Connect chapters 1-5: Window on Humanity
Which of the following are among the four subfields of general anthropology?
Archaeological anthropology sociocultural anthropology biological anthropology
Which of the following examples best illustrates the relationship between human biological needs and culture?
Biology required that human eat a certain amount each day, but culture teaches us what we want to eat, when we want it, and how.
The most useful dating-technique to establish the age of tools made of deer antler and whale bone recovered at sites associated with the earliest inhabitants of North America would likely be
Carbon-14 dating
Which anthropologists defined culture as ideas based on cultural learning and symbols with such control mechanisms as plans and rules to govern behavior?
Clifford Geetz
The invention of pressurized airplane cabins equipped with oxygen masks in order to survive at high altitudes reached during flight is an example of ________ adaptation.
Cultural
The upfield of anthropology that describes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences is ____________ anthropology.
Cultural
Some people bury the dead by cremating the bodies and placing the ashes in sacred river. Others believe that the body must remain intact and be buried in a coffin. An anthropological perspective on these customs required that neither practice be seen as inferior or disgusting, a perspective known as
Cultural relativism
Although an individual-resident of a southern city in the United States may not like to eat grits and cornbread, these foods are considered a part of southern culture. What does this reveal about culture?
Culture is a shared attribute.
Which of the following best describes culture?
Culture teaches us how to satisfy our biological needs.
What does it mean when one says that culture is integrated?
Cultures are interrelated systems of thought, beliefs, and behavior.
Due to globalization, new economic unions have been created through the
European Union (EU) World Trade Organization (ETO) International Monetary Fund (IMF)
True or false: Adaptation is an entirely cultural process
False
True or false: Fossils include the preserved remains of any object (building, container, tool, pottery, weapon, work of art) made, used, or modified in some way by human beings, which help us to understand how people lived in the past
False
What is the term used to describe the increasing international interconnections in the world today brought about by modern electronic communication systems, travel, international trade, and migration?
Gloablization
Nonverbal symbols include
Holy water arches flags
According to Clyde Kluckhohn, the imperative for anthropology is to provide a scientific basis for
How diverse people get along peaceably
Animals such as wolves learn behavior patterns, such as hunting techniques. What makes human cultural learning different form that?
Human culture is based on ideas shared through symbols
What is the difference between human ties between parents and offspring and those found among other primates such as chimpanzees and gorillas?
Humans develop lifelong ties between parents, sons, and daughters, but nonhuman primates generally do not.
When archaeologists excavate at home or abroad and when biological anthropologists conduct research with primates, they must take steps that ensure the protection of the animals and materials involved. Government agencies and other agencies grant permission to these anthropologists by singing agreements known as
Informed consent
After Sir Edward Taylor's definition from 1871, what is the critical defining feature of culture?
It includes patterns of behavior acquired by people as members of society.
Which of the following are ways culture is transmitted and learned?
It is taught directly it is absorbed unconsciously it is transmitted through observation
Instead of doing a random sample of all the residents in a community to choose individuals to formally interview, anthropologists select a few individuals who are extremely knowledgeable to interview. What is the term used to describe these few select individuals?
Key informant
Which of the following are aspects of linguistic anthropology?
Making inferences about universal features of language reconstructing ancient languages studying linguistic differences to discover cultural variations in perception and thought
Biological anthropologists use anthropology to learn about which of the following aspects of humans?
Nutritional status human growth human development
__________ looks at the ecosystems of the past
Paleoecology
One technique commonly used by ethnographers is ________ ________, which means that they take part in community life as they study it.
Participant observation
Which of the following statements about nonhuman primates are true?
Primates other than Homo tend to disperse at adolescence Female chimps and gorilla tend to migrate to find mates.
In order to understand-how human behavior differs from the behavior of the animals most similar to human, some biological anthropologists in the subfields of _________ study animals such as gorillas, monkeys, and lemurs in their natural rain forest habitats.
Primatology
Which of the following are specialties within biological anthropology?
Primatology paleoanthropology human genetics
Which of the following examples best describes how culture influences the ways that humans interact with the natural environment?
Science, invention, and discovery are parts of culture and enable humans to control many natural limits.
Whose definition of culture includes the phrase "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities acquired by man?"
Sir Edward Taylor
In the United States, which of the following is an example of a subculture?
Southerners Roman Catholics
The most studied form of ape tool making involves _________, in which chimps make tools to probe termite hills.
Termiting
Which of the following lists best describes the human abilities that had to develop before culture could exist?
The ability to use symbols, language, and tools
Which of the following are studied as part of taphonomy?
The distortion of remains by natural various forces the scattering of remains by carnivores and scavengers the possible fossilization of remains
What is stratigraphy?
The study of layers of deposits at a site in which older materials are found deeper and younger ones are in top layers
Which of the following statements correctly describe what molecular anthropologists do?
They compare the genetic relationship between apes and humans they examine evolutionary relationships among ancient and contemporary populations They reconstruct patterns and waves of human migration
Which of the following statements about generalities are true?
They occur in certain times and places but not in all cultures they may be widespread
Public archaeology has been given unimportant role in evaluating sites
Threatened by construction activities
True or false: Adaptive traits can become maladaptive traits.
True
True or false: in addition to having links to the natural sciences, anthropology also has links to fields in the humanities.
True
In 1692, a major earthquake caused part of the city of Port Royal, Jamaica, to fall into the Kingston Harbor. ______ archaeologists now study the submerged city.
Underwater
Which of the following are biologically based universals?
a complex brain year-round sexuality a long period of infant dependency
What is the term used to describe any method of dating fossils which establishes a precise ago range?
absolute dating
During the past 10,000 years, the rate of human cultural adaption has
accelerated
Practicing, or applied, anthropology uses anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to
address contemporary social problems.
Cultural resource management involves not only preserving some sites but also
allowing insignificant sites to be destroyed
Digging through layers of deposits at an ancient site is known as
an excavation
The study of contemporary adaptions creates new challenges for
anthropology
What is a symbol?
anything verbal or nonverbal that stands for something else
In order to reconstruct ancient human biological and cultural features, anthropologists study ceramics, casts, metals, and other manufactured items known as
artifacts
Language first developed in humans
at an unknown time
Which of the following areas have been benefited from the work of applied anthropologists?
business public health marketing
Geertz described culture as sets "control mechanisms" and equates them to __________ __________ that govern human behavior.
computer programs
There is a set of dominant beliefs in the United States, such as a belief in the rights of the individual and belief in the value of hard work. Such sets of values are called _____ values.
core
The term food production refers to the
cultivation of plants and domestication of animals
Hip-hop music has spread through popular culture and the media from Urban America to china and Japan. Which mechanism of cultural change does this phenomenon represent?
diffusion
When two cultures trade, intermarry, or wage war on one another, diffusion is _______, but when one culture subjugates another and imposes its customs on the dominated group, diffusion is _____.
direct; forced
Which of the following is the term anthropologists use to describe the process in which a child learns culture?
enculturation
Which of the following suitably reflect ethical considerations that should be followed by anthropologists working abroad?
establishing ongoing collaborative relationships with colleagues in the host country including colleagues of the host country in planning research and requesting funding
Female baboons and chimps ovulate during
estrus
The activity within cultural anthropology that gathers to provide an account of a particular group, community, society, or culture is called
ethnography
What is the term that anthropologists developed to describe the tendency to see one's own cultural customs as superior?
etnocentrism
Biological anthropologists examine __________ __________ in human biology.
evolutionary changes
The process used in archaeology of digging though a succession of levels at a particular site in order to document changes one time is known as
excavation
Because of cultural traditions, North American girls, in comparison to Brazilian girls,
excellent in running and swimming
Cultures are traditions and customs that
form and guide the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them
The study of the entire human condition is referred to as
holism
The term _________ is used for the group that leads to humans but not to chimps and gorillas.
hominins
Anthropology is a ________ science
humanistic
Compared to sociology, statistics traditionally have been
less important to anthropology
Which of the following are social universals?
life in some kind of family life in groups
Which of the following would be examples of topics studied in sociolinguistics?
linguistic features that correlate with socioeconomic class linguistic variation corresponding to regional dialects relationships between social and linguistic variation
Which of the following best explains what biological anthropologists study?
living and recent humans and primates as well as ancient humans and primates
Anthropology's comparative, bicultural perspective recognizes that cultural forces
mold human biology
According to sociolinguistics,
no language is a homogeneous system
_________ looks at the ecosystems of the past.
paleoecology
Ethnographic fieldwork leads to a perspective that differs radically from which of the following?
political science economics
Anthropologists have traditionally studied groups that are
poor
One commonly used radiometric dating technique is used to date layers of volcanic ash found above and below strata containing fossil remains in Africa's Great Rift Valley, especially for a time period in human evolution dating to around 2 million years ago. The dating technique known as
potassium-argon (K/A) dating.
The period before the invention of writing is called ________
prehistory
At an archaeological site you discovered a stone spear point in one geologic layer and a bronze ax head in another geologic layer. because the layer containing the stone spear point is deeper than the layer containing the bronze ax head, you conclude that the stone point is older than the ax head. What kind of dating technique does this illustrate?
relative dating
What are the two major categories of dating techniques used to establish the dates of layers of fossils and artifacts?
relative dating and absolute dating
Which of the following traits are more developed among humans than other primates?
sharing cooperation
When non-natives breathing and heart rates increase in mountain highlands, this is an example of _______ adaption.
short-term physiological
In archaeology, the number of settlement levels in a city is a measure of
social complexity
Initially, the main distinction between sociologists and anthropologists was
that sociologists studied industrial societies and anthropologists studied nonindustrial societies
The origin of anthropology as a scientific pursuit can be traced to
the 19th century
Which of the following are human biological capacities upon which culture depends?
the ability to learn the ability to use language the ability to think symbolically
Which of the following do anthropologists consider when studying human diversity in time and space?
the particular the universal the generalized
Which of the following statements best describes cultural rights?
the right to for groups to maintain their own traditions and languages
Public archaeology has been given an important role in evaluating sites
threatened by construction activities
Archaeological anthropologists reconstruct, describe, and interpret human behavior and cultural patterns
through material remains
The primary ethical obligation of the anthropologists is
to do no harm to the people in the host community.
What is the anthropologists primary ethical concern?
to ensure that their research causes no harm to the people, animals, or artifacts involved
Which of the following are studied by archaeological anthropologists?
tools animal bones garbage
Which of the following types of traits are likely to move from particularity to generality?
traits that have the capacity to please large audiences traits that are useful
When studying human-diversity in time and space, anthropologists distinguish among the _______, which are features found in every culture, the ______, which are common to several but not all groups, and the _______, which are unique to certain cultural traditions.
universal; general; particular
Which of the following disciplines include primatology?
zoology biological anthropology