a plant or animal that existed in a past geological age and that has been excavated from the soil

Mimicry

the resemblance of an animal species to another species or to natural objects; provides concealment and protection from predators (example making yourself look like another organism)

Metaphase

the second stage of mitosis/meiosis

Metaphase

the second stage of mitosis/meiosis in which chromosomes arrange in the middle of the cell along the equator

Metaphase

the second stage of mitosis/meiosis. Chromosomes line up in the Middle

Hormone

the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect

Hormone

the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect (estrogen and testosterone are examples)

Cell membrane

the semipermeable covering of the cell that controls what enters and leaves the cell.

Cell membrane

the semipermeable membrane enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell (all cell types)

Cell membrane

the semipermeable membrane enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell.

Evolution

the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms

carbon cycle

the series of processes by which carbon compounds are cycled, chiefly involving the incorporation of carbon dioxide into living tissue by photosynthesis and its return to the atmosphere through cellular respiration, the decay of dead organisms, and the burning of fossil fuels.

Molecule

the simplest structural unit of an element or compound

Molecule

the simplest structural unit of an element or compound (example O2 or N2)

molecule

the smallest unit of most compounds -the smallest unit of most mixing thing

Anaphase

the stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle

Anaphase

the stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle. Chromosomes pull Apart

Fertility

the state of being fertile; capable of producing offspring

Niche

the status of an organism within its environment and community (its role/job in the environment)

Dominant

the stronger allele. Represented with a capital letter

atom

the study of chemistry begins with the basic unit of matter -the basic unit of matter of chemistry begins

Substrate

the substance acted upon by an enzyme or ferment

Substrate

the substance acted upon by an enzyme where the substrate attaches to active site of the enzyme

Fungi

the taxonomic kingdom of lower plants

salinity

the total amount of dissolved salts in a sample of water

secondary consumer

the trophic level that eats the primary consumers

primary consumer

the trophic level that eats the producers

tertiary consumer

the trophic level that eats the secondary consumers

Habitat

the type of environment in which an organism or group normally lives or occurs

sun

the ultimate source of energy in most ecosystems

Estuary

the wide part of a river where it nears the sea; fresh and salt water mix

objective lenses

these are the lenses that magnify the specimen (4x, 10x, and 40x)

stage clips

these are used to hold a slide in place

diaphragm

this has different-sized holes that let different amounts of light pass through

revolving nosepiece

this is where the objective lenses are mounted

stage

this is where you place a slide for observation

coarse adjustment knob

this knob moves the stage up and down to focus on the object (bigger movements)

fine adjustment knob

this knob sharpens an image under low and medium power

condenser lens

this lens is under the the stage, it helps focus light onto the specimen

tRNA (transfer RNA)

this molecule has an anticodon that matches up with a codon, carrying a specific amino acid to the ribosome

recessive

trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant form of a trait

temperature and rainfall

two determining factors of the climate in a biome

telophase

two new cells start appearing; chromosomes reach opposite sides of the cell

Domain Eubacteria

unicellular, prokaryotic, suited to pretty much any environment on this planet except for the most extreme ones.

Adhesion

water molecules sticking to other things

Cohesion

water molecules sticking together

Phenotype

what an organism looks like as a consequence of its genotype; two organisms with the same phenotype can have different genotypes

energy pyramid

what does this diagram represent?

pH scale

what does this picture represent?

exponential

what kind of graph is this? (J graph)

logistic

what kind of graph is this? (S graph)

secondary ecological succession

when an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance but leaves the soil intact

van der Waals forces

when molecules are close together, a slight attraction can develop between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules -when molecules are close together, a little attraction can develop between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules

Evidence

your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief

Interphase

~90% of cell cycle - cell grows and copies its chromosomes in preparate of cell division (consists of G1, S, and G2 phases)


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