CPL120 Exam 2
To apply path-goal theory, a leader must carefully assess the followers and their tasks, and then choose an appropriate leadership style to match those characteristics.
True
Transactional leadership refers to the bulk of leadership models.
True
Unlike many of the theories that we have discussed in this book, authentic leadership is still in the formative phase of development.
True
Transactional leadership
a process that focuses on achieving common goals by means of the exchanges that occur between leaders and their followers
Contingent reward
an exchange process between leaders and followers in which effort by followers is exchanged for specific reward
Self-awareness
refers to the personal insights of the leader
George (2003) found that authentic leaders have strong ____. Because of this, they have the capacity to open themselves up and establish a connection with others. They are willing to share their own story with others and listen to others' stories.
relationships
Individualized consideration
the factor representative of leaders who provide a supportive climate in which they listen carefully to the individual needs of followers
Brett's values-based actions instill a strong sense of community and ethics within all levels of the organization he leads. Brett is demonstrating ______.
transformational leadership
The charismatic effects on followers are more likely to occur ______.
when followers are in distress
The Full Range of Leadership Model contains how many transactional factors?
2
In path-goal theory, ____ leadership is characterized by a leader who challenges followers perform work at the highest level possible.
Achievement-oriented
Among leadership scholars, there is a single accepted definition of authentic leadership.
False
Because servant leaders maintain authority, they exercise more institutional power and control.
False
Path-goal theory is an approach to leadership for which many management training programs have been developed.
False
Path-goal theory promotes follower involvement in the leadership process.
False
Path-goal theory puts much of the onus on followers in terms of designing and facilitating a healthy and productive work environment to propel the organization toward success.
False
Servant leaders subconsciously choose to serve first - to place the good of followers over the leaders' self-interests.
False
The George approach identifies compassion and heart as insignificant aspect of authentic leadership.
False
Originating in the seminal work of ____ (1970), servant leadership is a paradoxical approach to leadership that challenges our traditional beliefs about leadership and influence.
Greenleaf
Which leadership approach is not leader centered?
LMX
A criticism of transformational leadership is that it treats leadership as a personality trait.
True
A strength of the transformational model is the emphasis it places on followers' needs, values, and morals.
True
According to Bass, charisma is a necessary but not sufficient condition for transformational leadership.
True
According to George (2003), self-discipline is a dimension of authentic leadership, which is the quality that helps leaders reach their goals & gives leaders focus and determination.
True
Authentic leadership is shaped and reformed by critical life events that act as triggers to growth and greater authenticity. Being sensitive to these events and using them as springboards to growth may be relevant to many people who are interested in becoming leaders who are more authentic.
True
Authentic leadership represents one of the newer areas of leadership research.
True
Authentic leadership was identified earlier in transformational leadership research but never fully articulated.
True
Charismatic leadership is often described in ways that make it similar to, if not synonymous with, transformational leadership.
True
In LMX theory, the dyadic relationship is the focal point of the leadership process.
True
In their description of the intrapersonal approach, Shamir and Eilam (2005) suggest that authentic leaders exhibit genuine leadership, lead from conviction, and are originals.
True
LMX challenged the assumption that leaders treated followers in a collective way, as a group, using an average leadership style.
True
LMX in its initial formation runs counter to the basic human value of fairness.
True
LMX theory is unique in that it is the only leadership approach that makes the concept of the dyadic relationship the centerpiece of the leadership process.
True
LMX theory warns leaders to avoid letting their conscious or unconscious biases influence who is invited into the in-group (e.g. biases regarding race, gender, ethnicity, religion, or age).
True
LXM is a strong descriptive theory because it makes sense to describe work units in terms of those who contribute more than those who contribute less.
True
Path-goal theory discusses how leaders motivate followers to accomplish designated goals. The stated goal of this theory is to enhance follower performance and follower satisfaction by focusing on follower motivation and the nature of the work tasks. At the time, it was incredibly innovative because it shifted attention to follower needs and motivations, and away from the predominant focus on tasks and relationships.
True
Path-goal theory is a contingency approach to leadership because effectiveness depends on the fit between the leader's behavior and the characteristics of the followers and the task.
True
Research findings to date do not support a full and consistent picture of the claims of path-goal theory.
True
Servant leaders attend fully to the needs of followers, are concerned with the less privileged, and aim to remove inequalities and social injustices.
True
Servant leaders build strong relationships with others, are empathetic and ethical, and lead in ways that serve the greater good of followers, the organization, the community, and society at large.
True
Servant leadership is unique because it makes altruism the main component of the leadership process.
True
Servant leadership provides a counterintuitive and provocative approach to the use of influence wherein leaders give up control rather than seek control.
True
Since it first appeared more than 30 years ago under the title "vertical dyad linkage (VDL) theory," leader-member exchange theory has been and continues to be a much-studied approach to leadership.
True
The practical approach to authentic leadership provides basic "how to" steps to become an authentic leader. George's (2003) approach identifies 5 basic dimensions of authentic leadership and the corresponding behavioral characteristics individuals need to develop to become authentic leaders.
True
The basic principles of path-goal theory are derived from expectancy theory, which suggests that followers will be motivated:
- if they feel competent - if they think their efforts will be rewarded - if they find the payoff for their work valuable
According to Linden, Panaccio, et al. (2014), ____ conditions likely to impact servant leaders include context & culture, leader attributes, and follower receptivity.
Antecedent
A consensus exists on a common theoretical framework for servant leadership. Especially clear is the "conceptualizing" characteristic of servant leadership.
False
Follower characteristics determine how a leader's behavior is interpreted by followers in a given work context. Researchers have focused on followers' needs for affiliation, preferences for structure, desires for control, and self-perceived level of "relationship" ability.
False
Path-goal theory accounts for gender differences in how leadership is enacted and perceived.
False
The acronym VDL stands for variation dependent leadership.
False
According to ____ [last name] (2002), there are 10 major characteristics of servant leadership.
Spears
Which of the following is not a criticism of Transformational Leadership theory?
There has been little research done with the theory.
According to House and Mitchell (1974), leadership generates motivation when it increases the number and kinds of payoffs that followers receive from their work. Leadership also motivates when it makes the path to the goal clear and easy to travel t through coaching and direction, removing roadblocks to staining the goal, and making the work itself more personally satisfying.
True
After the first set of studies, there was a shift in the focus of LMX theory. Whereas the initial studies of this theory addressed primarily the nature of the differences between in-groups and out-groups, a subsequent line of research addressed how LMX theory was related to organizational effectiveness.
True
Authentic leadership describes leadership that is transparent, morally grounded, and responsive to people's needs and values.
True
Based on an idea from Hermann Hesse's (1956) novel The Journey to the East, Greenleaf argued that the selfless servant in a group has an extraordinary impact on the other members.
True
Graen and Uhl-Bien (1991) advocated that leaders should create a special relationship with all followers, similar to the relationships described as in-group relationships.
True
Herman and Troth (2013) found that high-quality exchanges are described by followers as mentoring, respectful, and based on good communication.
True
LMX is noteworthy because it directs our attention to the importance of communication in leadership.
True
LMX theory addresses leadership as a process centered on the interactions between leaders and followers.
True
LMX theory describes and prescribes leadership.
True
LMX theory makes the leader-member relationship the pivotal concept in the leadership process.
True
LMX theory suggests that it is important to recognize the existence of in-groups and out-groups within an organization.
True
Path-goal theory informs us about when to emphasize certain leader behaviors including clarifying goal behavior, lending support, and enhancing group decision-making processes, among others.
True
Path-goal theory is useful because it continually reminds leaders that their central purpose is to help followers define their goals and then to help followers reach their goals int he most efficient manner.
True
Path-goal theory provides a set of general recommendations based on the characteristics of followers and tasks for how leaders should act in various situations if they want to be effective.
True
Taking a developmental approach, Walumbwa et al. (2008) conceptualized authentic leadership as a pattern of leader behavior that develops from, and is grounded in, the leader's positive psychological qualities and strong ethics.
True
Transformational leadership
a process that changes and transforms people by creating a connection that raises the level of motivation and morality in both the leadership and the follower
Charisma
a special gift that certain individuals possess that gives them the capacity to do extraordinary things
Management by exception-active is ______.
a transactional leadership factor
Path-goal theory offers a large set of predictions for how a leader's s style interacts with followers' needs and the nature of the task. Among other things, it predicts that... achievement-oriented leadership
achievement-orientated leadership
In path-goal theory, if a task is ambiguous, challenging, and complex + followers have high expectations and a need to excel, which leadership behavior should you use?
achievement-oriented
Laissez-faire approach
also called non leadership, in this style, the leader abdicates responsibility, delays decisions, gives no feedback, and makes little effort to help followers satisfy their needs
According to House, which of the following specific types of behaviors are commonly exhibited by charismatic leaders?
arousing motives
According to Linden, Panaccio, et al. (2014), seven servant leader ____ are central to the servant leadership process (conceptualizing, emotional healing, putting followers first, helping followers grow/succeed, behaving ethically, empowering, and creating value for community).
behaviors
Select the four key positive psychological attributes that have an impact on authentic leadership.
confidence hope optimism resilience
Which factor in the Full Range of Leadership model includes providing incentives that the follower wants when the job is done well?
contigent reward
The idealized influence factor in the full range model is considered more effective than ______.
contingent reward
Authentic leadership can be defined from a ____ perspective, which is exemplified in the work of Avolio and his associates. This perspective views authentic leadership as something that can be nurtured in a leader, rather than a fixed trait. Authentic leadership develops in people over a lifetime and can be triggered by major life events, such as a severe illness or a new career.
developmental
In path-goal theory, ____ leadership is similar to the "initiating structure" concept described in the Ohio State studies and the "telling" style described in Situational Leadership. It characterizes a leader who gives followers instructions about their task, including what is expected of them, how it is to be done, and the timeline for when it should be completed.
directive
Pseudotransformational leadership ______.
focuses on the leader's own interests rather than the interests of others
Research has suggested that a transformational leadership approach is especially effective in work environments where ______.
followers are focused on learning and mastery
Carlos is captain of his club soccer team. The night before each match, he sends a unique text message to each player detailing how he thinks they should approach the game and what accomplishments he is expecting from them. Carlos is demonstrating which factor of transformational leadership?
individualized consideration
Which factor of transformational leadership encourages followers to think and problem solve in innovative ways?
intellectual stimulation
Which is not one of Kouzes and Posner's five exemplary practices of leadership?
intellectual stimulation the five real ones are: -Model the Way -Inspire a Shared Vision -Challenge the Process -Enable Others to Act -Encourage the Heart
According to Northouse, leader-member exchange theory conceptualizes leadership as a process that is centered on the ____ between leaders and followers.
interactions
The perspective that defines authentic leadership as a(n) ___ process outlines authentic leadership as relational, created by leaders and followers together.
interpersonal
One of the viewpoints of authentic leadership is the ____ perspective, which focuses closely on the leader and what goes on within the leader.
intrapersonal
Path-goal theory offers a large set of predictions for how a leader's s style interacts with followers' needs and the nature of the task. Among other things, it predicts that... supportive leadership
is effective for repetitive tasks
Path-goal theory offers a large set of predictions for how a leader's s style interacts with followers' needs and the nature of the task. Among other things, it predicts that... participative leadership
is effective when tasks are unclear and followers are autonomous
Path-goal theory offers a large set of predictions for how a leader's s style interacts with followers' needs and the nature of the task. Among other things, it predicts that... directive leadership
is effective with ambiguous tasks
The active form of management by exception ______.
is more effective than the passive form
Pseudotransformational leaders
leaders who have strong inspirational talent but are self-consumed, exploitive, and power-oriented, with warped moral values (Bass & Riggio, 2006)
Management-by-exception
leadership that involves corrective criticism, negative feedback, and negative reinforcement
According to Spears (2002), there are 10 major characteristics of servant leadership. Select all 10.
listening empathy healing awareness persuasion conceptualization foresight stewardship commitment to the growth of people building community
According to Linden, Panaccio, et al. (2014), the ____ of servant leadership are follower performance and growth, organizational performance, and societal impact.
outcomes
In path-goal theory, ____ leadership consists of inviting followers to share in the decision making.
participative
According to Northouse, ____ theory discusses how leaders motivate followers to accomplish designated goals.
path-goal
In his interviews, George (2003) found that authentic leaders have a real sense of ____.
purpose
internalized moral perspective
refers to a self-regulatory process whereby individuals use their internal moral standards and values to guide their behavior rather than allow outside pressures to control them
balanced processing
refers to an individual's ability to analyze information objectively and explore other people's opinions before making a decision
relational transparency
refers to being open and honest in presenting one's true self to others
According to your book, ____ leadership emphasizes that leaders should be attentive to the needs of followers, empower them, and help them develop their full human capacities.
servant
In contrast to the ____ approach, which suggests that a leader must adapt to the developmental level of followers, path-goal theory emphasizes the relationship between the leader's style and the characteristics of the followers and the organizational setting.
situational
In path-goal theory, ____ leadership resembles the consideration behavior construct that was identified by the Ohio State studies. This kind of leadership consists of being friendly and approachable as a leader and includes attending to the well-being and human needs of followers.
supportive
Idealized influence
the factor describing leaders who act as strong role models for followers; followers identify with these leaders and want very much to emulate them
Inspirational motivation
the factor describing leaders who communicate high expectations to followers, inspiring them through motivation to become committed to and a part of the shared vision in the organization
Intellectual stimulation
the factor that stimulates followers to be creative and innovative and to challenge their own beliefs and values as well as those of the leader and the organization
Which type of leadership is concerned with raising morality in both the leader and the follower?
transformational leadership
According to George (2003), authentic leaders understand their own ___ and behave toward others based on these values.
values
