Comprehensive Biology SOL Review 1
The names of enzymes mostly end in
" ASE" Protease Exception: Pepsin
Cell Membrane
"Border control", controls what comes in and out of the cell; maintains homeostasis
Nucleus
"Brain" of the cell, control center; Contains DNA (genetic material)
Endoplasmic reticulum
"Cell highway", transports goods and materials throughout the cell, 2 types
Carl Linnaeus
"Father of Taxonomy"; established his classification of living things; famous for animal naming system of binomial nomenclature
Autosomes
All the chromosomes in our cells other than the X and Y chromosome (the 1st through the 22nd chromosomes shown on a karyotype)
genome
All the genetic information in an organism; all of an organism's chromosomes.
biotic factors
All the living components of an ecosystem.
abiotic factors
All the nonliving components of an ecosystem.
Rubber stoppers
Also called a bung, a rubber stopper is a truncated cylindrical or conical closure to seal a container, such as a bottle, tube or flask.
Allele
Alternate forms of a gene. Represented by an upper or lower case letter.
Allele
Alternate forms of an gene (normally one from mother and one from father)
Allele
Alternate versions of a gene
pH 11
Ammonia
PCR machine (thermal cycler)
Amplifies fragments of nucleic acids by exposing PCR samples to cycles of three temperatures (denaturation, annealing, elongation).
Theory
An accepted explanation of something based on many observations and experiments.
Analytical scale
An analytical balance is a class of balance designed to measure small mass in the sub-milligram range. The measuring pan of an analytical balance (0.1 mg or better) is inside a transparent enclosure with doors so that dust does not collect and so any air currents in the room do not affect the balance's operation. This enclosure is often called a draft shield.
omnivore
An animal that eats both plants and animals
Ectotherm
An animal that is dependent on external sources of body heat; cold-blooded
Vertebrate
An animal with a backbone
Invertebrate
An animal without a backbone
Mass spectrometer
An apparatus for separating isotopes, molecules, and molecular fragments according to mass. The sample is vaporized and ionized, and the ions are accelerated in an electric field and deflected by a magnetic field into a curved trajectory that gives a distinctive mass spectrum.
Galapagoes
An archipelago of islands in which Darwin developed his theory
adhesion
An attraction between molecules of different substances
Climax community
An community in which populations of plants or animals remain stable and exist in balance with each other and their environment
Climax community
An ecological community in which populations of plants or animals remain stable and exist in balance with each other and their environment. A climax community is the final stage of succession, remaining relatively unchanged until destroyed by an event such as fire or human interference.
primary succession
An ecological succession that begins in an area where no biotic community previously existed; no soil; ex. glaciers and lava
Fish
An ectothermic vertebrate that breathes through gills, lives in water, has scaly, slimy skin covering, and lays jelly-like eggs.
Reptile
An ectothermic vertebrate that has lungs, lays leathery eggs, and scaly skin or bony plates.
Amphibian
An ectothermic vertebrate that has moist, porous skin. These animals begin their lives in water and breathe with gills. As adults they live on land and breathe with lungs. They must return to the water to lay their jelly-like eggs.
Hypothesis
An educated guess for the outcome of the experiment. Is made prior to conducting an experiment
Hypothesis
An educated guess or testable prediction.
Hypothesis
An educated guess.
Mammal
An endothermic vertebrate that has hair/fur, carries eggs and developing embryos internally, and provide milk for their young.
Bird
An endothermic vertebrate with feathers, wings and beaks. They lay eggs with hard shells and have hollow bones to reduce the density of their skeleton.
Catalase
An enzyme found in cells that helps break down H2O2.
Lactase
An enzyme that breaks down lactose.
Sucrase
An enzyme that breaks down sucrose.
Adaptive radiation
An evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species
population growth
An increase in population over a period of time due to striving and abundant needs
herbivory
An interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga.
predation
An interaction in which one organism (predator) kills another (prey) for food.
Mollusk
An invertebrate with a soft, unsegmented body; most are protected by a hard outer shell, but includes octopus and squid
mitochondria
An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP aka "POWERHOUSE OF CELL"
Lichen
An organism made of a fungus and either algae or autotrophic bacteria that live together in a mutualistic relationship.
decomposer
An organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms
producer
An organism that can make its own food by using energy from its surroundings; another name for autotroph
producer
An organism that can make its own food.
heterotroph
An organism that cannot make its own food.
secondary consumer
An organism that eats primary consumers / second level of consumer
primary consumer
An organism that eats producers / first level of consumer
tertiary consumer
An organism that eats secondary consumers / last level of consumer
Hetertroph
An organism that gets its food from other living organisms.
heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
Endotherm
An organism that is internally warmed by a heat-generating metabolic process; warm-blooded
Autotroph
An organism that makes its own food
autotroph
An organism that makes its own food
consumer
An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms
consumer
An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms; another name for heterotroph
Homeostasis
An organism's abilility to maintain a stable internal environment.
genotype
An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.
phenotype
An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Scientific Method
An organized way to test scientific hypotheses
Denature
An protein no longer functions properly: modify (as a native protein) especially by heat, acid, alkali, or ultraviolet radiation so that all of the original properties are removed or diminished
DNA fingerprint
Analysis of sections of DNA that have little or no known function, but vary widely from one individual to another, in order to identify individuals.
Chargaff
Analyzed DNA from many species and found that [A=T] and [G=C] -- which led to the understanding of the base pairing rules of DNA
Omnivore
Animal that feeds on both animal and plants
Herbivore
Animal that feeds on plants
Vertebrate
Animals with backbones
Asymmetrical symmetry
Animals with no general body plan, these animals have no definite shape
Calvin Cycle
Another name for the Light Independent Reactions
Fern
Any of a group of seedless vascular plants
Domain Archaea
Any of various single-celled prokaryotes genetically distinct from bacteria, often thriving in extreme environmental conditions
Matter
Anything that occupies space; it cannot be created or destroyed.
Disposal of Chemicals
Ask teacher. Solid chemicals, metals, matches, filter paper, and all other insoluble materials are to be placed in proper waste container.
Ribosome
Assembles amino acids into proteins.
Sex-linked trait
Associated with genes that are located on the X chromosome; more common in males than females. (ex: hemophilia or color-blindness)
Cytokinesis
At the end of M Phase --> Division of cytoplasm
Ion
Atom with a negative charge (because it gained electrons) or a positive charge (because it lost electrons).
CHNOP
Atoms found in nucleic acids
Isotope
Atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons.
Hydrophilic
Attracted to water.
cohesion
Attraction between molecules of the same substance
Gregor Mendel
Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884)
pH 9
Bakingsoda
Aquatic
Based on Water
cell
Basic unit of life
Alkaline
Basic; having a pH greater than 7
Enzyme
Biological catalyst - special type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions
tundra
Biome characterized as a frozen desert where permafrost (frozen soil) exists. Only found in the northern hemisphere.
Rain Forest
Biome characterized by canopy of trees and large amount of precipitation
Coniferous Forest
Biome characterized by conifers (pine trees, having cones)
Tundra
Biome characterized by low temperatures and low growing vegetation
Grassland/Savanna
Biome dominated by grass species
tropical rainforest
Biome in which rainfall is abundant - more that 200 cm (80 in) per year - and temperatures are warm or hot year-round
Nervous System
Bodies response to stimuli from inside or outside the body. Brain, spinal cord and system of nerves
vestigial structures
Body parts that have lost their original function through evolution
Bilateral symmetry
Body plan in which only a single, imaginary line can divide the body into two equal halves.
Immune System
Body's defense. White blood cells and other components destroy foreign pathogens
peptide
Bonds that connect amino acids.
Circulatory System
Brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells; fights infection; removes cell wastes; helps to regulate body temperature Structures: Heart, blood vessels, blood
carbohydrate
Broken down to glucose to provide energy.
fatty acid
Building blocks of lipids
amino acid
Building blocks of protein
How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?
By lowering the activation energy
Robert Hooke
Came up with the term "cells"
Chitin
Carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of fungi
Cellulose
Carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of plants
mRNA
Carries the code from DNA (in nucleus) to the ribosomes (in cytoplasm); messenger RNA
Mutagen
Causes mutations
Binary fission
Cell division in prokaryotic cells
meiosis
Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms; each new cell is unique
Dipolid cell
Cells that contain 2 of each chromosomes - ex: human skin cell has 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes
Plants and Animals (and all eukaryotes)
Cells that contain mitochondria
Haploid cell
Cells that contain only 1 of each chromosome - OR HALF the amount of chromosomes - ex: human sperm cell has 23 chromosomes
Cancer cells
Cells that grow and divide uncontrollably
Mutation
Change in DNA
Adaptations
Changes in physical structure, function, or behavior that allow an organism or species to survive and reproduce in a given environment.
hormones
Chemical messengers that travel through your bloodstream and tell your cells to change somehow, ex. testosterone
Hydrolysis
Chemical reaction in which water is added and polymers are separated into monomers.
Dehydration synthesis
Chemical reaction in which water is taken out and monomers are joined to form polymers.
Non-disjunction
Chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis
metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Homologous chromosomes
Chromosomes that carry genes controlling the same inherited characters
protein
Class of nutrients made up of amino acids. They are needed to build and repair body structures, and to regulate processes in the body
pH 5
Coffee
pH 3
Cola, vinegar
Gene pool
Collection of genes in a population
Heterozygous
Combination of recessive and dominant allele (example Tt)
gene pool
Combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population
Deduction
Coming up with a conclusion by reasoning
Spill Kit
Commercially packaged materials containing supplies and equipment needed to clean up a spill of biohazardous substance.
carbohydrate
Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the approximate ratio of C:2H:O (e.g., sugars, starches, and cellulose)
pH 0
Concentrate hydrochloric acid
Multicellular
Consisting of many cells
biosphere
Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.
Nucleus
Consists of protons and neutrons = the atomic mass.
Lysomsomes
Contain enzymes that digest waste and damaged organelles so the cell can dispose of them
Diploid
Containing a full number of chromosomes. Ex: body cells
Hypertonic
Containing a higher concentration of dissolved solids. Cells will shrink in this solution
Hypotonic
Containing a lower concentration of dissolved solids. Cells will swell in this solution
Chloroplast
Contains chlorophyll and other pigments; in autotrophs that carry out photosynthesis
Nucleus
Control center of the cell containing DNA
Endocrine System
Controls growth, development, metabolism and homeostasis. Done by glands in body
Photosynthesis
Conversion of solar energy, CO2 and water into glucose and oxygen in autotrophs/producers (occurs normally in chloroplasts)
Digestive system
Converts foods into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body; absorbs food. Structures include mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum
What is transcription?
Copying part of a nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in mRNA
DNA replication
Copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA
prophase
DNA and proteins condense into tightly coiled chromosomes.
Theory of Natural Selection
Darwin's explanation for how evolution occurs: Overproduction, Inherited Variation, Struggle to Survive, Successful Reproduction leads to changes in a population
Evidence
Data gathered in an experiment to support or not support a hypothesis
quantitative
Data that is in numbers / expressed through amount
What is translation?
Decoding of mRNA message into a polypeptide chain or protein
Mushroom
Decomposer that breaks down waste material and dead animals to get energy. Has a cap, stalk, and mycelium.
Term: Genus
Definition: A classification grouping that consists of a number of similar, closely related species
Gas line hose
Deliver gas between supply and burners.
Rubber tubing
Delivers gas between supply and burner or glassware.
DNA stands for:
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Contains the genetic makeup of an organism. Made of nucleotides (nitrogenous bases, phosphate groups and deoxyribose sugar)
DNA stands for...
Deoxyribonucleic acid
dominant
Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait.
Fluid Mosaic Model
Describes both the "mosaic" arrangement of proteins embedded throughout the lipid bilayer as well as the "fluid" movement of lipids and proteins alike.
Selective permeability
Describes how the cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell -- not everything can get in or out -- it selects what can get in and out
Phospholipid Bilayer
Describes how the phospholipids line up tail to tail
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Developed microscopes and was first to observe microscopic animal life
Food/Energy Pyramid
Diagram showing the trophic levels from producers to top level consumers in which energy moves up
Concentration gradient
Difference in concentration of a dissolved substance in a solution between a region of high density and one of lower density. Difference in concentration can result in osmosis or diffusion.
Genetic variation
Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments
genetic variation
Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments
Allele
Different version of a gene
osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Lamarck
Disproved Law of Use and Disuse
Mitosis
Division of chromosomes; has 4 stages (PMAT)
yes, because ice has a less density than water
Does ice float on water? Why or why not?
classification system
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Disaccharide
Double sugar. Examples: lactose, maltose, sucrose
pH 14
Drain cleaner
NADH & FADH2
Electron Carriers
Covalent bond
Electrons are shared.
Ionic bond
Electrons are transferred.
Leading strand
Elongates continuously 5'->3' as the replication fork progresses; moves toward the replication fork
Glycogen
Energy storage in animals.
Starch
Energy storage in plants.
lipid
Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
DNA Polymerase
Enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork --> as individual nucleotides align with complementary nucleotides along a template strand of DNA, this enzyme adds them, one by one, to the growing end of the new DNA strand
Ligase
Enzyme that joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments, forming a signel new DNA strand
Helicase
Enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks, separating the 2 parental strans and making them available as template strands
Lysosome
Enzyme vesicle.Breaks down larger food molecules into smaller molecules; digests old cell parts
The enzyme binds to its substrate, forming what?
Enzyme-substrate complex
Reusable
Enzymes are not a reactant or a product - they are able to be used again.
Lock and Key Model
Enzymes are specific. The only wok on the substrate that they "fit." Just like a lock has a specific key to open it.
Some enzymes reside in specific organelles, such as...
Enzymes for cellular respiration are located in mitochondria
Specific
Enzymes only catalyze ONE reaction - the active site fits with only one substrate.
Isotonic
Equal concentration. Water will move in and out of a cell equally
Protista
Eukaryotic mostly unicellular, little multi no cell walls autotroph/heterotroph asexual not motile ex. Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium
Plantae
Eukaryotic multicellular cellwalls made of cellulose autotroph sexual not motile ex. grasses, mosses, flowers
Animalia
Eukaryotic multicellular no cell wall heterotroph sexual motile ex. chordata, humans, nematode
Fungi
Eukaryotic multicellular(except yeast) cell wall made of chitin hetertroph - decomposer asexual not motile ex. mushroom, yeast, mold
Crossing over
Event that occurs in Prophase I of Meiosis I where homologous chromosomes that are paired up exchange equal segments (genes) with each other -- leads to genetic variation in offspring
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
Homologous
Example would be homologous chromosomes (same length and contains similar versions of genes) from mom and dad
Sugar, Glucose, Starch, Cellulose
Examples of Carbohydrates
Fat, Oil, Phospholipid, Cholesterol
Examples of Lipids
DNA and RNA
Examples of Nucleic Acid
Hemoglobin, Insulin, Antibodies, Enzymes
Examples of Proteins
Constant
Experimental conditions that do not change.
Dominant allele
Expressed whenever present; represented by a capital letter
Polyploidy
Extra set of chromosomes (such as down syndrome with 3 chromosomes at pair 21)
True or false: Enzymes fit with any shape of molecules.
FALSE. Each substrate/reactant has a unique shape. The have a specific substrate the work on
True or False: Enzymes start chemical reactions.
FALSE. Enzymes don't start reactions- they SPEED UP reactions that would occur eventually.
Pistil
Female part of flower made up of stigma, style, and ovary)
Light Dependent Reactions
First stage of Photosynthesis
Angiosperm
Flowering Plants that have their seeds contained within an ovary
Angiosperm
Flowering plants: plants having seeds in a closed ovary (your fruits, vegetables, grains)
Chromatin
Form of DNA between cell divisions. the chromatin condenses into chromosomes
Sodium/Potassium Pump
Form of active transport that moves Na+ and K+ against their concentration gradient - important for the function of nerve cells.
Evaporative cooling
Form of homeostasis that allows organisms to maintain a stable internal temperature when they are getting too hot.
Behavioral Isolation
Form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding
Speciation
Formation of new species
speciation
Formation of new species
Ionic Bond
Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
protein synthesis
Forming proteins based on information in DNA and carried out by RNA
Mitochondria
Found in most eukaryotes that produce energy for the cell through cellular respiration
Store Energy and Structural Support
Function of Carbohydrates
Store Energy, Insulation, Components of Cell Membrane
Function of Lipids
Store and communicate genetic information
Function of Nucleic Acids
Build muscle, Speed up reactions, Cell Communication, Transport of Oxygen
Function of Proteins
fertilization
Fusion of an egg and sperm cell; Each give 23 chromosomes
Genotype
Genetic makeup
Cell Wall
Gives support and protection to cell; made of cellulose in plants.
Monosaccharide
Glucose that combine to form dissacharides of polysaccharides (starch, cellulose)
pH 10
Great Salt Lake
Vegetative Propogation
Growing roots from cut plant stems
exponential growth
Growth of a population in an ideal, unlimited environment, represented by a J-shaped curve when population size is plotted over time.
H2O2
Harmful chemical made in cells that fits in the active site of catalase.
Aerobic
Has oxygen
Adaptation
Having the best physical or chemical characteristics to survive in an environment (example: long fur to survive the cold)
Homozygous
Having two of the same alleles
Animal Kingdom
Heterotrophs, Multicellular, Eukaryotic, and No Cell Wall
Recessive allele
Hidden by a dominant allele and only expressed when an organism has 2; represented by a lowercase letter
Test tube rack, plastic
Holds test tubes upright.
Test tube rack, wooden
Holds test tubes upright.
Chlorophyll in their cell membranes
How do some prokaryotes photosynthesize?
Gradualism
Idea that species evolve slowly and continuously over long periods of geological time
Punctuated equilibrium
Ideas that evolution occurs in fits and starts rather than in a steady process of slow change
acid
If something a "2" on the pH scale, then is it a base, acid, or neutral substance?
neutral
If something a "7" on the pH scale, then is it a base, acid, or neutral substance?
base
If something is a "13" on the pH scale, then is it a base, acid, or neutral substance?
control
In an experiment, the standard that is used for comparison
Flow cytometer
In biotechnology, flow cytometry is a laser-based, biophysical technology employed in cell counting, cell sorting, biomarker detection and protein engineering, by suspending cells in a stream of fluid and passing them by an electronic detection apparatus. It allows simultaneous multiparametric analysis of the physical and chemical characteristics of up to thousands of particles per second.
Nucleus
In both plant and animal cells; controls cellular functions:
Mitochondria
In both plant and animal cells; takes sugar and turns it into energy (ATP)
Location of translation
In the cytoplasm at the ribosome
Location of transcription
In the nucleus
Budding
In yeast and hydra in which a bud forms and can develop into organism
observation
Information obtained through the senses.
Channel Protein
Integral protein involved in facilitated diffusion.
competition
Interaction among organisms that vie for the same resource in an ecosystem; a relationship in which both organisms of different species are harmed
Analysis
Interpretation of data collected in an experiment
Asexual
Involving one individual organism. Produces copy of organism (binary fission)
Control
Is used to determine the effect of the independent variable. Can be considered the baseline or natural condition that is used for comparison.
Glass stir rod
It's a human-powered stir rod. Enough said.
Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance the cell organelles float in
Niche
Job of an organism in its environment
Fungi
Kingdom that includes mushrooms, lichens and yeast. Heterotrophic, multicellular and with cell walls. Made up of hyphae
Charles Darwin
Known as father of evolution
Theory of Acquired Characteristics
Lamark's explanation on evolution: concept that modifications that occur during an organism's lifetime are passed on to its offspring. Ex. Giraffes grow longer necks as needed.
Terrestrial
Land based
carrying capacity
Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support.
density-independent limiting factors
Limiting factors that affect populations in similar ways, regardless of size; usually abiotic factors like a forest fire, weather, and flood.
Cholesterol
Lipid molecule found in animal cell membranes that contributes to the stability and fluidity of the cell membrane.
Electron Transport Chain
Located in the thylakoid membrane, this is how the Light Dependent reactions make ATP and NADPH
Thylakoid
Location in the chloroplast where Light Dependent Reactions occur
Stroma
Location in the chloroplast where Light Independent Reactions/Cavlin Cycle occur
Hydrocarbons
Long chains of carbon and hydrogen which are nonpolar and make lipids hydrophobic.
Proper Dress for labs
Long hair tied back. Dangling jewelry, loose or baggy clothing must be secured.
Symbiosis
Long term interactions between two organsims
Deciduous
Lose leaves at the end of the growing season
Vaccines
Made from parts of original virus to help organisms build immunity by allowing body to make antibodies
Lipid
Made of Fatty acids. Fats, oils, and waxes. Function: Long Term Energy Storage
Unicellular
Made of a single cell
Protein
Made of amino acids. control cell functions and provide support. Ex: enzymes
Carbohydrate
Made of chains of monosaccharides. Used for short term energy. Sugars
Chromosome
Made of chromatin (a complex of DNA and associated protein molecules) --> each contains one very long, linear strand of DNA that carries several hundred to a few thousand genes
Cytoskeleton
Made of protein microtubules and microfilaments.
Phospholipid
Made of up of a phosphate head and lipid tail. Makes up the bilayer of the cell membrane
Skeletal System
Made up bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage that supports and protects the body
Spindle fibers
Made up of microtubules -- used to pull chromatids apart and chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell
Plant Kingdom
Made up of organisms that can perform photosynthesis to make food. Characteristics include multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic, and mostly green in color.
Homeostasis
Maintaining a stable internal environment
Homeostasis
Maintaining stable internal environment within an organisms.
Gamete Production
Major reason why cells go through Meiosis
Growth and Repair
Major reasons why cells go through Mitosis
Polysaccharide
Many sugars - polymer of carbohydrates
pH
Measurment of the number of hydrogen ions in a solution.
Endocytosis
Membrane folding to allow materials into the cell
Nucleus
Membrane-bound organelle that stores and protects the DNA in eukaryotic cells
Relative dating
Method of determining the age of a fossil by comparing its placement with that of fossils in other layers of rock
Absolute dating
Method of measuring rates of decay of radioactive materials to determine how long ago an event occurred or an organism lived
"FOIL"
Method to determine gamete possibilities for a dihybrid cross
pH 6
Milk
Buffer
Mixture that can react with an acid or a base to keep the pH within a particular range.
Monosaccharides - glucose
Monomer of Carbohydrates
Nucleotide
Monomer of Nucleic Acids
Amino Acids
Monomer of Proteins
Nucleotide
Monomer of nucleic acids
nucleotide
Monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
Protozoan
Mostly one celled Eukaryotes with no cell wall. Some are Plant like, some are animal like and some are fungus like.
Gene Flow
Movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from from high concentration to low concentration
diffusion
Movement of molecules from high to low concentration
Migrate
Moving out of a particular area in search of resources
Surface area to volume ratio
Must be LARGE to increase the efficiency of moving materials in and out of the cell --- It is largest (and therefore the cell is able to be most efficient) when cells are small
Lagging strand
Must grow in an overall 3'->5' direction by the addition of Okazaki fragments that grow in 5'->3' direction; moved away from the replication fork
NADPH
NADP+ becomes this in the Light Dependent Reactions.
NADP+
NADPH becomes this when its energy is used in the Calvin Cycle
When should you eat or drink in the lab?
NEVER EVER EVER
Directional selection
Natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do other individuals.
Stabilizing selection
Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes
greenhouse effect
Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases
Electron
Negative charged part of an atom.
Neutron
Neutral part of an atom
A, T, C, G
Nitrogenous bases of DNA
A, U, C, G
Nitrogenous bases of RNA
Centrosome
Nonmembranous organelle that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell's microtubules - found in both plant and animal cells
Fatty acid tails
Nonpolar region of the phospholipid that is hydrophobic.
Quantitative
Observation measured or otherwise expressed with numbers
Quantitative
Observation using measuring tools and is given in a number form (example 5 milliliters of liquid)
Carbon Fixation
Occurs during the Calvin Cycle -- when CO2 is made into C6H12O6
logistic growth
Occurs when a populations growth slows and then stops following a period of exponential growth; reaches the carrying capacity; s-shaped curve
Fermentation
Occurs when oxygen is not available
3:1 phenotypic ratio of offspring
Occurs when two heterozygous parents are crossed.
9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio of offspring
Occurs when two parents are crossed that are heterozygous for two different traits.
Monera
Old classification for all bacteria.
Monera
Old kingdom that included all bacteria (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria)
The number of strands in RNA
One
Point mutation
One base is substituted/replaced by another - potentially coding for another amino acid
Frameshift mutation
One or more bases are added or deleted in DNA sequence resulting in a shift in the amino acid sequence
Frameshift mutation
One or more bases are removed or inserted causing the reading frame to "shift" --- results in many wrong amino acids
Emergency Shut off Valves
One valve shuts off electricity and gas manually. The second valve shuts off water.
Paleontologist
One who studies of the forms of life existing in prehistoric or geologic times, as represented by the fossils of plants, animals, and other organisms
10% Rule
Only 10% of the total energy produced at each trophic level is available to the next level. The amount of energy passed up to the levels of the food pyramid reduces as you go up.
Centriole
Organelle associated with the centrosome of animal cells only -- assists in cell division
Carbohydrate
Organic molecule that is structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals. Made up of saccharides.
lipid
Organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and store food energy until needed (fats)
Autotroph
Organism capable of photosynthesis (known as producers)
Autotroph
Organisms that are able to make their own food (like by photosynthesizing it)
Heterotroph
Organisms that must eat food to obtain energy (Same as a consumer)
Autotroph
Organisms who is able to make their own food (Same as a producer)
Deciduous/Temperate Forest
Our biome characterized by broad leaf trees that lose leaves in fall
pH 13
Oven cleaner
Food Web
Overlapping food chains that show direction of energy from producers to consumers to decomposers
Ring worm
Parasitic fungus that affects the skin and causes a red, flaky, itchy rash.
S phase
Part of interphase in which the DNA replication occurs -- all of the chromosom
Phosphate and Deoxyribose sugar
Parts of the nucleotide that make up the "uprights of the ladder"
heredity
Passing of traits from parents to offspring
Punctuated equilibrium
Pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change
Glycoprotein
Peripheral protein with a carbohydrate association that is involved in cell recognition and identification.
Components of a DNA nucleotide
Phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogenous base
Components of an RNA nucleotide
Phosphate, ribose sugar, and nitrogenous base
Phenotype
Physical or physiological characteristics
Micropipet
Pipet used to deliver small volumes of fluid with precision; particularly common in molecular biology.
green
Plant cells are the color _______ because of the pigment called chlorophyll.
Central vacuole
Plant cells have large one to store water.
Algae
Plant like protists that include red, brown, and green forms as well as diatoms
Vascular tissue
Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body.
Gymnosperm
Plants that have their seeds contained within a Cone.
Disposable pipet
Plastic pipet used to deliver small volumes of fluid (usually 0.5 mL to 3 mL); not nearly as precise as a micropipette.
Phosphate head
Polar region of the phospholipid that is hydrophilic.
Reproductive isolation
Populations of organisms become separated and can no longer interbreed.
Proton
Positive charged part of an atom; number of these determines the atomic number.
Gel electrophoresis
Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel
translation
Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
Sexual reproduction
Process by which two gametes fuse and offspring that are a genetic mixture of both parents are produced
Convergent Evolution
Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
Binary Fission
Process in bacteria in which the entire cell splits into two new cells
Sporulation
Process in fungus and ferns in which spores grow for reproduction
cellular respiration
Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Produces 2 ATP (by glycolysis) and Lactic acid
Alcohol Fermentation
Produces 2 ATP (by glycolysis), CO2 and alcohol
H2O and O2
Products of the reaction that breaks down H2O2.
Glucose and Galactose
Products when lactose is broken down.
Glucose and Fructose
Products when sucrose is broken down.
Human Genome project
Project to determine all the genes in our DNA for studying human disease
UV Transilluminator
Projects ultraviolet radiation through a translucent sample for observation or photography.
Surface tension
Property of water created by cohesion and adhesion, allows some insects to walk on water.
Adhesion
Property that causes water to stick to other substances
Eye Wash
Protective lab device that sprays water into your eyes in order to clean chemicals or irritants from your eyes
Goggles
Protects the eyes from flying objects or chemical splashes. Worn whenever chemicals, heat or glassware are used.
Chemical Aprons
Provides clothing protection.
Respiratory System
Provides gas exchange of oxygen in and carbon dioxide out. Made up of lungs, nose, trachea, larynx, pharynx
pH 7
Pure water
Vesicles
"Mail men," small membrane bound sacs that transport materials around cell and to cell membrane
Mitochondria
"Powerhouse" or "Energy producer"; makes ATP through cell respiration
Golgi body
"Quality control", Modifies and Processes proteins made by the cell.
Organelle
"Small organs" of the cell that carry out specific functions
Pinocytosis
"cell drinking" - type of endocytosis
Phagocytosis
"cell eating" - type of endocytosis
Vacuole
"warehouse," stores food, water, waste; larger in plant cells
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
RNA
(biochemistry) a long linear polymer of nucleotides found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell where it is associated with microsomes; it transmits genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm and controls certain chemical processes
Spindle
(biology) tiny fibers that are seen in cell division; the fibers radiate from two poles and meet at the equator in the middle
Succession
(ecology) the gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another
Succession
(ecology) the gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is established
Inversion
(genetics) a kind of mutation in which the order of the genes in a section of a chromosome is reversed
Mutation
(genetics) any event that changes genetic structure; any alteration in the inherited nucleic acid sequence of the genotype of an organism
Mutation
(genetics) any event that changes genetic structure; any alteration in the inherited nucleic acid sequence of the genotype of an organism (harmful, no charge, or helpful)
Inheritance
(genetics) attributes acquired via biological heredity from the parents
Transcription
(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA; the process whereby a base sequence of messenger RNA is synthesized on a template of complementary DNA
DNA Replication
(genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division
Replication
(genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division
Translation
(genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm
diploid
(of a cell or nucleus) containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent; seen in mitosis and somatic cells
Cell Theory
1. Cells are basic unit of life 2. All living things are made of cells 3. Cells come from other cells
characteristics of life
1.cells 2.reproduction 3.genetic code 4.growth & development 5.Use energy 6.response to environment 7.homeostasis 8.evolution
Meiosis
2 Cell divisions that produces 4 haploid daughter cells that become either sperm, if performed in the testes of a male, or egg, if performed in the ovaries of a female
Archaea and Eubacteria
2 Prokaryotic Domains
allele
2 different versions of the same gene
Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals
4 Kingdoms in the Eukarya Domain
photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Interphase
90% of the cells life. Spent growing, replicating DNA, and preparing for cell division
Cilia
: Hairlike structures that can form on the outside of the cell of organisms such as ciliates (type of Protist) to provide locomotion
Cilia
: a minute short hairlike process often forming part of a fringe; especially : one on a cell that is capable of lashing movement and serves especially in free unicellular organisms to produce locomotion or in higher forms a current of fluid
Bunsen burner
A Bunsen burner, named after Robert Bunsen, is a common piece of laboratory equipment that produces a single open gas flame, which is used for heating, sterilization, and combustion. The gas can be natural gas (which is mainly methane) or a liquefied petroleum gas, such as propane, butane, or a mixture of both.
Büchner (sidearm) flask
A Büchner flask, also known as a vacuum flask, or side-arm flask, is a thick-walled Erlenmeyer flask with a short glass tube and hose barb protruding from its neck. The hose barb effectively acts as an adapter over which the end of a flexible hose (tubing) can be fitted, with the other end connected to an aspirator, vacuum pump, or house vacuum. The thick wall of the Büchner flask provides it the strength to withstand the pressure difference while holding a vacuum inside. It is primarily used together with a Büchner funnel for filtration of samples.
Büchner funnel
A Büchner funnel is a piece of laboratory equipment used in filtration. It is traditionally made of porcelain, but glass and plastic funnels are also available. On top of the funnel-shaped part there is a cylinder with a fritted glass disc/perforated plate separating it from the funnel. The main advantage in using this type of filtration is that it proceeds much more quickly (several orders of magnitude) than simply allowing the liquid to drain through the filter medium via the force of gravity.
Florence (boiling) flask
A Florence flask has a round body with a flat bottom and a single long neck. It is designed for uniform heating, boiling, distillation and ease of swirling; it is produced in a number of different glass thicknesses to stand different types of use.
Meker burner
A Meker burner is a laboratory burner that produces multiple open gas flames, used for heating, sterilization, and combustion. It is used when laboratory work requires a hotter flame than attainable using a Bunsen burner, or used when a larger-diameter flame is desired, such as with an inoculation loop or in some glassblowing operations. The burner was introduced by French chemist Georges Méker in an article published in 1909. The Meker-Fisher burner heat output can be in excess of 12,000 BTU (13,000 kJ) per hour (about 3.5 kW) using LP gas.
Schlenk flask
A Schlenk flask is a reaction vessel typically used in air-sensitive chemistry, invented by Wilhelm Schlenk. It has a side arm fitted with a PTFE or ground glass stopcock which allows the vessel to be evacuated or filled with gases (usually inert gases like nitrogen or argon).
Alkaline
A base or a substance with a pH from 8-14
Beaker
A beaker is a simple container for stirring, mixing and heating liquids commonly used in many laboratories. Beakers are generally cylindrical in shape, with a flat bottom. Most also have a small spout (or "beak") to aid pouring as shown in the picture. Beakers are available in a wide range of sizes, from one milliliter up to several liters.
ecosystem
A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
nucleic acid
A biological macromolecule (DNA or RNA) composed of the elements C, H, N, O, and P that carries genetic information.
deciduous forest
A biome with four seasons, plants shed leaves in the fall and grow new ones in the spring.
Buret
A burette (also buret) is a device used in analytical chemistry for the dispensing of variable, measured amounts of a chemical solution. A volumetric burette delivers measured volumes of liquid.
scavenger
A carnivore that feeds on the bodies of dead organisms
cell membrane
A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.
Eukaryote
A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Mutation
A change in a gene or chromosome.
mutation
A change in a gene or chromosome; can be either harmful, beneficial, or neutral to an organism
Genetic drift
A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance; affects small populations
Chromosomal mutation
A change in the structure of a chromosome
Paramecium
A ciliated (it propels itself via cilia) protist that lives in fresh water and eats other tiny organisms for food.
organ
A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
food web
A community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains
DNA
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
inference
A conclusion based off of evidence and reasoning
herbivore
A consumer that eats only plants.
Dihybrid cross
A cross between individuals that are hybrid/heterozygous for two different traits, such as height and seed color
Monohybrid
A cross between only one trait with a punnett square
Dihybrid
A cross between two traits with a punnett square
Cuvette
A cuvette is a small tube of circular or square cross section, sealed at one end, made of plastic, glass, or fused quartz (for UV light) and designed to hold samples for spectroscopic experiments. Disposable plastic cuvettes are often used in fast spectroscopic assays, where speed is more important than high accuracy.
nitrogen cycle
A cycle of matter in which nitrogen atoms move from nitrogen gas in the atmosphere to inorganic forms in the soil, to organic forms in living things, and then back to inorganic forms in the soil and nitrogen gas in the atmosphere
Hot plate
A device for heating substances, most often solutions in beakers or flasks.
Fire Extinguisher
A device that sprays chemicals that put out fires.
Stir plate
A device that, with a magnetic stir bar, can be used to mix solutions.
Cladogram
A diagram that illustrates the evolutionary relationship between groups of organisms based on shared derived traits
Scale
A digital scale is a measurement device used to measure the weight or mass of an object or substances. Digital scales are often more compact, durable, and precise than other kinds of scales, such as spring scales or balances, which often wear out and give different readings over time. A digital scale may be used for many different purposes ranging from the measurement of ingredients in the kitchen to the precise measurement of substances in a lab.
Lactose
A disaccacharide found in milk - substrate that fits in the active site of lactase.
Sucrose
A disaccharide found in table sugar - substrate that fits in the active site of sucrase.
phospholipid bilayer
A double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes.
Phylogenetic tree
A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms
Flint spark lighter
A flint spark lighter (sometimes just called a spark lighter, striker, or flint lighter) is a type of lighter used in many applications to safely light a gaseous fuel to start a flame. It is most commonly used for bunsen burners and oxyacetylene welding torches.
Endocytosis
A form of active transport where the cell engulfs large substances and takes them into the cell.
Exocytosis
A form of active transport where the cell secretes large substance out of the cell.
Sexual selection
A form of selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates.
Distillation flask
A glass usually round-bottomed flask for holding a substance to be distilled.
Graduated cylinder
A graduated cylinder is a piece of laboratory equipment used to measure the volume of a liquid. Graduated cylinders are generally more accurate and precise than laboratory flasks and beakers. However, they are less accurate and precise than volumetric glassware, such as a volumetric flask or volumetric pipette.
chloroplast
A green organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
Chlorophyll
A green pigment that absorbs light
molecule
A group of atoms bonded together
population
A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
community
A group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other
organ system
A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function.
tissue
A group of similar cells that perform the same function.
Species
A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.
species
A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.
estuary
A habitat in which the fresh water of a river meets the salt water of the ocean.
Inference
A hypothesis based on prior knowledge
cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
polymer
A large molecule composed of repeating structural units or monomers.
organism
A living thing
Echinoderm
A member of a group of slow moving or sessile marine animals characterized by a rough or spiny skin, a water vascular system, an endoskeleton, and a radial symmetry in adults, with examples such as sea stars, sea urchins and sand dollars
solution
A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.
disaccharide
A molecule composed of two monosaccharides. Common disaccharides include maltose, sucrose, and lactose.
protein
A molecule that is made up of amino acids and that is needed to build and repair body structures and to regulate processes in the body.
phospholipid
A molecule that makes up cell membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
natural selection
A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.
Cell plate
A new cell wall forming; appears in cytokinesis of plant cell
Virus
A non-living agent of disease
Moss
A non-vascular plant; most primitive of plants
DNA
A nucleic acid that contains the genetic information of the cell; shaped as a double helix
insertion mutation
A nucleotide is added to a DNA sequence by mistake.
deletion mutation
A nucleotide is removed by mistake
pH meter
A pH meter is an electronic device used for measuring the pH (acidity or alkalinity) of a liquid (though special probes are sometimes used to measure the pH of semi-solid substances). A typical pH meter consists of a special measuring probe (a glass electrode) connected to an electronic meter that measures and displays the pH reading.
polypeptide
A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
polysaccharide
A polymer of thousands of simple sugars formed by dehydration synthesis. a carbohydrate that is composed of many monosaccharide units joined together
Fossil
A preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past.
capillary action
A process powered by adhesion that causes water molecules to move upward through a narrow tube such as the stem of a plant.
Gradualism
A proposed explanation in evolutionary biology stating that new species arise from the result of slight modifications (mutations and resulting phenotypic changes) over many generations.
enzyme
A protein that makes a reaction happen QUICKER; decreases activation energy of a reaction.
commensalism
A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
parasitism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed
mutualism
A relationship between two species in which both species benefit
Asexual reproduction
A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.
Retort
A retort is a glassware device used for distillation or dry distillation of substances. It consists of a spherical vessel with a long downward-pointing neck. The liquid to be distilled is placed in the vessel and heated. The neck acts as a condenser, allowing the vapors to condense and flow along the neck to a collection vessel placed underneath
Ring stand
A retort stand, also called a ring stand, is a piece of scientific equipment, to which clamps can be attached to hold test tubes and other equipment such as burettes which are most often used in titration experiments. It is also used in filtering.
Separatory funnel
A separatory funnel is a piece of laboratory glassware used in liquid-liquid extractions to separate the components of a mixture into two immiscible solvent phases of different densities. Typically, one of the phases will be aqueous, and the other a non-polar lipophilic organic solvent such as ether, MTBE, dichloromethane, chloroform, or ethyl acetate. All of these solvents form a clear delineation between the two liquids. The two layers formed are usually known as the organic and aqueous phases.
food chain
A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
Cleavage furrow
A shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate; appears in cytokinesis of animal cells
glucose
A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.
monosaccharide
A simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate
Yeast
A single-celled fungus; performs alcoholic fermentation.
RNA
A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages (Ribonucleic Acid)
Hypertonic Solution
A solution that has a higher amount of solute. "SALT SUCKS"
Hypotonic Solution
A solution that has a lower amount of solute. Ex: fresh water
Isotonic Solution
A solution that has an equal amount of solute as the inside of the cell.
endangered species
A species whose numbers are so small that the species is at risk of extinction
Spectrophotometer
A spectrophotometer is an apparatus for measuring the intensity of light in a part of the spectrum, especially as transmitted or emitted by particular substances.
climax community
A stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in species over time
Buret shut up cha cha
A stopcock is a valve used to restrict or isolate the flow of a liquid or gas through a pipe (or, in this case, a buret).
Substrate
A substance on which an enzyme acts during a chemical reaction.
Product
A substance produced in a chemical reaction
Catalyst
A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.
base
A substance that tastes bitter, feels slippery, and turns red litmus paper blue.
acid
A substance that tastes sour, reacts with metals and carbonates, and turns blue litmus red.
Binomial Nomenclature
A system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name
Domain
A taxonomic category above the kingdom level, and is the most broad. Living things are divided into three: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; such as blood glucose, body temperatuere, or pH, around a particular level, equilibrium.
hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
virus
A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell.
Adaptation
A trait that allows an organism to be better suited to their environment
savanna
A tropical grassland biome with scattered individual trees, large herbivores, and three distinct seasons based primarily on rainfall, maintained by occasional fires and drought.
desert
A type of biome characterized by low moisture levels and infrequent and unpredictable precipitation. Daily and seasonal temperatures fluctuate widely
Convergent
A type of evolution in which organisms evolve traits independently from each other based on a similar environment. Similar functions but different structures.
eukaryote
A type of organism composed of one or more cells containing a membrane‐bound nucleus, specialized organelles in the cytoplasm..
Osmosis
A type of passive transport - the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane.
Diffusion
A type of passive transport that involves the movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration.
Facilitated Diffusion
A type of passive transport where special proteins in the cell help molecules move from a high concentration to a low concentration.
enzyme
A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing
Amoeba
A type of protist characterized by great flexibility and the presence of pseudopodia.
Hydrogen Bond
A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.
Prokaryote
A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
prokaryote
A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Dewar flask
A vacuum flask (also known as a Dewar flask, Dewar bottle or Thermos) is an insulating storage vessel that greatly lengthens the time over which its contents remain hotter or cooler than the flask's surroundings. Invented by Sir James Dewar in 1892, the vacuum flask consists of two flasks, placed one within the other and joined at the neck. The gap between the two flasks is partially evacuated of air, creating a near-vacuum which prevents heat transfer by conduction or convection.
constant
A value that does not change during experiment
Gymnosperm
A vascular plant that produces seeds that are not enclosed by a protective fruit, but rather have cones
macromolecule
A very large molecule (as of a protein, nucleic acid, or carbohydrate) built up from smaller chemical structures
Vortexer
A vortex mixer, or vortexer, is a simple device used commonly in laboratories to mix small vials of liquid. It consists of an electric motor with the drive shaft oriented vertically and attached to a cupped rubber piece mounted slightly off-center. As the motor runs the rubber piece oscillates rapidly in a circular motion. When a test tube or other appropriate container is pressed into the rubber cup (or touched to its edge) the motion is transmitted to the liquid inside and a vortex is created. Most vortex mixers have variable speed settings and can be set to run continuously, or to run only when downward pressure is applied to the rubber piece.
Nitrogenous bases of DNA
A-T and C-G
Nitrogenous bases of RNA
A-U and C-G
Gamete possibilities for the genotype AaBb
AB, Ab, aB, and ab
ATP
ADP becomes this in the Light Dependent Reactions
ADP
ATP becomes this when its energy is used in the Calvin Cycle
Albino
Absence of color. In humans the absence of melanin
Nocturnal
Active at night
Camouflage
Adaptation which allows an organism to blend in to the environment.
Nitrogenous bases
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine are these parts of the nucleotides of DNA; make up the "rungs of the ladder"
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate- Energy molecule
ATP
Adenosine tri-phosphate: The energy molecule produced in energy cycle to power the body
Sister chromatids
After DNA replication, each chromosome consists of 2 of these --> each contains an identical DNA molecule
Somatic Cell
All body cells (except reproductive cells)
cell theory
All living things are made of cells. Cells are the basic unit of life. New cells come from preexisting cells. Cells contain DNA All cells are basically the same chemical composition. Cells contain organelles. Energy flows within the cells and between cells
Answer: Can incorporate new scientific discoveries
Question: An important feature of the modern classification systems is that they ---
Answer: Genus
Question: Escherichia coli is the scientific name of a bacterium. What category of classification is Escherichia?
Active site
Region of an enzyme into which a particular substrate fits.
Homologous
Related organisms share a similar structure with different function (example: Bird Wing and Human arm)
Aquatic
Related to water
Vestigial structure
Remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species.
Hydrophobic
Repelled by water.
Gametes
Reproductive cells (sperm and egg cells)
Cones and flowers
Reproductive structures of Vascular plants
RNA stands for:
Ribonucleic Acid
RNA stands for...
Ribonucleic acid
Fire Blanket
Safety equipment made of specially treated, fire resistant fabric and used to smother fires.
homologous structures
Same structure, different function. Comes from common ancestor.
Watson & Crick
Scientists recognized for discovering the structure of DNA
pH 8
Sea water
Light Independent Reactions
Second stage of Photosynthesis
Gene
Segment of DNA that codes for a protein
Gene
Segment of DNA; hereditary unit with coded information
Artificial selection
Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms
Control
Setup where the independent variable is not changed.
Control
Setup where the independent variable is not changed. Used for a comparison
Double helix
Shape of DNA
Cocci (spherical), Bacilli (rod), or Spiral
Shapes of Bacteria
Pedigree
Similar to a family tree. Typically used to show inheritance of a trait
Analogous structure
Similarities in functions among unrelated species that result from convergent evolution -- differ structurally
Embryology Comparison
Similarities of embryos as they develop suggest common ancestry
Centriole
Site of fibers in with chromosome are directed toward in cell division
5 Mechanisms of Evolution
Small Population (Genetic drift), Sexual selection, Mutations, Gene flow (immigration/emigration, & Natural Selection
atom
Smallest unit of an element
Paleontologist
Someone who studies forms of life existing in prehistoric times
Selective pressure
Something that makes it harder for an organism to survive in an environment.
Desert Biome
Spare vegetation with little precipitation
Catalyst
Speed up chemical reactions
spermatogenesis
Sperm cell production
pH 1
Stomach acid
Function of nucleic acids
Store and communicate genetic information
Chitin
Structural support - Cell wall of fungi and exoskeleton of arthropods.
Cellulose
Structural support - Cell wall of plants.
double helix
Structure of DNA
Structure of Amino Acid
Structure:
Structure of Carbohydrates
Structure:
Structure of Cholesterol
Structure:
Structure of DNA
Structure:
Structure of Hemoglobin
Structure:
Structure of Lipid
Structure:
Structure of Nucleotide
Structure:
Structure of Phospholipid
Structure:
Homologous structures
Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry -- may have different functions
Vestigial
Structures with no current apparent use (appendix)
Homologous structures
Structures with same physical characteristics but different functions (whale flipper and human arm)
Embryology
Study of how embryos can look similar in development in comparing organisms
Glycerol and Fatty Acids
Subunits of Lipids
Radial symmetry
Symmetry about a central axis.
Flagella
Tail like projections of some cells that aid in movement
Each enzyme has an optimal _________ and _________ in which it can function.
Temperature / pH
An enzyme's activity can be affected by what three factors?
Temperature, pH and Concentration of the Substrate
Isotonic
Tension is the same
Photosynthesis
The Process of converting light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose. Reactants: sunlight, water, carbon dioxide Products: glucose, oxygen
Capillary Action
The ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, and in opposition to, external forces of gravity.
Environmental fitness
The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce and it's specific environment
What is the active site?
The active site is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds.
2 ATP and 2 ATP
The amount of ATP made by glycolysis and Kreb's Cycle
Activation Energy
The amount of energy needed to start a reaction
Centromere
The area where the two sister chromatids are attached on a chromosome
thymine
The base that pairs with Adenine in DNA
guanine
The base that pairs with Cytosine in DNA
cytosine
The base that pairs with Guanine in DNA
adenine
The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA
Beam balance
The beam balance was the first mass measuring instrument invented. In its traditional form, it consists of a pivoted horizontal lever with arms of equal length - the beam - and a weighing pan suspended from each arm (hence the plural name "scales" for a weighing instrument). The unknown mass is placed in one pan and standard masses of known weight are added to the other pan until the beam is as close to equilibrium as possible. In precision balances, a more accurate determination of the mass is given by the position of a sliding mass moved along a graduated scale. Technically, a balance compares weight rather than mass, but, in a given gravitational field (such as Earth's gravity), the weight of an object is proportional to its mass, so the standard "weights" used with balances are usually labeled in units of mass (g, kg, etc.).
Hydrogen bond
The bond between nitrogenous bases of a DNA molecule
Hydrogen bonding
The bonding between hydrogens such as in water and in DNA bases
Peptide bond
The bonds that hold amino acids together to ultimately form proteins
What happens to an animal cell in a Hypotonic solution?
The cell swells and may burst/lyse.
What happens to an animal cell in a Hypertonic solution?
The cell will shrivel.
ATP
The cells energy.
Evolution
The change in populations of organisms over time
Green
The color of light that chlorophyll reflects - not good for photosynthesis
enzyme-substrate complex
The combination of the enzyme and substrate
A-T and C-G
The complementary base pairs of DNA
Spontaneous generation
The concept of life from non-living material
water cycle
The continual movement of water among Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land surface through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation
water cycle
The continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back
Peptide bond
The covalent bond that links amino acids together to form the primary structure of a protein.
y
The dependent variable goes on the ___ axis
Primary Succession
The development of an environment from bare rock
mitosis
The division of the cell nucleus and its contents; creates two identical daughter cells
Cytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm of a cell following telophase bringing about the separation into two daughter cells
CHNOP
The elements in nucleic acids.
Conclusion
The end of an experiment that upon interpreting/analyzing the data you state if the hypothesis was supported or not
Activation Energy
The energy required to initiate a reaction.
Specific heat
The energy required to raise 1 g of a substance 1 C. Water very high specific heat
Light + 6H2O + 6CO2 --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
The equation for photosynthesis
Independent Variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
Gregor Mendel
The father of genetics. Monastery gardener that used pea plants to develop Law of independent assortment and Law of Segregation
Glycolysis
The first stage of cell respiration - glucose is broken down
Prophase
The first stage of mitosis
Transcription
The first stage of protein synthesis
Telophase
The fourth stage of mitosis
Atom
The fundamental unit of matter.
Homozygous dominant
The genotype that consists of 2 dominant alleles for a trait (ex: AA)
Homozygous recessive
The genotype that consists of 2 recessive alleles for a trait (ex: aa)
Heterozygous
The genotype that consists of one dominant allele and one recessive allele for a trait (ex: Aa)
x
The independent variable goes on the ____ axis
Electron Transport Chain
The last stage of cell respiration - O2 is the final electron acceptor and H2O is released
Translation
The last stage of protein synthesis
trophic levels
The levels of the food chain through which energy flows from primary producers to primary consumers, secondary consumers and so on.
Cell Cycle
The life of a cell from the time it is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells
CHNO
The main elements found in proteins.
Cell culture
The maintenance or growth of dispersed cells in a medium after removal from the body
Phospholipid
The major component of the cell membrane consisting of a hydrophilic (polar) head and hydrophobic (nonpolar) tails.
Stamen
The male part of flower than contains anther and filament (pollen production(
Independent variable
The manipulated variable in an experiment. It is what"I" change in order to test the hypothesis
Activation energy
The minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Nucleotide
The monomer of DNA - consists of phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base
The more oxygen bubbles produced = faster rate of photosynthesis
The more intense the light:
Larvae
The newly hatched, wingless, often wormlike form of many insects before metamorphosis.
Larvae
The newly hatched, wingless, often wormlike form of many insects.
Isotonic
The normal concentration of solutes in the cell in which water can freely flow in and out in equilibrium)
Thymine
The nucleotide that is only found in DNA.
Uracil
The nucleotide that is only found in RNA.
CHO
The only elements found in carbohydrates and lipids.
Mitochondria
The organelle that performs Cellular Respiration
Chloroplast
The organelle where photosynthesis occurs
carbon cycle
The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again
Dependent Variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
Deoxyribose
The pentose sugar in the nucleotides of DNA.
Ribose
The pentose sugar in the nucleotides of RNA.
Phenotype
The physical appearance of an organism. The looks of an organism.
Active Site
The pocket on the enzyme where the substrate fits
Polypeptide chain
The primary structure of a protein and another name for a protein.
DNA Replication
The process in which DNA molecules are copied -- produces two identical DNA molecules
Fertilization
The process of a sperm cell uniting with an egg cell
Gel Electrophoresis
The process of creating a DNA fingerprint by separating fragments of DNA based on their size.
Translation
The process of creating a protein from the mRNA template. Occurs at the ribosome
Classification
The process of grouping organisms into groups based on characterisitics
Classification
The process of grouping things based on their similarities
Transcription
The process of making mRNA from a DNA template
Cytokinesis
The process of the cell splitting into two cells
photosynthesis
The process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun.
Proton gradient
The product of the electron transport chain. A higher concentration of protons outside the inner membrane of the mitochondria than inside the membrane is the driving force behind ATP synthesis.
Glucose and Oxygen
The products of photosynthesis
Enzyme substrate
The reactant that an enzyme acts on
Substrate
The reactants of a chemical reaction that fit in the active site of the enzyme.
Light, Water, and Carbon Dioxide
The reactants of photosynthesis
Exocytosis
The removal of material across the membrane
Dependent variable
The responding variable that "depends" on the effect of the independent variable
Zygote
The resultant diploid cell after a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell
embryology
The science of the development of embryos from fertilization to birth
taxonomy
The scientific study of how living things are classified
Kingdom
The second largest level of biological taxonomy that ranks above the phylum and below the domain (there are 6 kingdoms of life)
Kreb's Cycle
The second stage of cell respiration - CO2 is released
Metaphase
The second stage of mitosis: when the chromosomes are lined up in the middle
secondary succession
The series of changes that occur in an area where the ecosystem has been disturbed, but where soil and organisms still exist; ex. forest fires and hurricanes
Double Helix
The shape of the DNA molecule that makes it appear as a twisted ladder
CHNOPS
The six essential elements of living things.
Population
The smallest unit that evolution occurs
Point mutation
The substitution of one base in DNA (sickle cell anemia)
Erlenmeyer flask
The tapered sides and narrow neck of this flask allow the contents of the flask to be mixed by swirling, without risk of spillage, making them suitable for titrations. Such features similarly make the flask suitable for boiling liquids. Hot vapors condense on the upper section of the Erlenmeyer flask, reducing solvent loss. Erlenmeyer flasks' narrow necks can also support filter funnels.
Anaphase
The third stage of mitosis: when sister chromatids are pulled apart
Recessive phenotype
The trait/characteristic that shows only when an organism is homozygous recessive.
Dominant phenotype
The trait/characteristic that shows when an organism is homozygous dominant or heterozygous.
Active Transport
The transport of material across the cell membrane and throughout cell requiring energy
Phloem
The vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.
Xylem
The vascular tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals from the roots of a plant to its leaves
Red & Blue/Violet
The wavelenghts of light best absorbed by chlorophyll
PMAT
The way to remember the steps of mitosis
Recessive
The weaker allele. Represented with a lower case letter
Constant
Things that are not being tested and should not change in an experiment.
Constant
Things that can change in an experiment but you want to keep the same.
Denaturated
This is caused by extreme temperatures and pH's - bonds are disrupted in the enzyme and it loses its shape
Golgi body
This is the packaging center of the cell
Hydrogen bond
This type of bond is a weak interaction involving a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom.
Passive Transport
This type of transport does not require energy because the molecules are moving down the concentration gradient (from an area of High concentration to an area of Low concentration).
Active Transport
This type of transport requires energy because the molecules are being moved against their concentration gradient (from an area of Low concentration to an area of High concentration).
Denature
To change the shape of an enzyme by heat or pH so that it no longer functions.
pH 4
Tomatoes
36-38 ATP
Total number of ATP produced
Sex-linked
Traits carried on the X-chromosome. Generally expressed more in males than females
Deciduous
Trees that drop their leaves at end of growing season (fall here)
The number of strands in DNA
Two
Fume Hood
Type of hood or barrier used in the laboratory to capture chemical vapors and fumes.
Asexual reproduction
Type of reproduction where offspring are produced from one parent; those offspring are genetically identical to the parent
Sexual reproduction
Type of reproduction where the combination of genetic information from two separate parents produces offspring = leads to genetic diversity in a population
Plants and Algae
Types of cells that have chloroplasts
Cigarette smoke, UV rays, and Xrays
Types of mutagens that can lead to cancer in body cells
Analogous
Unrelated organisms share a structure with Similar function but different design (example: Bird wing and Insect Wing)
Rosalind Franklin
Used X-ray crystallography to take an photo of DNA which was used to determine the structure of DNA
Mortar and pestel
Used for grinding solids into smaller particles (e.g., powder).
Petri dish
Used to hold nutrient media for culture of various microbes or Fungi (molds, etc).
Test tube tongs
Used to hold test tubes, particularly when tubes are too hot to be held by hand or when the contents might present a hazard.
Electrophoresis
Used to produce DNA profiles based the the length and number of DNA fragments: the motion of charged particles in a gel under the influence of an electric field; particles with a positive charge go to the cathode and negative to the anode.
Magnetic stir bar retriever
Used to retrieve stir bars from glassware, such as beakers and flasks.
Magnetic stir bar
Used with a magnetic stir plate; placed at bottom of glassware in which solution is being prepared; spin such that solute and solvent are more quickly mixed.
Dependent variable
Variable that is affected by what is changed by the researcher, or is what you measure.
Dependent variable
Variable that responds to what is changed by the researcher.
Dependent variable
Variable that responds(depends) on what is changed by the researcher.
Independent variable
Variable that the experimenter change in the experiment. The "I changed it" Variable.
Independent variable
Variable that you change in the experiment. The "I changed it" Variable.
Angiosperms
Vascular, flowering plants that produce seeds in fruit
Volumetric flask
Volumetric flasks are used for precise dilutions and preparation of standard solutions.
Musculatory System
Voluntary (body movement) and involuntary (muscles in digestive system and heart)
pH 12
Washing soda
Universal solvent
Water can separate the ions in many compounds.
Polar
Water has a slight positive charge on one side of the molecule and a slight negative charge on the other side.
universal solvent
Water is a __________ __________ because it can dissolve almost any substance in the world
Cohesion
Water molecules attracted to other water molecules.
High Specific Heat
Water resists temperature changes.
Adhesion
Water sticking to other things.
Cohesion
Water sticks to water through hydrogen bonds
Carbon Dioxide bubbles or Oxygen consumed
Ways to measure the amount of cellular respiration happening
Carbon dioxide, sunlight, and Water
What are the reactants for photosynthesis?
tell the teacher/instructor
What do you do if something goes wrong in the lab?
wash your hands
What should you always do when finished working in the lab?
Semiconservative model
When a double helix replicates, each of the 2 daughter molecules will have one old strand, derived from the parent molecule, and one newly made strand
Plasmolysis
When a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution and loses all of its water --- very limp
Turgor Pressure
When a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution and gains a lot of water, the cell wall presses back on the cell membrane to prevent the cell from bursting.
Hydrolysis
When compounds broken down
Law of Independent assortment
When each gene is inherited separately from others on different chromosomes
Regeneration
When in organisms such as lizards and starfish when appendages grow back
Mimicry
When one organism looks or acts like another to hide from or be protected from predators
1/2 offspring show the recessive trait.
When one parent is heterozygous and the other is homozygous recessvie, then this will occur.
All offspring show the dominant trait.
When one parent is homozygous dominant, then this will occur when crossed with any other genotype.
Extinction
When populations of organisms die out
Hypotonic
When solutes are higher inside the cell than outside resulting in water rushing into the cell causing it to swell
Hypertonic
When solutes outside the cell are higher than inside resulting in water rushing out of the cell (cell shrinking)
Direct relationship
When the independent variable increases with dependent
Divergent Evolution
When two organisms develop from a common ancestor as a result of different environments.
Convergent Evolution
When two unrelated organisms develop similar adaptations because they live in similar environments
Cohesion
When water sticks to itself. Allows for surface tension of water
Habitat
Where an organism lives
Chloroplasts
Where photosynthesis occurs; in plant cells only
plants
Who has the larger vacuoles? Plants or animals?
Aerobic
With oxygen
Anaerobic
Without oxygen
Watson and Crick
Won Nobel prize for their model of the DNA molecule
Sex chromosomes
X and Y chromosomes in human cells (the 23rd chromosomes on a karyotype)
Integumentary System
Your skin and associated structures that form barrier from infection, injury and help to regulate your internal body temperature
Lipid
a "fat" macromolecule that provides the body with long-term energy. It is made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. (C- H - O)
Carbohydrate
a "sugar" macromolecule that provides the body with quick, short-term energy. It is made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. (C- H - O)
pathogen
a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.
Binomial
a biological species name consisting of two terms
Binomial
a biological species name consisting of two terms (Genus and species, Homo sapiens)
cladogram
a branching diagram showing the evolutionary relationship between a number of species.
biome
a broad class of ecosystem defined by climate or main organisms
polysaccharide
a carbohydrate that is composed of many monosaccharide units joined together
scavanger
a carnivore that feeds on the bodies of dead organisms
Gene mutation
a change in the DNA sequence
Fermentation
a chemical phenomenon in which an organic molecule splits into simpler substances
Antibiotic
a chemical substance derivable from a mold or bacterium that kills microorganisms and cures infections
Antibiotic
a chemical substance that kills bacteria (no effect on viruses)
ecosystem
a community plus its nonliving environment
carnivore
a consumer that eats all or mostly meat
organic compound
a covalently bonded compound that contains carbon
Fluid mosaic
a description of the membrane of a cell. The fluid part refers to the phospholipids of a cell membrane, which, like liquid, flow. The mosaic part refers to proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer that act as conduits through which molecules enter and exit the cell
Trait
a distinguishing feature of an organism
Trait
a distinguishing feature of your personal nature
surface tension
a force that tends to pull adjacent parts of a liquid's surface together, thereby decreasing surface area to the smallest possible size
Test cross
a genetic test for heterozygosity in which an organism of dominant phenotype, but unknown genotype, is crossed to an organism recessive for all markers in question
Wet mount
a glass slide holding a specimen suspended in a drop of liquid (as water) for microscopic examination
pyramid numbers
a graphic representation of the relative abundance of different types of organisms in an ecosystem
Community
a group of different populations inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other
Community
a group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other
food web
a group of intersecting food chains
Population
a group of organisms of the same species populating a given area
Solution
a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances; frequently (but not necessarily) a liquid solution
Solution
a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances; liquid solution such as salt water, juice
Dichotomous key
a key for the identification of organisms based on a series of choices between alternative characteristics
Dichotomous key
a key for the identification of organisms based on a series of choices between alternative characters
Eubacteria
a large group of bacteria having rigid cell walls; motile types have flagella
Eubacteria
a large group of bacteria having rigid cell walls; motile types have flagella. Common bacteria
Macromolecule
a large, complex molecule made up of many strings of polymers.
Imprinting
a learning process in early life whereby species specific patterns of behavior are established
food chain
a linear description of who eats whom
Unsaturated Fat
a lipid that is liquid at room temperature. (Ex: oil)
Saturated Fat
a lipid that is solid at room temperature. (Ex: butter)
Solvent
a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
Solvent
a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances. Water is the Universal _______
Organism
a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently
Polymer
a long chain of monomers. Ex: charbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid, protein
Protein
a macromolecule that builds/repairs body structures and regulates processes in our bodies. It is made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen. (C- H - O - N)
Nucleic Acid
a macromolecule that stores and transmits genetic materials in our body. It is made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous. (C- H - O - N - P)
Kingdom
a major category (as Plantae or Protista) in biological taxonomy that ranks above the phylum and below the domain
Class
a major category in biological taxonomy ranking above the order and below the phylum or division
Gamete
a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
Gamete
a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes (Haploid, example sperm/egg)
Gamete
a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes. Ex: sperm cell, egg cell
Scientific Method
a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses
macromolecule
a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.
nucleotide
a monomer of DNA and RNA, consisting of a nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate group
binomial nomenclature
a naming system that gives each organism a two-word scientific name (genus species)
Natural selection
a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment
Polymer
a naturally occurring or synthetic compound consisting of large molecules made up of a linked series of repeated simple monomers
electron
a negatively charged particle ( - )
Endoplasmic reticulum
a network of tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell, occurring either with a smooth surface (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) or studded with ribosomes (rough endoplasmic reticulum), involved in the transport of materials
Endoplasmic reticulum
a network of tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell, smooth endoplasmic reticulum or studded with ribosomes (rough endoplasmic reticulum), involved in the transport of materials such as proteins
ATP
a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue; the major source of energy for cellular reactions
Nucleus
a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
Nucleus
a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction (not present in prokaryotes)
Polypeptide
a peptide containing 10 to more than 100 amino acids
Polypeptide
a peptide containing 10 to more than 100 amino acids (also known as a protein)
Albino
a person with congenital albinism: white hair and milky skin; eyes are usually pink
Nucleotide
a phosphoric ester of a nucleoside; the basic structural unit of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)
Photoperiodism
a plant or animal's response or capacity to respond to photoperiod (a recurring cycle of light and dark periods of constant length)
Phylum
a primary category in biological taxonomy especially of animals that ranks above the class and below the kingdom
element
a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom -pure substance that only one type of atom
Conclusion
a reasoned judgment: the necessary consequence of two or more propositions taken as premises
Gene
a segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait
Gene
a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it can include regions preceding and following the coding DNA as well as introns between the exons; it is considered a unit of heredity; genes were formerly called factor
Gene
a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a protein; it is considered a unit of heredity
codon
a sequence of three nucleotide bases that represents the code for one amino acid (mRNA)
Substrate
a shape-specific chemical found in the body that can only be "unlocked" to react with a specific enzyme.
symbiosis
a significant interaction between two kinds of organism
Monomer
a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers
Monomer
a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers (example glucose, amino acid, fatty acid, nucleotide)
Monomer
a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers. Ex: monosaccharide, amino acid, nucleotide
Glucose
a simple sugar created by plants
Organism
a single living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently
Monomer
a single unit of an organic molecule.
Plasmid
a small cellular inclusion consisting of a ring of DNA that is not in a chromosome but is capable of autonomous replication
Nucleolus
a small round body of protein in a cell nucleus; nucleoli contain RNA and are involved in protein synthesis
Polymer
a string of multiple attached monomers.
Compound
a substance formed by chemical combination of two or more elements
Compound
a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight
compound
a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions -a substance made by chemical combination of two or more elements
Catalyst
a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected
Catalyst
a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected (ex. enzyme)
Monosaccharide
a sugar (like sucrose or fructose) that does not hydrolyse to give other sugars; the simplest group of carbohydrates
Ecosystem
a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment
Family
a taxonomic group containing one or more genera (sharks belong to the fish family)
Family
a taxonomic group containing one or more genera or genus (sharks belong to the family that includes cartilaginous fish)
DNA fingerprinting
a technique that uses gel electrophoresis to analyze a person's unique pattern of DNA
Punctuated equilibrium
a theory of evolution holding that evolutionary change in the fossil record came in fits and starts rather than in a steady process of slow change
Chromosome
a threadlike body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes
Chromosome
a threadlike body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order
Chromosome
a threadlike body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order. Humans have 46 in their body cells
Vacuole
a tiny cavity filled with fluid in the cytoplasm of a cell
Enzyme
a type of protein, these work to speed up reactions in the body by lowering the amount of energy needed to complete a reaction.
Prokaryote
a unicellular organism having cells lacking membrane-bound nuclei and nucleus; bacteria are examples
Prokaryote
a unicellular organism having cells lacking membrane-bound nuclei; bacteria are the prime example but also included are blue-green algae and actinomycetes and mycoplasma
Euglena
a unicellular protist that contains chloroplast, moves about with a flagellum, and sometimes concumes other orgainsms
Theory
a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena
Beak variation in Finches
adapted for eating different types of food
Fauna
all the animal life in a particular region
population
all the organisms of a given species in an ecosystem
Flora
all the plant life in a particular region
community
all the populations in an ecosystem
Capillary Action
allows water molecules to move through things (adhesion)
Observation
an act of recognizing and noting a fact or occurrence often involving measurement with instruments
Observation
an act of recognizing or noticing an occurrence. you see something happen
camouflage
an adaptation that enables a species to blend in with its environment
Embryo
an animal organism in the early stages of growth
Embryo
an animal organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that in higher forms merge into fetal stages but in lower forms terminate in commencement of larval life
Embryo
an animal organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation. Formed by the combining of an egg and sperm during fertilization
Omnivore
an animal that feeds on both animal and vegetable substances
Emergency Shower
an apparatus which provides an emergency flow of water to rinse off a person
ions
an atom that gains electrons has a negative charge. these positively and negatively charged atoms -an atom that gains electrons has a negative charge.
Ecosystem
an environment composed of biotic and abiotic factors
Limiting Factor
an environmental variable that limits or slows the growth or activities of an organism
Limiting Factor
an environmental variable that limits or slows the growth or activities of an organism or population (examples include predation, disease, and availability of water)
Carbohydrate
an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals; includes simple sugars with small molecules as well as macromolecular substances; are classified according to the number of monosaccharide groups they contain
Genetic predisposition
an inherited genetic pattern that makes one susceptible to a certain disease
Pollinator
an insect or other organism that carries pollen from one flower to another
Pollinator
an insect that carries pollen from one flower to another
Analysis
an investigation of the component parts of a whole and their relations in making up the whole
Lipid
an oily organic compound insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents; essential structural component of living cells (along with proteins and carbohydrates)
Lysosome
an organelle found in the cytoplasm of most cells (especially in leukocytes and liver and kidney cells)
Lysosome
an organelle found in the cytoplasm of most cells that acts as a digestive system for cell in breaking down various materials
Lysosome
an organelle found in the cytoplasm of most cells that helps break down and digest old or worn out cell parts. "Cleans up the Cell"
Ribosome
an organelle in the cytoplasm of a living cell that is the site of protein synthesis
Ribosome
an organelle in the cytoplasm of a living cell; ribosomes attach to mRNA and move down it one codon at a time and stop until tRNA brings the required amino acid; when a ribosome reaches a stop codon it falls apart and releases the completed protein molecule
Ribosome
an organelle in the cytoplasm of a living cell; they attach to mRNA and move down it one codon at a time and stop until tRNA brings the required amino acid; when they reach a stop codon it falls apart and releases the completed protein molecule
Nucleus
an organelle that contains nucleic acids, the chemical instructions that direct all the cell's activities.
endoplasmic reticulum
an organelle that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids.
golgi apparatus
an organelle that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell
Golgi body
an organelle, consisting of layers of flattened sacs, that packages proteins/ products from the endoplasmic reticulum and then either releases the finished products into various parts of the cell cytoplasm or secretes them to the outside of the cell.
Golgi body
an organelle, consisting of layers of flattened sacs, that takes up and processes secretory and synthetic products from the endoplasmic reticulum and then either releases the finished products into various parts of the cell cytoplasm or secretes them to the outside of the cell.
Hydrocarbon
an organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen
Hydrocarbon
an organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen (example oil)
Eukaryote
an organism membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus containing the DNA (all organisms except bacteria)
Haploid
an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes
Haploid
an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes (in humans total of 23 chromosomes)
haploid
an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes; seen in meiosis and sex cells(gametes)
Diploid
an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number
Diploid
an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number. Symbolized by 2N would represent our somatic/body cells
Heterotroph
an organism that depends on complex organic substances for nutrition
Eukaryote
an organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria; i.e. an organism with `good' or membrane-bound nuclei in its cells
niche
an organism's lifestyle/role in an ecosystem; ex: trophic level (what it eats and what eats it)
Phototropism
an orienting response to light
Phototropism
an orienting response to light or plants growing toward light
Taxa
animal or plant group having natural relations
Protozoan
animal-like protist
Vertebrate
animals having a bony or cartilaginous skeleton with a segmented spinal column and a large brain enclosed in a skull or cranium
Invertebrate
any animal lacking a backbone
Invertebrate
any animal lacking a backbone or notochord; (95% of animals)
Invertebrate
any animal lacking a backbone or notochord; the term is not used as a scientific classification
Chordate
any animal of the phylum Chordata having a notochord or spinal column
Herbivore
any animal that feeds chiefly on grass and other plants
Carnivore
any animal that feeds on flesh
Carnivore
any animal that feeds on meat
Pathogen
any disease-producing agent (especially a virus or bacterium or other microorganism)
Mutation
any event that changes the DNA of an organism
fossil
any evidence of an organism that lived long ago.
Polysaccharide
any of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules
Protein
any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs
Enzyme
any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions
Steroid
any of several fat-soluble organic compounds having as a basis 17 carbon atoms in four rings; many have important physiological effects
Phospholipid
any of various compounds composed of fatty acids and phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous base; an important constituent of membranes
Flagella
any of various elongated filiament appendages of plants or animals (can be used for locomotion)
Flagella
any of various elongated filiform appendages of plants or animals
Decomposer
any of various organisms (as many bacteria and fungi) recycle organic substances in ecological cycles by feeding on and breaking down dead organisms or material produced by organisms
Decomposer
any of various organisms (as many bacteria and fungi) that feed on and break down dead organism tissue
Decomposer
any of various organisms (as many bacteria and fungi) that return constituents of organic substances to ecological cycles by feeding on and breaking down dead protoplasm
Mitochondria
any of various round or long cellular organelles of most eukaryotes that are found outside the nucleus, produce energy for the cell through cellular respiration, and are rich in fats, proteins, and enzymes
Plastid
any of various small particles in the cytoplasm of the cells of plants and some animals containing pigments or starch or oil or protein
herbivore
any organism that eats all or mostly plants
omnivore
any organism that eats both plants and animals
decomposer
any organism that helps dead organisms decay
Selective pressure
any phenomena which alters the behavior and fitness of living organisms within a given environment
Inverse relationship
as the IV increases the DV decreases
Parabolic relationship
as the IV increases, the DV increases to a point then it decreases
isotopes
atoms of an element may have different numbers of neutrons -has same type element, but have different numbers of neutrons
Cell
basic unit of life
Hibernate
be in an inactive or dormant state
nucleic acids
building blocks of DNA and RNA
Archimedes' Principle
buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water
How do enzymes catalyze reactions?
by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur
Monosaccharide
carbohydrate monomer. Ex: glucose
Surface Tension
caused by water molecules being attracted to one another (cohesion)
Mitosis
cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes
Mitosis
cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes (makes identical cells for growth, development and repair)
Mitosis
cell division that creates 2 identical daughter cells
Meiosis
cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms; the nucleus divides into four nuclei each containing half the chromosome number (leading to gametes in animals and spores in plants)
ATP
cellular energy formed during cellular respiration
Aerobic Respiration
cellular respiration with the use of oxygen and creates more ATP than anaerobic respiration
evolution
change in a population over time in an environment
Pedigree
chart displays a family tree, and shows the members of the family who are affected by a genetic trait
anaphase
chromosomes separate apart and move to opposite ends of the cell
Plasmid
circular DNA in a prokaryotic cell (not bound by nucleus) that can be used for inserting genes during genetic engineering
Tertiary
coming next after the second and just before the fourth in position
Quaternary
coming next after the third and just before the fifth in position or time or degree or magnitude; the quaternary period of geologic time extends from the end of the tertiary period to the present
Amino acid Comparison
compare DNA to show relatedness or common ancestor
Fermentation
completed without oxygen (anaerobic) a chemical phenomenon in which an organic molecule splits into simpler substances such as alcohols, lactic acid
Enzyme
complex proteins and act as catalysts and help speed up chemical reactions reactions
Enzyme
complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions to lower the activation energy for reactions and the time to complete
Sex-linked
concerning characteristics that are determined by genes carried on the sex chromosomes (on the X chromosome in particular)
Archaebacteria
considered ancient bacteria that tend to live in extreme environments
Archaebacteria
considered ancient life forms that evolved separately from bacteria and blue-green algae
Multicellular
consisting of many cells
Haploid
containing half the number of chromosomes. Ex: sex cells
Nitrification
conversion of ammonium into nitrates and nitrites by soil bacteria (making nitrogen available to plants)
Gene expression
conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein
Broken Glass Container
correct way to dispose of cracked, chipped, or broken glass
Analogous
corresponding in function but not in evolutionary origin (wings of insect and bird)
Fertilization
creation by the physical union of male and female gametes; of sperm and ova in an animal or pollen and ovule in a plant
qualitative
data having to do with the quality or qualities of something
Aerobic
depending on free oxygen or air
Secondary
depending on or incidental to what is original or primary
Denature (verb)
destroy the characteristic properties of (a protein or other biological macromolecule) by heat, acidity, or other effects that disrupt its molecular conformation.
Punnett Square
diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment
variations
differences in the expression of a trait that exists in nature in every offspring
Community
different populations of species inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other
Osmosis
diffusion of Water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration
Osmosis
diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal
Osmosis
diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal
1st Law of Thermodynamics
energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can be transformed
Fungi Kingdom
eukaryotes, heterotrophs, mostly multicellular, cell wall made of chitin, sexual & asexual reproduction
Protist Kingdom
eukaryotic kingdom of mostly one celled organism divided into 3 groups: animal like, plant like, and fungus like
Protista
eukaryotic one-celled living organisms distinct from multicellular plants and animals; protozoa, slime molds, and eukaryotic algae
Divergent Evolution
evolution of one or more closely related species into different species; resulting from adaptations to different environmental conditions
Divergent
evolution tending to move apart in different directions. Share a common ancestor as evidenced by homologous structures.
pioneer organism
first organism to become established in a once barren area; small, fast growing, fast reproducing - examples: moss, lichen, and algae (water)
ice
floats in liquid water because it is expands and is less dense as a solid
Geographic Isolation
form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water, leading to the formation of two separate subspecies
ionic bond
formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another -made when one or more electrons are move from one atom to another
evidence of evolution
fossil record adaptations homologous structures vestigial structures embryology molecular
Oxygen
gas given off by plants and taken in by animals
Carbon Dioxide
gas taken in by plants
Triglyceride
glyceride occurring naturally in animal and vegetable tissues; it consists of three individual fatty acids bound together in a single large molecule; an important energy source forming much of the fat stored by the body
Heterozygous
having different alleles
Heterozygous
having dissimilar alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci
Homozygous
having identical alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci
Homozygous
having identical alleles either recessive or dominant (example rr or RR)
Unicellular
having or consisting of a single cell
arm
holds the tube in place and is used to carry the microscope
dichotomous keys
identification keys based on successive questions
Hypertonic
in a state of abnormally high tension
Gradualism
in evolution in with that species evolve slowly and continuously over long periods of geological time
Instinct
inborn pattern of behavior
Instinct
inborn pattern of behavior often responsive to specific stimuli (know how to do something without thinking about it)
biomagnification
increased accumulation of poisons at higher trophic levels
primary ecological succession
involves the gradual establishment of biotic communities in lifeless areas where there is no soil in a terrestrial ecosystem or no bottom sediment in an aquatic one. Ex.: on a newly formed island.
Water
is the universal solvent
RNA
it transmits genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm and controls certain chemical processes (example mRNA carries message from DNA, tRNA carries amino acids for translation)
Hypotonic
lacking normal tone or tension
cytokinesis
last phase of mitosis where cytoplasm splits forming 2 daughter cells
pH 2
lemon juice
density-dependent limiting factors
limiting factor that depends on population size; usually biotic factors like disease, predation, and parasitism
Bioluminescence
luminescence or light produced by physiological processes (as in the firefly)
Bioluminescence
luminescence produced by physiological processes (as in the firefly)
ocular lens
magnifies the specimen, usually 10 times
Homeostasis
maintaining a stable internal environment
Nucleolus
manufactures ribosomes
Homeostasis
metabolic equilibrium actively maintained by several complex biological mechanisms that operate via the autonomic nervous system to offset disrupting changes
Denature
modify (as a native protein) especially by heat, acid, alkali, or ultraviolet radiation so that all of the original properties are removed or diminished
Polar molecule
molecule with slightly negative charge at one end and a slightly positive charge at the other (water)
Nucleotide
monomers of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) that form A, T, C, G (and U instead of T in RNA)
Amino acid
monomers of proteins
Migrate
move from one country or region to another and settle there
Osmosis
movement of molecules (usually water) from high concentration to low concentration through a membrane.
nutrient cycling
movement of nutrients from living things to the non-living environment and back again
Capillary action
movement of water up thin tubes such as plant tissue caused by adhesion
Disruptive selection
natural selection in which individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle of the curve
Nocturnal
nocturnal animals are active at night; nocturnal plants have flowers that open at night and close by day
Asexual
not having or involving sex; an asexual spore; asexual reproduction
Fluid mosaic
not needed to know
Qualitative
observation using the 5 senses (example red, blue, hot, cold)
Recessive
of genes; producing its characteristic phenotype only when its allele is identical
Dominant
of genes; producing the same phenotype whether its allele is identical or dissimilar
Dominant
of genes; producing the same phenotype whether its allele is identical or dissimilar (if you inherit the allele it can hide the other recessive allele)
Isotonic
of or involving muscular contraction in which tension is constant while length changes
Toxic
of or relating to or caused by a toxin or poison
vascular
of or relating to or having vessels that conduct and circulate fluids
vascular
of or relating to or having vessels that conduct and circulate fluids (vascular tissue in plants make up of xylem and phloem(
Recombinant
of or resulting from new combinations of genetic material
Polarity
one end of the molecule has a positive charge and the other end has a negative charge
point mutation
one nucleotide is changed. Only one amino acid may be affected
Allele
one of two alternate forms of a gene that can have the same locus on homologous chromosomes and are responsible for alternative traits
Chromatid
one of two identical strands into which a chromosome splits during mitosis
Centriole
one of two small cylindrical cell organelles composes of 9 triplet microtubules; form the asters during mitosis
energy flow
one-way movement of energy from the environment, through living things, and ending up as heat
Terrestrial
operating or living or growing on land
Ribosome
organelle found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that is involved in protein synthesis
chloroplast and cell wall
organelles that are plant cell specific
Lipid
organic compound made up of fatty acids and glycerol that forms essential structural component of living cells and acts as energy storage
Amino acid
organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group; proteins are composed of various proportions of about 20 common amino acids
Primary
organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group; proteins are composed of various proportions of about 20 common amino acids
Amino acid
organic compounds that join together by peptide bonds to form a protein. 20 common amino acids
Cytokinesis
organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells
Multicellular
organism made of many cells
Unicellular
organism made of one cell
Filter feeder
organism that takes in water to filter out the food and then releases the extra water (clam, oysters, sponge)
species
organisms that are able to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring
pH
p(otential of) H(ydrogen); a scale from 0 to 14 of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution (where 7 is neutral)
pH
p(otential of) H(ydrogen); the logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen-ion concentration in gram atoms per liter; provides a measure on a scale from 0 to 14 of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution (where 7 is neutral)
Neutral solutions like H2O
pH equal to 7
Bases
pH higher than 7
Acids
pH lower than 7
pH paper
pH paper, also called litmus paper, is filter paper that is treated with natural water soluble dye from lichens. pH paper is used as an indicator to test the acidity of water-based liquids.
Factors that affect Enzyme Activity
pH, temperature, and concentration of substrate
Chloroplast
part of the plant where photosynthesis occurs.
Chlorophyll
pigment that absorbs sunlight
Angiosperm
plants having seeds in a closed ovary
Gymnosperm
plants of the class Gymnospermae having seeds not enclosed in an ovary
Gymnosperm
plants of the class Gymnospermae having seeds not enclosed in an ovary. Pine trees, spruce, having cones
Chloroplast
plastid containing chlorophyll and other pigments; in plants that carry out photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
process by which plants use the sun's energy to make food
Cellular respiration
process that uses oxygen to get energy from food
Nucleolous
produces ribosomes in a cell; found inside the nucleus
Glucose and Oxygen
products of photosynthesis
archaebacteria
prokaryotic unicellular cell walls w/ peptidoglycan autotroph/heterotroph asexual - binary fissure flagella/cilla
Eubacteria
prokaryotic unicellular cell walls w/ peptidoglycan autotroph/heterotroph asexual - binary fissure flagella/cilla ex. Salmonella; E. Coli
pH
provides a measure on a scale from 0 to 14 of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution (where 7 is neutral)
base
provides a stable platform for the microscope
Alkaline
relating to or containing an alkali; having a pH greater than 7
Qualitative
relating to or involving comparisons based on qualities (using senses)
uracil
replaces thymine in RNA
tube
separates the ocular lens from the objective lenses at a distance calculated for proper magnification
sugar and phosphate
sides ("handrails") of double helix
Mitochondria
site of cellular respiration
Estivate
sleep during summer
Drosophila
small fruit fly used by Thomas Hunt Morgan in studying basic mechanisms of inheritance
isotonic
solution has a equal concentration of solution and solutes
Hypertonic
solution has a higher concentration of solutes than another solution
Hypotonic
solution has a lower concentration of solutes than another solution
Catalyst
something that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions.
Sun
source of all energy for life
invasive species
species that enter new ecosystems and multiply, harming native species and their habitats
Vacuole
storage organelle in the cell (large vacuole found in plants)
nucleus
strong forces bind protons and neutrons together -strong power make protons and neutrons togeter
Taxonomy
study of the general principles of scientific classification
lamp
supplies the light that passes through the specimen
Chemosynthesis
synthesis of carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water; limited to certain bacteria and fungi
Photosynthesis
synthesis of compounds with the aid of radiant energy (especially in plants)
Order
taxonomic group containing one or more families
Genus
taxonomic group containing one or more species
Genus
taxonomic group containing one or more species (In scientific name the first term that is capitalized)
Species
taxonomic group whose members can interbreed
Animalia
taxonomic kingdom comprising all living or extinct animals
Law of segregation
that there are 2 alleles for each trait where each can be passed into a gamete
Nitrogen fixation
the absorption of atmospheric nitrogen by soil bacteria and its release for plant use
Camouflage
the act of concealing the identity of something by modifying its appearance
Inference
the act of passing from one proposition, statement, or judgment considered as true to another whose truth is believed to follow from that of the former
Extinction
the act or process of becoming extinct; when a species fails to exist and dies out
Specific Heat
the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a 1kg sample by 1 degree Celsius
DNA
the appearance of the chromosomal makeup of a somatic cell in an individual or species (including the number and arrangement and size and structure of the chromosomes)
Karyotype
the appearance of the chromosomal makeup of a somatic cell in an individual or species (including the number and arrangement and size and structure of the chromosomes)
Karyotype
the appearance of the chromosomal makeup of an organism.
Nitrogen fixation
the assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by soil bacteria and its release for plant use on the death of the bacteria
Classification
the basic cognitive process of arranging into classes or categories
Cell
the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; cells may exist as independent units of life (bacteria) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
Nucleotide
the basic structural unit of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) Ex: A,T,C,G,U
Binomial Nomenclature
the biological two name, naming system
Excretion
the bodily process of discharging waste matter
Excretion
the bodily process of removing waste matter. Done by excretory system
Buoyancy
the capacity to float
Zygote
the cell resulting from the union of an egg and sperm cell
Zygote
the cell resulting from the union of an ovum and a spermatozoon (including the organism that develops from that cell)
biosphere
the collective name for all the ecosystems on Earth
Genotype
the combination of alleles inherited (example Tt)
Dehydration synthesis
the combining of materials by the removal of water (such as combining sugars)
Lock & Key
the concept that enzymes and substrate fit perfectly with each other
Reproductive isolation
the conditions, as physiological or behavioral differences or geographical barriers, that prevent potentially interbreeding populations from cross-fertilization
Ocean trench
the deep depressions in the Earth's crust, and they comprise the deepest part of the ocean
Deduction
the deriving of a conclusion by reasoning
Pedigree
the descendants of one individual
Adaptive radiation
the development of many different forms from an originally homogeneous group of organisms as they fill different ecological niches
Adaptive radiation
the development of many different species from one common ancestor
Interaction
the direct effect that one organism on another,
Interaction
the direct effect that one thing has on another. (Example the relationship between competitors)
Solute
the dissolved substance in a solution. Ex: sugar, salt, kool aid
Solute
the dissolved substance in a solution; the component of a solution that changes its state
Wavelength
the distance (measured in the direction of propagation) between two points in the same phase in consecutive cycles of a wave
Precipitation
the falling to earth of any form of water (rain or snow or hail or sleet or mist)
Telophase
the final stage of meiosis when the chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle
Telophase
the final stage of meiosis when the chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle (formation of nuclear membrane around set of chromosome and cell plate in plants and cleavage furrow in animals prior to cytokinesis)
Telophase
the final stage of meiosis when the chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle. Twins
Prophase
the first stage of mitosis/meiosis
Genotype
the genetic make up of an organism. Represented by pairs of alleles. Ex: TT, tt, Tt
population range
the geographical area in which a specific species can be found
Concentration gradient
the gradual difference in concentration of a dissolved substance in a solution between a region of high density and one of lower density
Cohesion
the intermolecular force that holds together the molecules in a solid or liquid
carrying capacity
the maximum population size that can be maintained in an ecosystem
Carrying capacity
the maximum, equilibrium number of organisms of a particular species that can be supported indefinitely in a given environment.
Carrying capacity
the maximum, number of organisms that can be supported for any long time in an environment.
Respiration
the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic moelcules; processes that take place in the cells and tissues during which energy is released and carbon dioxide is produced and absorbed by the blood to be transported to the lungs
mRNA (messenger RNA)
the molecule carries the code from DNA in the nucleus out to the ribosome (has the codons that we use on the codon chart)
Monosaccharide
the monomer of a carbohydrate. (Ex: glucose)
Fatty Acid
the monomer of a lipid. (Ex: oils)
Nucleotide
the monomer of a nucleic acid. (Ex: DNA or RNA)
Amino Acid
the monomer of a protein, it bonds with other amino acids through peptide bonds.
Electrophoresis
the motion of charged particles in a colloid under the influence of an electric field; particles with a positive charge go to the cathode and negative to the anode
Diffusion
the movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration without the use of energy
Diffusion
the movement of molecules in gases and liquids from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
covalent bond
the moving electrons actually travel about the nuclei of the both atoms -moving electrons travel about the nuclei of the both atoms
Karyotype
the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species
Metabolism
the organic chemical processes (in a cell or organism) that are necessary for life
Carbon cycle
the organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again
transcription
the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA
Metabolism
the organic processes (in a cell or organism) or considered all the reactions that occur in the body
Metabolism
the organic processes (in a cell or organism) that are necessary for life
Nitrification
the oxidation of ammonium compounds in dead organic material into nitrates and nitrites by soil bacteria (making nitrogen available to plants)
Active site
the part of an enzyme that interacts with the substrate and where a substrate fits into an enzyme for them to be joined or broken apart
Active site
the part of an enzyme that interacts with the substrate during catalysis
Genotype
the particular alleles at specified loci present in an organism
interphase
the period during the cell cycle where cells grow, get copied, and prepare for division. G1, S, G2
Interphase
the period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions
Interphase
the period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions (G1 growth, S DNA replication, G2 components for cell replication)
Migration
the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding
Arthropod
the phylum to which jointed-legged invertebrates belong, including insects, arachnids and crustaceans
Conservation
the preservation and careful management of the environment and of natural resources
Carbon fixation
the process by which plants turn inorganic carbon (carbon dioxide) into organic compounds such as carbohydrates
Cellular Respiration
the process converting glucose into usable energy in the form of ATP. Reactants: Glucose, oxygen Products: ATP, water, carbon dioxide
Development
the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level
ecologcial succession
the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time.
Diffusion
the process of diffusing; the intermingling of molecules in gases and liquids as a result of random thermal agitation
Reproduction
the process of generating offspring
Transpiration
the process of giving off or exhaling water vapor through the skin or mucous membranes
Transpiration
the process of giving off or exhaling water vapor through the skin or mucous membranes (water leaving plants)
Adhesion
the property of sticking together (as of glue and wood) or the joining of surfaces of different composition
Adhesion
the property of water molecules sticking to other surfaces.
Chromatin
the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins; during mitotic division the chromatin condenses into chromosomes
Biosphere
the regions of the surface and atmosphere of the Earth (or other planet) where living organisms exist
Parasitism
the relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it (usually not fatal damage)
Commensalism
the relation between two different kinds of organisms when one receives benefits and the other is unharmed
Commensalism
the relation between two different kinds of organisms when one receives benefits from the other without damaging it
Mutualism
the relation between two different species of organisms in which each gains benefits from the other
Mutualism
the relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other
Symbiosis
the relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other
Fossil
the remains (or an impression) of a plant or animal
Fossil
the remains (or an impression) of a plant or animal that existed in a past geological age and that has been excavated from the soil
Mimicry
the resemblance of an animal species to another species or to natural objects; provides concealment and protection from predators (example making yourself look like another organism)
Metaphase
the second stage of mitosis/meiosis
Metaphase
the second stage of mitosis/meiosis in which chromosomes arrange in the middle of the cell along the equator
Metaphase
the second stage of mitosis/meiosis. Chromosomes line up in the Middle
Hormone
the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect
Hormone
the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect (estrogen and testosterone are examples)
Cell membrane
the semipermeable covering of the cell that controls what enters and leaves the cell.
Cell membrane
the semipermeable membrane enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell (all cell types)
Cell membrane
the semipermeable membrane enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell.
Evolution
the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms
carbon cycle
the series of processes by which carbon compounds are cycled, chiefly involving the incorporation of carbon dioxide into living tissue by photosynthesis and its return to the atmosphere through cellular respiration, the decay of dead organisms, and the burning of fossil fuels.
Molecule
the simplest structural unit of an element or compound
Molecule
the simplest structural unit of an element or compound (example O2 or N2)
molecule
the smallest unit of most compounds -the smallest unit of most mixing thing
Anaphase
the stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle
Anaphase
the stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle. Chromosomes pull Apart
Fertility
the state of being fertile; capable of producing offspring
Niche
the status of an organism within its environment and community (its role/job in the environment)
Dominant
the stronger allele. Represented with a capital letter
atom
the study of chemistry begins with the basic unit of matter -the basic unit of matter of chemistry begins
Substrate
the substance acted upon by an enzyme or ferment
Substrate
the substance acted upon by an enzyme where the substrate attaches to active site of the enzyme
Fungi
the taxonomic kingdom of lower plants
salinity
the total amount of dissolved salts in a sample of water
secondary consumer
the trophic level that eats the primary consumers
primary consumer
the trophic level that eats the producers
tertiary consumer
the trophic level that eats the secondary consumers
Habitat
the type of environment in which an organism or group normally lives or occurs
sun
the ultimate source of energy in most ecosystems
Estuary
the wide part of a river where it nears the sea; fresh and salt water mix
objective lenses
these are the lenses that magnify the specimen (4x, 10x, and 40x)
stage clips
these are used to hold a slide in place
diaphragm
this has different-sized holes that let different amounts of light pass through
revolving nosepiece
this is where the objective lenses are mounted
stage
this is where you place a slide for observation
coarse adjustment knob
this knob moves the stage up and down to focus on the object (bigger movements)
fine adjustment knob
this knob sharpens an image under low and medium power
condenser lens
this lens is under the the stage, it helps focus light onto the specimen
tRNA (transfer RNA)
this molecule has an anticodon that matches up with a codon, carrying a specific amino acid to the ribosome
recessive
trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant form of a trait
temperature and rainfall
two determining factors of the climate in a biome
telophase
two new cells start appearing; chromosomes reach opposite sides of the cell
Domain Eubacteria
unicellular, prokaryotic, suited to pretty much any environment on this planet except for the most extreme ones.
Adhesion
water molecules sticking to other things
Cohesion
water molecules sticking together
Phenotype
what an organism looks like as a consequence of its genotype; two organisms with the same phenotype can have different genotypes
energy pyramid
what does this diagram represent?
pH scale
what does this picture represent?
exponential
what kind of graph is this? (J graph)
logistic
what kind of graph is this? (S graph)
secondary ecological succession
when an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance but leaves the soil intact
van der Waals forces
when molecules are close together, a slight attraction can develop between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules -when molecules are close together, a little attraction can develop between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules
Evidence
your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief
Interphase
~90% of cell cycle - cell grows and copies its chromosomes in preparate of cell division (consists of G1, S, and G2 phases)