Connect chapters 1-5: Window on Humanity

Which of the following are among the four subfields of general anthropology?

Archaeological anthropology sociocultural anthropology biological anthropology

Which of the following examples best illustrates the relationship between human biological needs and culture?

Biology required that human eat a certain amount each day, but culture teaches us what we want to eat, when we want it, and how.

The most useful dating-technique to establish the age of tools made of deer antler and whale bone recovered at sites associated with the earliest inhabitants of North America would likely be

Carbon-14 dating

Which anthropologists defined culture as ideas based on cultural learning and symbols with such control mechanisms as plans and rules to govern behavior?

Clifford Geetz

The invention of pressurized airplane cabins equipped with oxygen masks in order to survive at high altitudes reached during flight is an example of ________ adaptation.

Cultural

The upfield of anthropology that describes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences is ____________ anthropology.

Cultural

Some people bury the dead by cremating the bodies and placing the ashes in sacred river. Others believe that the body must remain intact and be buried in a coffin. An anthropological perspective on these customs required that neither practice be seen as inferior or disgusting, a perspective known as

Cultural relativism

Although an individual-resident of a southern city in the United States may not like to eat grits and cornbread, these foods are considered a part of southern culture. What does this reveal about culture?

Culture is a shared attribute.

Which of the following best describes culture?

Culture teaches us how to satisfy our biological needs.

What does it mean when one says that culture is integrated?

Cultures are interrelated systems of thought, beliefs, and behavior.

Due to globalization, new economic unions have been created through the

European Union (EU) World Trade Organization (ETO) International Monetary Fund (IMF)

True or false: Adaptation is an entirely cultural process

False

True or false: Fossils include the preserved remains of any object (building, container, tool, pottery, weapon, work of art) made, used, or modified in some way by human beings, which help us to understand how people lived in the past

False

What is the term used to describe the increasing international interconnections in the world today brought about by modern electronic communication systems, travel, international trade, and migration?

Gloablization

Nonverbal symbols include

Holy water arches flags

According to Clyde Kluckhohn, the imperative for anthropology is to provide a scientific basis for

How diverse people get along peaceably

Animals such as wolves learn behavior patterns, such as hunting techniques. What makes human cultural learning different form that?

Human culture is based on ideas shared through symbols

What is the difference between human ties between parents and offspring and those found among other primates such as chimpanzees and gorillas?

Humans develop lifelong ties between parents, sons, and daughters, but nonhuman primates generally do not.

When archaeologists excavate at home or abroad and when biological anthropologists conduct research with primates, they must take steps that ensure the protection of the animals and materials involved. Government agencies and other agencies grant permission to these anthropologists by singing agreements known as

Informed consent

After Sir Edward Taylor's definition from 1871, what is the critical defining feature of culture?

It includes patterns of behavior acquired by people as members of society.

Which of the following are ways culture is transmitted and learned?

It is taught directly it is absorbed unconsciously it is transmitted through observation

Instead of doing a random sample of all the residents in a community to choose individuals to formally interview, anthropologists select a few individuals who are extremely knowledgeable to interview. What is the term used to describe these few select individuals?

Key informant

Which of the following are aspects of linguistic anthropology?

Making inferences about universal features of language reconstructing ancient languages studying linguistic differences to discover cultural variations in perception and thought

Biological anthropologists use anthropology to learn about which of the following aspects of humans?

Nutritional status human growth human development

__________ looks at the ecosystems of the past

Paleoecology

One technique commonly used by ethnographers is ________ ________, which means that they take part in community life as they study it.

Participant observation

Which of the following statements about nonhuman primates are true?

Primates other than Homo tend to disperse at adolescence Female chimps and gorilla tend to migrate to find mates.

In order to understand-how human behavior differs from the behavior of the animals most similar to human, some biological anthropologists in the subfields of _________ study animals such as gorillas, monkeys, and lemurs in their natural rain forest habitats.

Primatology

Which of the following are specialties within biological anthropology?

Primatology paleoanthropology human genetics

Which of the following examples best describes how culture influences the ways that humans interact with the natural environment?

Science, invention, and discovery are parts of culture and enable humans to control many natural limits.

Whose definition of culture includes the phrase "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities acquired by man?"

Sir Edward Taylor

In the United States, which of the following is an example of a subculture?

Southerners Roman Catholics

The most studied form of ape tool making involves _________, in which chimps make tools to probe termite hills.

Termiting

Which of the following lists best describes the human abilities that had to develop before culture could exist?

The ability to use symbols, language, and tools

Which of the following are studied as part of taphonomy?

The distortion of remains by natural various forces the scattering of remains by carnivores and scavengers the possible fossilization of remains

What is stratigraphy?

The study of layers of deposits at a site in which older materials are found deeper and younger ones are in top layers

Which of the following statements correctly describe what molecular anthropologists do?

They compare the genetic relationship between apes and humans they examine evolutionary relationships among ancient and contemporary populations They reconstruct patterns and waves of human migration

Which of the following statements about generalities are true?

They occur in certain times and places but not in all cultures they may be widespread

Public archaeology has been given unimportant role in evaluating sites

Threatened by construction activities

True or false: Adaptive traits can become maladaptive traits.

True

True or false: in addition to having links to the natural sciences, anthropology also has links to fields in the humanities.

True

In 1692, a major earthquake caused part of the city of Port Royal, Jamaica, to fall into the Kingston Harbor. ______ archaeologists now study the submerged city.

Underwater

Which of the following are biologically based universals?

a complex brain year-round sexuality a long period of infant dependency

What is the term used to describe any method of dating fossils which establishes a precise ago range?

absolute dating

During the past 10,000 years, the rate of human cultural adaption has

accelerated

Practicing, or applied, anthropology uses anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to

address contemporary social problems.

Cultural resource management involves not only preserving some sites but also

allowing insignificant sites to be destroyed

Digging through layers of deposits at an ancient site is known as

an excavation

The study of contemporary adaptions creates new challenges for

anthropology

What is a symbol?

anything verbal or nonverbal that stands for something else

In order to reconstruct ancient human biological and cultural features, anthropologists study ceramics, casts, metals, and other manufactured items known as

artifacts

Language first developed in humans

at an unknown time

Which of the following areas have been benefited from the work of applied anthropologists?

business public health marketing

Geertz described culture as sets "control mechanisms" and equates them to __________ __________ that govern human behavior.

computer programs

There is a set of dominant beliefs in the United States, such as a belief in the rights of the individual and belief in the value of hard work. Such sets of values are called _____ values.

core

The term food production refers to the

cultivation of plants and domestication of animals

Hip-hop music has spread through popular culture and the media from Urban America to china and Japan. Which mechanism of cultural change does this phenomenon represent?

diffusion

When two cultures trade, intermarry, or wage war on one another, diffusion is _______, but when one culture subjugates another and imposes its customs on the dominated group, diffusion is _____.

direct; forced

Which of the following is the term anthropologists use to describe the process in which a child learns culture?

enculturation

Which of the following suitably reflect ethical considerations that should be followed by anthropologists working abroad?

establishing ongoing collaborative relationships with colleagues in the host country including colleagues of the host country in planning research and requesting funding

Female baboons and chimps ovulate during

estrus

The activity within cultural anthropology that gathers to provide an account of a particular group, community, society, or culture is called

ethnography

What is the term that anthropologists developed to describe the tendency to see one's own cultural customs as superior?

etnocentrism

Biological anthropologists examine __________ __________ in human biology.

evolutionary changes

The process used in archaeology of digging though a succession of levels at a particular site in order to document changes one time is known as

excavation

Because of cultural traditions, North American girls, in comparison to Brazilian girls,

excellent in running and swimming

Cultures are traditions and customs that

form and guide the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them

The study of the entire human condition is referred to as

holism

The term _________ is used for the group that leads to humans but not to chimps and gorillas.

hominins

Anthropology is a ________ science

humanistic

Compared to sociology, statistics traditionally have been

less important to anthropology

Which of the following are social universals?

life in some kind of family life in groups

Which of the following would be examples of topics studied in sociolinguistics?

linguistic features that correlate with socioeconomic class linguistic variation corresponding to regional dialects relationships between social and linguistic variation

Which of the following best explains what biological anthropologists study?

living and recent humans and primates as well as ancient humans and primates

Anthropology's comparative, bicultural perspective recognizes that cultural forces

mold human biology

According to sociolinguistics,

no language is a homogeneous system

_________ looks at the ecosystems of the past.

paleoecology

Ethnographic fieldwork leads to a perspective that differs radically from which of the following?

political science economics

Anthropologists have traditionally studied groups that are

poor

One commonly used radiometric dating technique is used to date layers of volcanic ash found above and below strata containing fossil remains in Africa's Great Rift Valley, especially for a time period in human evolution dating to around 2 million years ago. The dating technique known as

potassium-argon (K/A) dating.

The period before the invention of writing is called ________

prehistory

At an archaeological site you discovered a stone spear point in one geologic layer and a bronze ax head in another geologic layer. because the layer containing the stone spear point is deeper than the layer containing the bronze ax head, you conclude that the stone point is older than the ax head. What kind of dating technique does this illustrate?

relative dating

What are the two major categories of dating techniques used to establish the dates of layers of fossils and artifacts?

relative dating and absolute dating

Which of the following traits are more developed among humans than other primates?

sharing cooperation

When non-natives breathing and heart rates increase in mountain highlands, this is an example of _______ adaption.

short-term physiological

In archaeology, the number of settlement levels in a city is a measure of

social complexity

Initially, the main distinction between sociologists and anthropologists was

that sociologists studied industrial societies and anthropologists studied nonindustrial societies

The origin of anthropology as a scientific pursuit can be traced to

the 19th century

Which of the following are human biological capacities upon which culture depends?

the ability to learn the ability to use language the ability to think symbolically

Which of the following do anthropologists consider when studying human diversity in time and space?

the particular the universal the generalized

Which of the following statements best describes cultural rights?

the right to for groups to maintain their own traditions and languages

Public archaeology has been given an important role in evaluating sites

threatened by construction activities

Archaeological anthropologists reconstruct, describe, and interpret human behavior and cultural patterns

through material remains

The primary ethical obligation of the anthropologists is

to do no harm to the people in the host community.

What is the anthropologists primary ethical concern?

to ensure that their research causes no harm to the people, animals, or artifacts involved

Which of the following are studied by archaeological anthropologists?

tools animal bones garbage

Which of the following types of traits are likely to move from particularity to generality?

traits that have the capacity to please large audiences traits that are useful

When studying human-diversity in time and space, anthropologists distinguish among the _______, which are features found in every culture, the ______, which are common to several but not all groups, and the _______, which are unique to certain cultural traditions.

universal; general; particular

Which of the following disciplines include primatology?

zoology biological anthropology