criminal investigation midterm study cards
Which of the following factors is considered in determining the target utility? -Amount of criminal activity -Availability of sources of information -Amount of effort to be expended -Expertise of the intelligence unit personnel
Amount of criminal activity
What occurs when a teen sends nude or seminude pictures of himself or herself to other people with their cell phone? -Luring -Grooming -Sexting -Facilitating
sexting
All states throughout the country are placed in one of how many RISS regions? -Four -Six -Fifteen -Twenty-five
six
Which of the following is a type of intelligence that provides the investigator with information as to the capabilities and intentions of target subjects? -Tactical -ABC method -Strategic -Network-based
strategic
What is one of the most common methods of data description and integration? -Flowcharting -Link analysis -Commodity flow analysis -Event flow analysis
Link analysis
What program began with funding from the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) discretionary grant program? -RIEA -RISS -AMBER -IAFIS
RISS
Which RISS program provides officer safety information? -RISSafe -RISSGang -RISSLaw -RISSInfo
RISSafe
Which of the following is most likely true of undercover officers? -Undercover officers rarely get overtime pay. -Undercover officers develop weight problems. -Undercover officers never document information on suspects. -Undercover officers establish a fictitious story to conceal identity.
Undercover officers establish a fictitious story to conceal identity.
What does tier one of the WITSEC program provide for? -The hiding of a prisoner within the state prison system. -The hiding of a prisoner within the nation's federal prison system. -The release of incarcerated people and relocation from one part of the United States to another. -The relocation of non-incarcerated persons from one area of the United States to another.
The relocation of non-incarcerated persons from one area of the United States to another.
What problem with informants can arise when officers get too close to their informers and end up bend the rules? -Blackmail -Rip-offs -Double-dealing -Lying
blackmail
Which of the following sources of evidence is most fragile and should be collected first? -Testimonies -Hair -Blood -Fingerprints
fingerprints
Stephanie is called to the police station to view a photo lineup of possible offenders for a crime she witnessed. During the photo lineup she viewed one photo at a time and tried to compare each to the person she saw at the scene of the crime. What type of judgement is Stephanie using? -Absolute judgment -Relative judgment -Simultaneous judgment -Sequential judgment
Absolute judgement
Which crime below would typically require the use of an informant? -A burglary investigation -A gambling ring investigation -A robbery investigation -A sexual assault investigation
A gambling ring investigation
What is the RISS program? -A global wide program consisting of 100 regional centers and a technology support center that provide law enforcement services worldwide. -A regionwide program consisting of ten regional centers and a technology support center that provide flexible and locally based services to the western United States. -A nationwide program consisting of six regional centers and a technology support center that provide flexible and locally based services to local, state, federal, and tribal law enforcement and criminal justice agencies. -A regionwide program consisting of ten regional centers and a technology support center that provide flexible and locally based services to the eastern United States.
A nationwide program consisting of six regional centers and a technology support center that provide flexible and locally based services to local, state, federal, and tribal law enforcement and criminal justice agencies.
What is a "pen register"? -A pen register is a device that records numbers dialed from a telephone. -A pen register is a fake writing instrument designed to pick up conversations that can be recorded remotely (if desired). -A pen register is warrant application for a wiretap. -A pen register is another means to record voices on a telephone wiretap.
A pen register is a device that records numbers dialed from a telephone.
Which of the following statements most accurately defines the term link analysis? -A method used in the data description and integration phase to demonstrate a chain of events or activities over a period -Information developed for the purpose of eventually making an arrest and gaining a conviction in a court of law -A technique designed to show relationships between individuals and organizations using a graphical visual design -An effort taken to monitor only conversations specifically related to the criminal activity under investigation
A technique designed to show relationships between individuals and organizations using a graphical visual design
Which statement below correctly states Fourth Amendment court policies regarding the use of GPS tracking devices attached to vehicles? -Such devices may be attached to vehicles in public parking areas since there is no expectation of privacy in public places. -Because GPS devices are a substitute for ordinary visual surveillance, they can be used without a court order. -A warrant should be obtained for prolonged surveillance through smart phones or other devices with GPS capabilities. -There are no current court rulings on the use of GPS tracking devices.
A warrant should be obtained for prolonged surveillance through smart phones or other devices with GPS capabilities.
Which of the following is true regarding concerns of recap bias when admitting a tape of a confession into evidence? -Framing the tapes leads to more recap bias when the defense attorney showed a jury the confession. - They show the jury circumstances leading up to the confession. -After recounting a story over and over again, a suspect is likely to show less emotion and appear unusually callous. -There are no concerns of recap bias when showing jurors tapes of a confession.
After recounting a story over and over again, a suspect is likely to show less emotion and appear unusually callous.
Police use informants to solve certain crimes. Which person below falls under the typical definition of an informant? -Anyone who provides information of an investigative nature to law enforcement. -Victims. -Complainants in cases where the complainant is also the victim, especially in crimes against persons. -All of these are considered informants
Anyone who provides information of an investigative nature to law enforcement.
To be productive and successful, where should investigators conduct interviews? -At the police department -In the police squad car -At or near the crime scene to improve mental recall -At a location where the subject is mentally relaxed
At a location where the subject is mentally relaxed
In what type of line up do agencies use that involve two or more lineups, where one includes the suspect and the others do not? -Simultaneous -Absolute -Sequential -Blank
Blank
Not every law enforcement agency is able to support a dedicated ________. -CSI unit -Patrol unit -Dispatch unit -Support unit
CSI unit
What is defined as a criminal suspect's oral or written acknowledgement of guilt, often including details about a crime? -Omission -Confession -Admission -Expression
Confession
Of the following, which category of informants has been proven to be the most valuable in police investigations? -Average citizens -Fellow law enforcement officers -Mentally ill persons -Criminals or their associates
Criminals or their associates
Which of the following is the final stage of the intelligence process? -Analysis -Target selection -Dissemination -Data collection
Dissemination
Which of the following types of cases might covert information collection be used for? -Murder -Burglary -Arson -Drug distribution
Drug distribution
A police officer is using an informant to purchase drugs at a popular bar known for drug activity. The officer tells the informant, "I don't care what you have to do, just buy drugs from anyone inside and you'll get your money! "What legal question may arise following an arrest during this operation? -Fourth Amendment issues disallowing the evidence. -First Amendment issues by infringing on protected free speech in public areas. -Entrapment issues based on the instructions given to the informant. -Duress of the informant.
Entrapment issues based on the instructions given to the informant.
What criminal investigation technique analyzes the locations of a connected series of crimes to determine where the offender most likely resides? -Psychological profiling -Case linkage -Geographic profiling -Investigative linkage
Geographic profiling
Which of the following is a key technology in satellite-assisted surveillance? -Link analysis -Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) systems -Regional Information Sharing Systems (RISS) -Global Positioning System (GPS)
Global Positioning System (GPS)
What is a method that is used by online sexual predators to lure the children they meet? -Affection luring -Grooming -Maximization -Sexting
Grooming
Which of the following best describes the results of the Christopher Commission? -Guidelines that police are to exercise the minimum amount of force necessary to control a suspect -Definitions of the term arrest -Recommendations for off-duty officers who witness a crime in commission -Descriptions of the "deadly force triangle"
Guidelines that police are to exercise the minimum amount of force necessary to control a suspect
Online predators ________. -Do not seek out people under the age of 10 -Have a link of sexual offending in the "real" world and in the virtual world -Never meet up in person -Are becoming less and less frequent
Have a link of sexual offending in the "real" world and in the virtual world
One of the primary investigative tools used in working undercover that typically makes the introduction is/are: I. The informant II. Agents of the opposite sex III. Drug dealers IV. Lawyers -I, III, IV -I, II, III, IV - I -II, III, IV
I
In which of the following ways has the Internet changed society? I. It has provided people with the ability to explore possible problems-whether they are physical, mental, sexual, or social. II. It enables people to have social contact with others with considerable autonomy. III. It can offer persons the chance to explore interests that may or may not be lawful or otherwise "approved" by society. -I, III -II, III -I, II, III -I only
I, II, III
The term buy-bust refers to which undercover operation? I. Purchasing illicit drugs II. Placing an individual under arrest III. Having an automobile accident while on duty -II, III -I, II -I, III -I, II, III
I,II
When a police officer is compelled to use force, which standard or standards will courts use when determining whether such force was reasonable? I. "Standing in your shoes" II. "The actions of a reasonable officer" III. "Triangle of deadly force" -I only -I, II -II, III -I, II, III
I,II
Which are objectives of criminal investigation?I. Recover stolen propertyII. Preserve evidence in crimesIII. Prepare criminal cases for prosecution -I, III -I, II -II, III -I, II, III
I,II,III
When is an informant eligible to enter the federal Witness Security (WITSEC) program? -Whenever a threat is made in any felony prosecution -If the case in which the informant testifies in federal court and involves organized crime -If the prosecution is in federal court and the witness requests a new start due to the stigma of being a "snitch" -If the witness is a party to a crime involving violent felonies
If the case in which the informant testifies in federal court and involves organized crime
Which of the following best explains the growth of American police functions in the mid- to late-nineteenth century? -More petty street crime in mid-sized towns -Increased drug smuggling into American port cities -Incidents of mob violence between ethnic groups -Corruption within city halls in large cities
Incidents of mob violence between ethnic groups
Undercover officers must be careful not to entrap suspects. Entrapment occurs when undercover agents ________. -Avoid getting involved in a crime -Prohibit someone from committing a crime -Finance a criminal activity -Induce someone to commit a crime
Induce someone to commit a crime
Which of the following statements is a characteristic of the criminal intelligence function? -Criminal intelligence is reactive in nature. -Intelligence personnel work with deductive logic. -Successful intelligence leads conviction of the suspect. -Intelligence files are closed files.
Intelligence files are closed files
Which of the following is best recommended for controlling an informant? -Investigators should not have any personal contact with informants. -Investigators should allow informants great latitude in their activities. -Investigators should have frequent personal contact with informants. -Investigators should pay informants adequate amounts of money.
Investigators should have frequent personal contact with informants.
Which of the following is true of the triangulation method of sketching? -It is a top-down view of the crime scene, with the walls of the room "folded" down. -It is a bird's-eye view of the scene that uses fixed objects from which to measure. -It is usually used for sketching indoor crime scenes. -The baseline technique is a type of triangulation method.
It is a bird's-eye view of the scene that uses fixed objects from which to measure.
Which term best describes the problem that arises when a CI exaggerates or fabricates the criminal acts of targets? -Rip-off -Double-dealing -Lying -Blackmail
Lying
Which of the following is true regarding allegations of sexual misconduct between officers and informants who are of the opposite sex? -This happens a majority of the time when the officer and informant are of the opposite sex. -Many allegations have no basis but resulted in disciplinary action against the officer and a termination of the investigation. -This happens so often that there are rules against officers being allowed informants of the opposite sex. -Most allegations have proved to be truthful.
Many allegations have no basis but resulted in disciplinary action against the officer and a termination of the investigation.
While interrogating a defendant in a robbery case, Officer Giacomazzi tells the defendant that he feels sorry for him and that he knows that the defendant only committed the crime because he was financially strapped. What type of interrogation technique is Officer Giacomazzi using in this situation? -Duress -Coercion -Minimization -Isolation
Minimization
Which of the following is true regarding findings by researchers regarding the link between sexual offending in the "real" world and solicitation for sex in the virtual world? -More than half of online sexual predators had prior arrests for sexual offenses against minors. -Ten percent of sexual assault defendants were registered sex offenders at the time of their crimes. -Only three percent of sexual assault defendants met their victims on the Internet. -More than a quarter of the online sexual predators had prior arrests for nonsexual offenses.
More than a quarter of the online sexual predators had prior arrests for nonsexual offenses.
Which of the following statements is the BEST use of language in a police report? -Ms. Anderson observed the vehicle transporting multiple subjects near the mall. -The aforementioned victim observed the vehicle in the vicinity of the mall with several perpetrators inside. -The suspect vehicle was seen by Ms. Anderson near the mall. -Ms. Anderson saw the AMC Pacer with several men inside driving near the Appleton mall.
Ms. Anderson saw the AMC Pacer with several men inside driving near the Appleton mall.
Which is the most accurate interpretation of the "best evidence rule"? -Videotapes are usually better than photos. -Testimony is better than physical evidence. -Original notes are usually better than photocopies. -Authenticated photocopies are admissible in court.
Original notes are usually better than photocopies.
Surveillance is a process that allows investigators to perform which of the following actions? -Purge dated files no longer needed by the department -Review court decisions relevant to the crime -Make fragmented information flow in a logical sequence -Observe a suspect without arousing his or her suspicions
Observe a suspect without arousing his or her suspicions
Which of the following is part of overt collection? -Personal interaction with victims of crimes -Collecting data on criminal acts not yet occurred -Use of physical or electronic surveillance -Use of undercover officers
Personal interaction with victims of crimes
Which statement below best describes the use of the polygraph? -The polygraph is no longer allowed to be used by police due to some recent appellate court rulings. -Proper use of this tool can help an investigator determine a suspect's guilt or innocence. -The polygraph is admissible in all felony cases. -The polygraph is admissible only in misdemeanor cases.
Proper use of this tool can help an investigator determine a suspect's guilt or innocence.
Which term best describes the problem that arises when a CI sells the same information to two different agencies, causing them to unwittingly conduct simultaneous investigations? -Rip-off -Lying -Double-dealing -Blackmail
Rip-off
A woman called police from a public phone and refused to identify herself. She told the police a suspect had shown her marijuana in his car and told her that in a few minutes he would be driving to a specified geographical area with the drugs. The informant provided investigators specific details about the suspect's vehicle and license plate number. The police followed up on the information given to them by the concerned citizen and located the vehicle. They stopped the vehicle, conducted a search, and found drugs in the car. The suspect was subsequently arrested.Which statement below best reflects the credibility of the informant and the legality of the police actions? -The woman is credible, and the officers had probable cause to search the vehicle and arrest the suspect. -Since the woman did not identify herself, the woman is not legally credible and as a result, the officers did not have probable cause to search the vehicle and arrest the suspect. -The woman is presumed credible since no evidence exists to overcome the presumption, thus the officers had probable cause to search the vehicle and arrest the suspect. -The woman is not credible since a legitimate motivation was not identified by the police, thus the search and arrest are void.
Since the woman did not identify herself, the woman is not legally credible and as a result, the officers did not have probable cause to search the vehicle and arrest the suspect.
Traditional interviewers attempt to bring out information by asking what type of questions? -Specific -Leading -Probing -Open-ended
Specific
After an investigation into a white-collar crime of theft, a married man with three older children is arrested. The investigator thinks that the suspect may be affected by an emotional appeal, so the interrogator speaks in low tones, and includes expressions of concern and understanding for the suspect, his or her spouse, children, business, and so on.Which interrogation style is the investigator using? -Logical style -Sympathetic style -Indifferent style -Face-saving style
Sympathetic style
The intelligence function includes target selection, data collection, data collation and analysis, and dissemination. During the investigation, investigators are answering these three questions .• Does this target conform to the unit's goals and objectives? • Does the department (unit) have sufficient resources for the operation? • What is the expected value of the target? What phase of the intelligence gathering process are the investigators in? -Target selection -Data collection -Date collection and analysis -Dissemination
Target selection
Which of the following is the first step in the intelligence gathering process? -Target selection -Collection -Dissemination -Analysis
Target selection
A police officer stops a car for a traffic violation. The officer conducts a legal search of the vehicle after obtaining consent from the driver. The officer discovered three ounces of cocaine in the car. The driver is given a choice to be charged with felony possession with intent to deliver a controlled substance or cooperate with the police to identify and arrest the source of the cocaine.What may motivate the driver to become an informant in this case? In other words, identify the category of informant the driver is most likely to fall under? -The fearful informant -The financially motivated informant -The revengeful informant -The reformed informant
The fearful informant
What are the elements common to most undercover operations? -The introduction, the cover, the acceptance, and the "after action" -The introduction, the acceptance, the buy, the arrest, covering the informant, and the "after action" -The introduction, the deal, the arrest, the informant debrief, and the "after action" -The introduction, evidence gathering, surveillance, the buy/bust, and the prosecution
The introduction, the acceptance, the buy, the arrest, covering the informant, and the "after action"
In which of the following ways do proactive investigations differ from reactive ones? -The investigation is conducted after the crime is committed. -The suspect is identified after he or she commits the crime. -The investigation is conducted before the crime is committed. -These types of investigations are most commonly used for homicide cases.
The investigation is conducted before the crime is committed
An investigator in plain clothes is conducting surveillance from an undercover (U.C.) van parked in a high crime area. He observes suspicious activity on a street corner known as a busy drug sales area. A suspect receives a wad of money and immediately walks away from the small group. The suspect begins to walk quickly and is heading south, and the investigator will lose sight of the suspect soon. The investigator has a second, backup investigator in plain clothes across the street on a bench.Based on the facts in this situation, what is the best surveillance method the investigator should utilize in order to track the suspect? -The investigator should follow the suspect in his U.C. police vehicle while the back-up officer stays with the group on the corner. -The investigator should use the one-officer surveillance method while the back-up officer stays with the group on the corner. -The investigator should use the two-officer surveillance method to follow the suspect. -The investigator should use the ABC method to follow the suspect.
The investigator should use the two-officer surveillance method to follow the suspect.
What did a study from the American Psychological Association find regarding the statistics of Internet predators and today's youth? -The majority of Internet predators do not pose as children as the prior conception of the Internet predator stereotype was perceived. -The majority of Internet predators followed a preconceived notion that they pose as children to lure victims on the Internet. -Half of all Internet predators pose as peers when trying to lure child victims. -Internet predators never tell potential victims their true age and intentions.
The majority of Internet predators do not pose as children as the prior conception of the Internet predator stereotype was perceived.
Which of the processes described below describes covert intelligence collection methods? -Direct questioning of witnesses, actors, and other sources of information -The use of physical surveillance, electronic surveillance, informants, and undercover officers -An interview with the victim of a crime -The patrol division gathers covert intelligence by noting any activity around residences or businesses operated by major criminals in the area.
The use of physical surveillance, electronic surveillance, informants, and undercover officers
A woman contacted police and identified herself. She told the police a suspect had shown her marijuana in his car and told her that in a few minutes he would be driving to a specified geographical area with the drugs. The informant provided investigators specific details about the suspect's vehicle and license plate number. The police followed up on the information given to them by the concerned citizen and located the vehicle. They stopped the vehicle, conducted a search, and found drugs in the car. The suspect was subsequently arrested. Which statement below best reflects the credibility of the informant and the legality of the police actions (State v. Lindquist)? -The woman is credible, and the officers had probable cause to search the vehicle and arrest the suspect. -Since the woman did not have a history of reliability, the woman is not legally credible and as a result, the officers did not have probable cause to search the vehicle and arrest the suspect. -The woman is credible, but this only gives the police reasonable suspicion, not probable cause, resulting in the suppression of the evidence obtained in an illegal search. -The woman is not credible since a legitimate motivation was not identified by the police, thus the search and arrest are void.
The woman is credible, and the officers had probable cause to search the vehicle and arrest the suspect.
An undercover police officer approached a suspected drug dealer in a bar. The undercover officer purchased a beer for the suspect and began a conversation about sports. The officer then told the suspect that he was out of a job and was wondering how he was going to pay his rent and other bills. The suspect became comfortable with the officer and said, "Are you looking to make a little money?" The officer replied, "I would love to make some cash. What do you have in mind?" The suspect said, "I'm looking for some help in selling some Oxy. Are you interested?" Based on the undercover operation above, what can be said about the issue of entrapment? -There is entrapment because the officer induced the suspect to commit a crime. -There is no entrapment because the officer induced the suspect to commit a crime. -There is entrapment because the officer provided an opportunity to commit a crime. -There is no entrapment because the officer provided an opportunity to commit a crime.
There is no entrapment because the officer provided an opportunity to commit a crime.
A police department is holding intelligence files that are no longer accurate or are not relevant to the mission of the unit, do not pertain to investigative interests and activities, and contain insufficient supporting documentation. What should the police department do with these files? -These files should be purged. -The files should be held indefinitely. -The files should be transferred to the long-term file repository for possible future reference. -The files should be delivered to local media.
These files should be purged
Unless the patrol officer is able to make an immediate, on-scene arrest, 12 essential questions need direct answers to determine the solvability of the case. Based on the following facts, use the solvability factors identified in the text to answer the solvability question in this case: A 32-year-old woman was physically assaulted by her live-in boyfriend. He used a lamp to strike the woman in the back of the head while she was attempting to escape his grasp during an argument. The man left the scene prior to police arriving. -Because there are no other witnesses, this case is not easily solvable. It is a "he-said, she-said" situation. Refer the woman to the domestic abuse shelter for counseling and services and close the case. -The man has left the scene and his current whereabouts are unknown. Because of this, the case is not easily solvable. Keep the case open but suspend active investigation duties. Refer the woman to the domestic abuse shelter for counseling and services. -This case is highly solvable. Collect statements and evidence, obtain an arrest warrant, document the scene and refer the woman to the domestic abuse shelter for counseling and services. There is not enough information given in the scenario to determine the solvability of the case.
This case is highly solvable. Collect statements and evidence, obtain an arrest warrant, document the scene and refer the woman to the domestic abuse shelter for counseling and services. There is not enough information given in the scenario to determine the solvability of the case.
A police officer stops a car for a traffic violation. The officer conducts a legal search of the vehicle after obtaining consent from the driver. The officer discovered stolen property and a large amount of illegal prescription drugs in the car. The driver is given a choice to be charged with felony possession with intent to deliver a controlled substance or cooperate with the police to identify and arrest the source of the drugs.What process is the officer using? -This is an unlawful process in violation of the suspect's Fifth Amendment, due process rights. -This process is known as "flipping." -This process is known as "legal coercion." -This process is known as "duress."
This process is known as "flipping."
Technically, what is the role of intelligence personnel? -To collect and process crime scene evidence -To deliver information to line personnel -To investigate crimes -To conduct neighborhood canvasses for intelligence
To deliver information to line personnel
Which of the following best describes the goal of the RISS projects? -To give both real-time and historical navigation data -To facilitate overt intelligence collection -To assume a position of noninvolvement in policy formation -To offer access to intelligence databases and connect disparate systems
To offer access to intelligence databases and connect disparate systems
When can intelligence operations be misguided? -When they focus operations on organized crime. -When they gather information on persons based solely on their dissident political activities or views. -When they gather information covertly. -When they gather intelligence on drug cartel operations.
When they gather information on persons based solely on their dissident political activities or views.
A self-incriminating statement made by the suspect that falls short of an acknowledgment of guilt is known as a(n) ________. -coerced internalization -confession -false confession -admission
admission
What is the area where all apparent actions associated with the crime took place? -Walk -Trail -Path -Stage
trail
A police officer is investigating a burglary and is using fingerprint powder and a fingerprint brush at the point of entry to locate possible fingerprints. What kind of fingerprints is the officer looking for? -Visible -Plastic -Latent -Loops
latent
Which of the following is being analyzed when RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) technique is being used? -Handwriting -DNA -Personality profile -Facial composite
DNA
Which of the following are the two major methods of fingerprint preservation? -Coloring and burning -Marking and tampering -Staining and processing -Photographing and lifting
Photographing and lifting
Which study revealed that most property offenses receive only cursory attention? -RAND study -PERF study -Minneapolis study -New Perspectives in Policing study
RAND study
Which of the following best expresses the purpose of using markers at a crime scene? -To register specific places on videotape at the crime scene -To assist in listing all physical evidence at the scene -To provide a sense of the size of physical evidence -To determine the suitable lighting at the crime scene
To provide a sense of the size of physical evidence
Which of the following is an interrogation style of interrogation in which an investigator attempts to give the suspect a rationale to justify his or her participation in the crime? -Accusatory -Face-saving -Egotistical -Indifferent
face-saving
Patrol and surveillance functions fall under ________. -Arrest functions -Field operations -Investigative functions -Forensic functions
field operations
What lighting technique is good to use indoors on hard floors? -Oblique -Flood -Ground -Flash
oblique
Part of the allure of the classic detective novels of the early twentieth century was the introduction of the ________. -Police specialist -Private eye -Forensic investigator -"CSI effect"
private eye
After an initial evaluation of evidence in a case, the criminal investigator draws conclusions through a process of reasoning. This process is typically achieved through inductive or deductive reasoning. Which of the following statements is an example of strong inductive reasoning? -My daughter likes red; therefore, red is a feminine color. -The suspect was driving a car; therefore, the driver has a driver's license. -The wind is blowing at 10 mph. -All observed crows are black; therefore, all crows are black.
All observed crows are black; therefore, all crows are black.
Which of the following should be included in a police officer's field notes? -Dates, times, and locations -Description of the victim -Wounds on the victim -All of these should be in an officer's field notes.
All of these should be in an officer's field notes.
Tasks required of the follow-up investigator include ________. -Conducting a neighborhood canvass for potential witnesses -Checking police intelligence files to develop potential suspects -Collecting evidence -Processing evidence
Checking police intelligence files to develop potential suspects
In which case did the Supreme Court establish that a person arrested must generally be provided with a judicial determination of probable cause within 48 hours after arrest? -County of Riverside v. McLaughlin -Payton v. New York -Draper v. United States -Brinegar v. United States
County of Riverside v. McLaughlin
Which is the best usage of a close-up photo? -Conducting surveillance -Getting a picture of a getaway car -Documenting Powder burns -Documenting interviews
Documenting Powder burns
Which amendment was passed in 1868 and extended due process to each of the states? -Fourteenth -Fourth -Sixth -Fifth
Fourteenth
Which of the following statements is a major recommendation that arose from the PERF study? -Since physical evidence is seldom used in identifying suspects, less emphasis should be placed on gathering such evidence. -Police departments should develop policies and guidelines encouraging the use of evidence technicians in routine cases such as burglary and robbery even when there has been no physical injury to victims. -Greater emphasis should be placed on the collection and use of physical evidence because it can be effective in corroborating other evidence of suspect identification. -Police officers should limit time locating witnesses through the use of a neighborhood canvass since this effort is highly ineffective and thus wastes critical time required to solve cases.
Greater emphasis should be placed on the collection and use of physical evidence because it can be effective in corroborating other evidence of suspect identification.
What are coercive police methods that sequentially manipulate a suspect's perception of the situation, expectations for the future, and motivation to shift from denial to admission? -Interrogation -Minimization -Psychological coercion -Cognitive confession
Psychological coercion
In order for a police officer to conduct a Terry Stop, what legal threshold must exist? -Mere suspicion -Reasonable suspicion -Probable cause -Proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Reasonable suspicion
Because of the changing nature of criminal activity and the role of the investigator, the objectives of a criminal investigation may be more complex than people imagine. Which of the following are objectives of criminal investigations? -Locate and identify a suspect for every crime and obtain a 100% conviction rate -Convict all suspects and recover stolen property -Recover stolen property and prepare sound criminal cases for prosecution -Conduct searches and obtain convictions in all cases regardless of guilt
Recover stolen property and prepare sound criminal cases for prosecution
The distinction between an interview can often be blurred, but can be expressed in what way? -The purpose of the contact. -The type of notes that are taken by the officer. -The imposition of coercion. -The interrogation always precedes every interview.
The purpose of the contact.
When are Miranda warnings required to be read to a suspect? -Whenever a person is in custody and prior to interrogation -Whenever a person is arrested, immediately at the time of arrest -Whenever a person is interrogated regarding a crime -Whenever a police officer is questioning a suspect
Whenever a person is in custody and prior to interrogation
In general, officers are permitted to conduct a protective search or sweep of the premises when they have reasonable grounds to believe that a person within the premises is in immediate need of assistance or ________. -an unusual odor surrounding the crime scene is present -a perpetrator is present -the premises is privately owned -a search of the premises may result in a felony arrest
a perpetrator is present
A sample or exemplar of handwriting for comparison in questioned document cases is also known as ________. -A composite -A script -A guide -A standard
a standard
One of the goals of conducting an interrogation is to obtain a confession. What is a key psychological factor in obtaining an admission or a confession? -Using bright lights in a sparsely furnished room -Creating privacy -The threat of a lie detector test -Allowing a significant family member present during questioning
creating privacy
What are generally defined as information learned personally by the investigator and not conclusions presumed by him or her? -Hearsay -Objectivity -Facts -Accuracy
facts
Which of the following refers to the reasoning that takes us beyond what we know to conclusions about what we don't know? -The "CSI effect" -Crime solving -Forensic dentistry -Inductive reasoning
inductive reasoning
Which term below is defined as, "The minimum amount of information necessary to warrant a reasonable person to believe that a crime has been or is being committed by a person who is about to be arrested"? -Reasonable suspicion -Probable cause -Preponderance of evidence -Proof beyond a reasonable doubt
probable cause
Criminal investigations are conducted through the use of three different responses: reactive, proactive, and preventive. Which of the following crimes would normally require a "reactive" investigation? -Gambling -Loansharking -Prostitution -Robbery
robbery
Which of the following is a procedure established to study human blood stains and distinguish them from the blood of most other animals? -Toxicology -Odontology -Cryptanalysis -Serology
serology
"The phenomenon in which jurors hold unrealistic expectations of forensic evidence and investigation techniques, and have an increased interest in the discipline of forensic science" is known as ________. -the "CSI effect" -proof beyond "ALL doubt" syndrome -the courtroom "science" requirement -the forensic science expectation syndrome
the "CSI effect"
By around 1800, the first well-known investigators in England were not paid as police officers but rather, were paid a percentage of all fines resulting from successful prosecution of thieves. These investigators soon became known as ________. -the London Crime Team -the England Bail Bondsmen -Scotland Yard -the Bow Street Runners
the bow street runners
A variety of techniques, including the use of chemicals, powders, lasers, alternate light sources, and other physical means, are used in ________. -DNA analysis -the detection and development of latent fingerprints -tool mark comparisons -trace evidence searches
the detection and development of latent fingerprints
What type of response is a traditional interviewer looking to elicit? -Extensive -Drawn out -Very brief -Long narrative
very brief
In which regular course of their duties do criminal investigators confront investigations relating to organized crime activity? -Personal background -Vice -Infractions of law -Suspected violations of criminal law
vice
Which of the following is a basic fingerprint pattern? -Wave -Corkscrew -Spiral -Whorl
whorl
Which of the following questions is an example of the probing technique? -"How tall was the suspect?" -"When you say you saw the men drive away, describe the manner that they were operating the car." -"What color was the suspect's hair?" -"What was the angle of the plane as it approached the airport?"
"When you say you saw the men drive away, describe the manner that they were operating the car."
When conducting a neighborhood canvass, what question is a common error of officers to ask which may permit a witness to unwittingly exclude a person of interest? -"Who should I speak to that may have knowledge of the crime or victim?" -"Is there anyone that may not live here that I should speak to?" -"Who lives here?" -"Is there anyone else who may drop by this location?"
"Who lives here?"
From an evidentiary standpoint, digital images must be handled with special care and consideration to preserve their integrity as evidence. Copies of the images contained on the original storage media can (and should) be copied to ________. -A memory stick -A computer hard drive -An SD card -A compact disc (CD)
A compact disc (CD)
Which of the following is a basic component of a police department's reporting system? -A format that logically guides the identification of leads that experience and research have demonstrated are most likely to result in case solution. -An opportunity for details of the investigation to provide duplicate tasks already completed to ensure all investigatory objectives are met. -A host of patrol officers who are available to submit reports to the dispatcher. -A structured response plan to respond to felony cases.
A format that logically guides the identification of leads that experience and research have demonstrated are most likely to result in case solution.
A police officer is investigating a homicide in a home office. The victim was shot several times. There are two bullet holes in the wall behind the desk, blood splatter on the wall behind the desk, several bullet casings on the floor, and a bloody handprint on the cordless phone lying on the floor next to the victim. What is the BEST crime scene measuring system the officer should use to document this crime scene? -Baseline Method -Cross-projection Method -Hybrid Cross/Base Spectrum Method -Triangulation Method
Cross-projection Method
Generally, when should police officers begin to take notes? -As soon as an officer gets a call to the scene of a crime -After arrival at the scene and the scene is rendered SAFE -After the first interview of either the victim or a witness found at or near the scene -Note taking is a very personal process and each officer should decide on his or her own when to begin to take notes.
As soon as an officer gets a call to the scene of a crime
A police officer is at a crime scene and locates a footprint in a flowerbed near an open window. The window is examined closely and pry marks are discovered on the lower window sash and the window sill indicating forced entry. The police officer pointed out the evidence to the investigator who photographed the evidence and collected the footwear impression using a liquid footwear casting system. Who is required to testify in court to get the evidence admitted during the trial? -The investigator who collected the evidence -The police officer who discovered the evidence -Both the police officer who discovered the evidence and the investigator who collected the evidence are usually required to testify. -Everyone at the crime scene is required to testify.
Both the police officer who discovered the evidence and the investigator who collected the evidence are usually required to testify.
When first encountering a witness or victim, it is important for the investigator to allow the person to state in his or her own words what occurred. How is this best accomplished? -By asking the person simple, direct questions about chronological details such as, "What did you see when you first arrived?" -By creating a private setting and allowing the person to write down everything that happened and after this is accomplished, clarify the written statement with specific follow-up questions -By instructing all victims and witnesses to refrain from talking until investigators arrive to formally get their statements -By asking the simple question, "What happened?"
By asking the simple question, "What happened?"
Which of the following lists the appropriate order of steps involved in writing a report? -Collecting information about a crime scene, organizing information, completing notes, preparing the report -Collecting information about a crime scene, completing notes, preparing the report, proofreading the report -Collecting information about a crime scene, organizing information, evaluating the information, preparing the report -Collecting information about a crime scene, preparing the report, evaluating the report, organizing the notes
Collecting information about a crime scene, completing notes, preparing the report, proofreading the report
Profiling gained popularity during the 1980s, when the FBI became heavily involved in the profiling of which type of criminals? I. Arsonists II. Bank robbers III. Sex offenders -II only -I, III -I, II -II, III
I,III
Which of the following is true about the computer voice stress analyzer (CVSA)? -It requires wires and microphone to be attached to the subject being tested. -Drugs affect the result of the CVSA, unlike polygraph. -It is restricted to "yes/no" answers for accurate analysis of conversations. -Increase in the frequency modulation of voice is indicative of the subject lying.
Increase in the frequency modulation of voice is indicative of the subject lying.
What is the search warrant return? -It is an itemized inventory of all property and material seized by officers at the location of the search. -It is review of the search warrant for probable cause. -It is the process in which police officers return the original warrant back to the judge of issue whenever the warrant is not served within the time requirements. -It is the process of review by the judge prior to signing the warrant.
It is an itemized inventory of all property and material seized by officers at the location of the search.
What statement below best summarizes the current use of crime scene sketches? -The crime scene sketch is no longer an integral part of the crime scene investigation because crime scene video and digital photography have replaced it significantly. -The crime scene sketch is limited in its ability to tell the story as to what happened at the time of the crime. -Jurors, typically, can relate to a well-drafted sketch depicting all-important areas of the crime scene location. -Investigators are using crime scene sketches less since they are less accurate and meaningful in comparison to crime scene photography due to the CSI effect.
Jurors, typically, can relate to a well-drafted sketch depicting all-important areas of the crime scene location.
For every photograph taken at a crime scene, which of the following is an unnecessary detail to record? -Shutter speed -Lighting at the crime scene -Direction of the photo -Distance of the photo
Lighting at the crime scene
The ________ states that whenever the perpetrator of a crime comes into contact with the scene, he or she will both bring something into the scene and leave with something from the scene. In other words, this principle asserts that every contact leaves minimally, a trace of evidence. -best evidence rule -prima facie evidence rule -exigent circumstance principle -Locard's principle
Locard's principle
Which one of the following statements is true regarding arrests in the United States? -An arrest is not valid unless the officer uses the term "arrest" to the suspect. -Making an arrest is a dangerous process for a police officer. -Generally, an arrest warrant is not necessary for misdemeanors. -Both felony and misdemeanor arrest warrants are authorized for day and night service.
Making an arrest is a dangerous process for a police officer.
________ may result in highly suggestible and confused suspects beginning to believe they are guilty of the crime they didn't commit. -Maximization -Think-aloud interviewing -Verbal probing -Microtremors
Maximization
What cases can involve property value up to $1500, and auto larceny cases? -Felonies -Civil -Domestic -Misdemeanors
Misdemeanors
Which of the following is the best interpretation of the Frye standard? -New scientific evidence is held to a higher standard because of its recent discovery. -Unusual scientific evidence can be considered admissible only when three expert witnesses verify its validity. -Unusual scientific evidence must be proven relevant and legally obtained before it can be considered admissible in court. -Which of the following is the best interpretation of the Frye standard? -New scientific evidence is held to a higher standard because of its recent discovery.
New scientific evidence is held to a higher standard because of its recent discovery.
Officer Peters is about to interview a victim and must prepare several questions. Which of the following types of questions should he rely on most to force the interviewee to relate to the statement? -Leading questions -Hypothetical questions -Closed-ended questions -Open-ended questions
Open-ended questions
In the late 1970s, the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice awarded a grant to the RAND Corporation to undertake a nationwide study of criminal investigations by police agencies in major U.S. cities. Which of the statements below identify a major recommendation of this study? -Less serious crimes, such as drug violations, gambling, and prostitution, are major causes of serious crimes such as murder, rape, and robbery. -Patrol officers should be afforded greater responsibilities in conducting preliminary investigations, providing greater case-screening capabilities for investigators while eliminating redundancy. -There should be less emphasis on increased forensic resources for processing latent fingerprints and more emphasis on intelligence gathering. -Crimes that require special investigative abilities should be handled by patrol officers and thus agencies should eliminate specialized investigators.
Patrol officers should be afforded greater responsibilities in conducting preliminary investigations, providing greater case-screening capabilities for investigators while eliminating redundancy.
What presents facts that the officer believes constitute probable cause to justify the issuance of a warrant? -Search warrant return -Search warrant statement -Search warrant affidavit -Search warrant execution
Search warrant affidavit
An investigator is interviewing a witness to an armed robbery. The witness is willing to talk and is offering a lot of details during the interview. What is the best method to record notes during this interview? -Attempt to take complete notes while the citizen is narrating a story and continually ask the witness to: "Go on..." when the witness slows down to allow you to write everything down. -Ask the witness to slow down so that you can take better notes. -Do not take any notes. - Take brief notes consisting of names, addresses, and certain phrases that will outline the narrative for review.
Take brief notes consisting of names, addresses, and certain phrases that will outline the narrative for review.
An investigative tool gaining considerable popularity with law enforcement agencies is the computer voice stress analyzer (CVSA). Which statement below is true of this technology? -The admiration of the CVSA test requires lengthy training similar to the polygraph. -The CVSA detects, measures, and displays changes in the voice print frequency. -Like the polygraph, the CVSA test requires "yes" or "no" answers. -None of these statements is true regarding CVSA.
The CVSA detects, measures, and displays changes in the voice print frequency.
Review the following facts from Arizona v. Gant (2009). Police officers arrested Rodney Gant for driving with a suspended license. After he was handcuffed and locked in the back of a patrol car, officers searched his car and found cocaine in a jacket located on the backseat. Gant moved to suppress the cocaine found by police.How did the U.S. Supreme Court rule on the search incident to arrest issue in this case? -The Court held that the search-incident-to-arrest exception to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement justified the search in this case. -The Court held that the search-incident-to-arrest exception to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement was not at issue and the search and ultimate seizure of contraband was lawful. -The Court held that the search-incident-to-arrest exception to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement did NOT justify the search in this case because the arrestee was not within reaching distance of the passenger compartment at the time of the search. -The Court held that the driving with a suspended license and drug trafficking are inherently linked and as such, the search in this case was lawful.
The Court held that the search-incident-to-arrest exception to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement did NOT justify the search in this case because the arrestee was not within reaching distance of the passenger compartment at the time of the search.
Generally speaking, how does the U.S. Supreme Court treat searches that are conducted by police without a warrant? -The Court presumes that the searches are reasonable. -The Court presumes that the searches are reasonable if based on reasonable suspicion. -The Court considers the officer's testimony and whether a clear and convincing motive is present in the officer's decision to search. -The Court presumes that the searches are unreasonable.
The Court presumes that the searches are unreasonable.
The criminal investigator must incorporate skills of critical thinking with known scientific methods in their investigations. When comparing these two approaches to criminal investigation, which statement below best reflects a scientific method? -The collection of data through observation and experimentation and the formulation and testing of hypotheses -An ability to recognize problems and to find workable means for meeting those problems -Being disposed to consider in a thoughtful way the problems and subjects that come within the range of one's experiences -Deliberately evaluates the quality of thinking
The collection of data through observation and experimentation and the formulation and testing of hypotheses
A police officer stops a car for speeding and conducts an illegal search of the trunk without a warrant or consent from the owner or operator. During the search, the officer however, finds three kilos of cocaine, $35,000 in cash, and several stolen guns. Based on the exclusionary rule, what are the courts likely to do with the evidence in this case? -The courts will likely admit the evidence into court. -The courts will likely admit the stolen guns into court due to the "Greater Danger" premise but will exclude the other evidence from court proceedings. - The courts will look at the totality of the circumstances, and based on the suspect's previous convictions, will determine whether or not the evidence will be admitted. -The courts will likely exclude the evidence from court.
The courts will likely exclude the evidence from court.
What has research concluded regarding the draw that the CSI effect has on individuals? -The effect is born out of a longing to believe that desirable, clever, and morally unimpeachable individuals are fighting to clear the names of the innocent and put the bad guys behind them. -The effect is born out of a desire to be able to carry a gun and solve forensic problems. -The effect is born out of a desire to help those in need and look good doing it. -The effect is born out of a desire to be able to be 100% certain about forensic findings.
The effect is born out of a longing to believe that desirable, clever, and morally unimpeachable individuals are fighting to clear the names of the innocent and put the bad guys behind them.
Which statement below is true regarding a crime scene finished sketch. -The finished sketch is a completed sketch usually drawn to scale from information contained on the rough sketch. -The finished sketch must be drawn by someone who was at the scene. -If the finished sketch is not drawn to scale, measurements are not required to be added to the sketch. -A finished sketch MUST be drawn to scale.
The finished sketch is a completed sketch usually drawn to scale from information contained on the rough sketch.
A police officer is investigating the theft of a CD at a retail store. The complainant states that an anonymous person reported that the suspect fits a description of the person who stole a CD that is missing from inventory. The suspect is denying any involvement. The CD has not been recovered. Based on this information, what statement below is true regarding an arrest of the suspect in this case? -The officer may arrest the suspect because the officer has probable cause. -The officer may arrest the suspect because the officer has reasonable suspicion. -The officer may NOT arrest the suspect because the officer must have a confession in order to arrest even though he has probable cause. -The officer may NOT arrest the suspect because the officer does not have probable cause.
The officer may NOT arrest the suspect because the officer does not have probable cause.
A police officer notices a man looking into a store repeatedly. The man is wearing dark clothing and a hat that is obscuring his face. Additionally, the man's right hand never leaves his right jacket pocket and a suspicious bulge in the same pocket of some sort is evident.Which statement below correctly identifies the officer's constitutional actions? -The officer may arrest the man for attempted armed robbery. -The officer may only continue to observe the man until the man commits a crime. -The officer may enter into a consensual conversation with the man but may not search, nor take any action. The man may legally walk away. -The officer may conduct a stop and frisk to investigate the intentions of the man. The man may not walk away.
The officer may conduct a stop and frisk to investigate the intentions of the man. The man may not walk away.
A police officer is interrogating a suspect in a white-collar crime case where several hundred thousand dollars are suspected to have been stolen. When asked if knows anything about the missing money, the suspect puts his hands over his mouth and says, "I don't know what you're talking about."What conclusion can the investigator draw from the suspect's behavior and answer? -The suspect is probably being truthful. -The suspect is definitely being truthful. -The suspect does not understand the question and is stalling. -The suspect is probably lying.
The suspect is probably lying.
Traditionally, what has been true of the responsibility of patrol officers in criminal investigations? -They have not had any responsibilities in criminal investigations. -Their responsibilities have been enormous. -Their responsibilities have been limited. -They had full responsibilities for all criminal investigations.
Their responsibilities have been limited.
How should biohazardous materials be handled by evidence collectors? -They should be double bagged in secure plastic bags, taped or secured by adhesives, and labeled as a biohazardous material. -They should be double bagged in secure paper bags, taped or secured by adhesives, and labeled as a biohazardous material. -They should be double bagged in secure plastic bags, secured by staples, and labeled as a biohazardous material. -They should be single bagged in secure paper bags, taped or secured by adhesives, and labeled as a biohazardous material.
They should be double bagged in secure plastic bags, taped or secured by adhesives, and labeled as a biohazardous material.
Which of the following combinations of traits will most accurately predict that a suspect is telling the truth? -Rapid blinking, hand on chin -Chin on chest, raised eyebrows -Dilated pupils, hands over mouth -Tilted head, hand on chin
Tilted head, hand on chin
Why should entries into crime scenes be conducted only when necessary? -To avoid causing inconvenience to bystanders -To minimize the work of responding officers who note and record any alterations that may have occurred -To provide defense attorneys with a basis for discrediting the investigators - To avoid the destruction or contamination of important evidence
To avoid the destruction or contamination of important evidence
What is the purpose of the cognitive interview? -To reduce false confessions -To elicit better information from victims and witnesses -To obtain confessions from suspects -To aid investigators in obtaining consent to a polygraph
To elicit better information from victims and witnesses
For which purpose will an officer most likely broadcast a flash description? -To enable other officers to quickly apprehend a suspect still in the vicinity -To alert medical emergency personnel of an injured person -To warn passersby to avoid a recent crime scene -To record the names and addresses of potential witnesses to a crime
To enable other officers to quickly apprehend a suspect still in the vicinity
Which of the following is a goal of an investigative interview? -To obtain an admission of guilt from the suspect - To obtain information through a formal and nonaccusatory conversation -To obtain information through the imposition of restrictions on physical behavior -To obtain information through a rather informal and accusatory conversation
To obtain information through a formal and nonaccusatory conversation
An investigator finds possible textile fibers and animal hair on a nude homicide victim. Which crime laboratory forensic unit identifies and compares textile fibers and animal hair that may have been transferred during the commission of this violent crime? -Trace Evidence Unit -Questioned Documents Unit -Chemistry Section -DNA Analysis Unit
Trace Evidence Unit
Which is the best method of seizing a handgun as evidence? -Using two fingers to hold the grip -Inserting a ball-point pen into the barrel -Picking it up with a cloth handkerchief -Sticking a pencil through the trigger guard
Using two fingers to hold the grip
Which of the following is true regarding the interviewing of witnesses at a crime scene? -When circumstances permit, the neighborhood surrounding the crime scene should be canvassed to identify additional witnesses and other persons who may have information bearing upon the crime scene. -Often, the arrival of police leads to persons who have witnessed the crime or have information to stick around so they can become involved in the investigation. -Preliminary interviews of witnesses should take place only after the collection of evidence at the crime scene. -Officers should only be concerned with obtaining the names of witnesses immediately.
When circumstances permit, the neighborhood surrounding the crime scene should be canvassed to identify additional witnesses and other persons who may have information bearing upon the crime scene.
In the evidence-collection process, contamination of evidence occurs most commonly when evidence is not properly secured, is wrongfully mixed with other types of evidence, or is altered significantly from its original condition at the crime scene. What are the legal consequences if evidence is not handled properly? -When this occurs, the evidence is usually rendered inadmissible or "incompetent" by the court. -The evidence is usually admissible, but the officer may be impeached by defense counsel in the handling of the evidence. -The evidence may be admissible if officer can show that in "good faith" the errors were based on poor training or poor information at the time of collection. -The evidence is not admissible, but officers and prosecution may still use the information to convict the suspect.
When this occurs, the evidence is usually rendered inadmissible or "incompetent" by the court.
Prima facie evidence is evidence established by law that at face value proves a fact in dispute. Which of the following is an example of prima facie evidence? -Wisconsin state law states that anyone with a blood alcohol content over .08 is operating illegally on Wisconsin highways. -John is found with the murder weapon in the trunk of his car during a routine traffic stop. -Four witnesses all describe the same suspect, Michael Peterson, as the person who left the bar with the victim earlier in the evening. -The estranged husband confessed that he shot his wife during an argument.
Wisconsin state law states that anyone with a blood alcohol content over .08 is operating illegally on Wisconsin highways.
An investigator is interrogating a suspect in a sexual assault. The investigator asked, "Why did you force yourself on her?" The suspect answered, "I had sex with her, but it was consensual! "What kind of statement did the suspect just make? -A confession -A false confession -An admission -A legal denial per State v. Illinois
an admission
Who is credited with establishing England's first police force and creating a working relationship with local business owners to reduce the profits of London's criminals? -Sir Robert Peel -Henry Fielding -William J. Herschel -Inspector Charles Frederick Field
henry fielding
Which of the following addresses the criminal investigations of crimes that have already occurred? -Reactive response -Proactive patrol -Solvability factor -Field operations
reactive response
The Fourth Amendment prohibits which type of searches and seizures? -Illegal -Unreasonable -Unwarranted -Those without a warrant
unreasonable
