Criminal Justice Study Guide 3

Today, how many people are confined in jail? When sentenced to serve time in jail what is the average length of stay in jail?

Daily population of around 767,620. 13 million exit and entries in jail. Average population is 180. Some have way more. Average stay of 3 to 20 days.

What is the difference between utilitarian and retributive punishment? Between backward and forwards looking punishment?

Retribution- Backwards looking, based on societal need to balance scales of justice, offset harm done by offender. Criminal behavior has punishment proportional to harm caused. Like revenge. Also called "just desserts" in sentencing laws, victim or community restitution in court sanctions. Utilitarian- Forward Looking, using intervention to reduce the likelihood of future criminal behavior by the offender.

Different models

Agricultural model- leased labor, in the south, arguments about its like an extension of the slave plantation. Prisoners replaced the lost slaves. Chain gangs. White women served in the homes and black women got the same treatment men did. big houses- prisoners were segregated by color. received only the bare minimum to survive. Correctional institution- Came around by the 1950s, more reform. More privileges like recreational time and yard time. Mail, visitation. Educational, vocational and therapeutic programs. Didn't necessarily happen. Confinement model- "warehouse prison" . Women prisons-Nice and cozy where they get in groups and discuss things, personalized rooms. Prisons of today. Medical care, enough food. Private prisons-increased in popularity. Corrections Corporation of America. Wackenhut Corporation.

The importation hypothesis

Another theory about prison subculture deriving from the "pre-prison" characteristics of the prisoners over the deprivations of prison life,

What is the principle purpose of jails today?

Detention

Is the deterrent effect of the threat of punishment that causes most of us to obey the laws? Explain.

No because if a person commits another crime, that shows that they were not deterred by the threat of punishment, but we do not know why people don't originally commit a crime- it could be for a number of reasons. We can prove when deterrence doesn't work. Deterrence assumes a motivated offender, not everybody who does not commit a crime was a motivated offender.

What is the difference between probation and parole?

Parole is supervised release from prison while probation is typically supervised release instead of prison.

What is probation (or parole) revocation?

Revocation is being sent back to prison, used to be that the years spent on parole or probation count towards total sentence but now that is not the case. Restrictions on how long an offender can be sent to prison. Occurs because of new crime or technical violations

Community Corrections

any form of correctional alternative that does not involve incarceration in prison.

What is the purpose of classification?

To determine which offenders will profit most from which treatment. Similarly situated persons are treated similarly, differently situated persons treated differently

Deferred sentencing vs suspended sentencing

A sentence where the decision to sentence to prison and length of possible prison time is not established during the sentencing hearing, while the suspended sentencing is the judge hands down a prison sentence but then suspends it, pending successful completetion of probation.

Changes in subculture in 1970s

Became desegregated lawfully, but socially got very segregated. scourge of drugs, led into the 1980s.

Why Day fines?

Set fines cause trouble because different people have different financial statuses. Set by the amount of income the offender has, daily earnings. theory is that each amount would be experienced same way by offenders. Sometimes collection is a problem.

What are the rates of imprisonment for black men vs white men, white women black women.

Every black man 1:3 will be incarcerated Ever white man 1:17 will be incarcerated Every white woman 1:111 will be incarcerated Every black woman 1:17 will be incarcerated

What is the difference between specific and general deterrence? Between specific deterrence and incapacitation?

General deterrence is aimed at the potential offenders out there while specific deterrence is aimed at the known offender to not commit a crime. General laws Specific deterrence is aimed at the known offender but incapacitation is the government stepping in and reducing the chance of a motivated offender from committing a crime. punishment of offender

What is the difference between general deterrence and specific deterrence?

General deterrence is aimed at the public, punishment given to other people, laws are public knowledge while specific deterrence is aimed at one person and how to deter their future behavior

How is the indeterminate sentencing related to the use of parole?

Idea of indeterminate sentencing is being rewarded for good behavior, once they are reformed there should be release, supervised in the community for the rest of their sentence, some states abolished indeterminate sentencing and parole.

What was the contribution of Alexander Maconochie to parole policy?

(1787-1860) Developed an early form of parole on Norfolk Island, prison colony off the coast of Australia- it was an island that prisoners who committed more crimes in prison. Created the mark system. Which allowed for more responsibility. Highest stage of responsibility - basically live independently, final stage-form of early release, it eliminated harsh punishment, improved the living conditions of offenders, held job for a short time, removed because too lenient

Explain the following, "The Goal of Classification and Prediction is that similarly situated persons are treated similarly and that differentially situated people are treated differently".

This is explaining why we have this the goal of classification and prediction. This is based on several observable traits, it is a conscious effort to group people, needs scientific assumptions -stability and order in human behavior to understand and predict human behavior, we understand that no treatment is going to work for everyone but those in a similar situation are going to have the same type of treatment than those in another sort of situation. Classification and separation from other groups allows for different treatments, whichever should suit them best.

Abscond

To leave supervision without permission

Prisoners have certain rights guaranteed by the Us Constitution. Explain what these rights are.

1st Amendment-freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion( as long as it does not threaten security) freedom of peaceful assembly, 8th Amendment- No excessive bail or fines, no cruel or unusual punishment 14th- Defines citizenship and contains the due process clause. the more freedoms being thought of taking away- more due process

Basic information about the US incarceration rate

80s and after, increased a lot. 2014-most states incarceration rate is decreasing, except south. Could be because of population growth, move from incapacitation to retribution, war on drugs, black men more likely to be incarcerated, increase in private prisons. 2.3 million in 2009

In predictions of future outcomes, if untreated, there is the possibility of a false positive in efforts to predict recidivism. Define false positive.

A false positive is that somebody who gets no treatment is expected to fail, but in actuality they succeed. False positives are largely invisible and they are expensive because they give treatment to people who never needed it to succeed.

Collateral costs of imprisonment

Belief prison used to often, disproportionate residents in community vs prison, single parent households, earnings of families dwindles, children effected, cost on families with a member in jail,

What is the difference between a false positive and false negative? What is the consequence of each type of error?

False positive- Predicted to fail with no treatment, but actually succeed. They are expensive, but safer. Invisible, no one really talks about them. People forced to endure unnecessary treatment or custody, stigma. False negative-Expected to succeed without treatment, but fail. Saves treatment dollars, but ultimately still costs money with their criminal behavior. They are public and fairly embarrassing.

In prediction attempts, what is the difference between false positive and false negatives? What is the consequence to the public of a false positive? Of a false negative?

False positive- offender predicted to fail without treatment, but succeed. False negative- offender predicted to succeed without treatment but they fail. False positives are invisible to the public, they are expensive. false negatives are embarrassing, represent a missed opportunity, it saves treatment dollars but ultimately cost more money for future offendings.

If the classification and prediction scheme is creating too many false positives, what is the concern that we might have if we try to reduce the number of false positives?

False positives are people who are predicted to fail but then succeed, well false positives are expensive. they are safer by far, but it is like wasted money because it seems that they could have gone without treatment and succeeded. Burden on resources as well, scarce resources, people have to go through unnecessary treatment like custody or other. trying to reduce them, we don't know if they could have false negatives which are more embarrassing and present the missed opportunity. In short, they could turn out to fail instead of succeed without treatment.

What is meant by the congregate system of housing inmates, as first occurred in the Auburn Prison in New York?

First introduced at Auburn prison in New York 1817, slept in solitary cells, but worked and ate together. Silence enforced. Didn't want corruption. regimentation and harsh punishment used. "Obedient and sober" workers. Lockstep march the picture of these prisons-only form of exercise. separation, obedience, and labor trinity of the prisons.

What is the relevance of the importation model to an explanation of inmate behavior? How does the importation model differ from the deprivation model in explaining inmate behavior?

Importation model believes that prison subculture comes from the preprison characteristics of people coming into prisons rather than the prison deprivations. It is an explanation to the reasons for prison subculture. Skye's deprivations say that it isn't the characteristics of people, rather the deprivations they face. Like having no heterosexual relationships, prison rape. The deprivations are autonomy, security, liberty, heterosexual relationships, goods and services

Why is prisoner reentry important? Why is it more important today than it was during the Rehabilitative era?

It is important because ex convicts face a lot of troubles once they do leave jail, like finding a job or getting help with their kids, dealing with lost freedoms like the right to vote, etc. Because programs like education and vocational programs are getting less participated in. Thus, the prisoners are facing more problems when they leave prison.

Reformatory era

Late 1800s, new philosophy about prisons. Elmira reformatory created for young men-mission to reform though education and strict discipline. Military like. Women's reformatories more home like- role models to show how a lady is. Typically white young women sent there or committed minor crimes. Even some juvenile crime sent- running away. Black women older women and serious crime commuters went to custodial institutions! Eventually lost their mission and boundaries blurred.

Gender specific programming

Matches prison and community correctional programs to women's specific needs and pathways to crime.Men women different. Correctional systems seem to ignore the differences. Women primary caregivers of young children, more likely to have had abuse(sexual, physical, verbal), More likely to report their abuse as adults, have drug dependency issues, less likely to be convicted of violent crime, less stable work history, more pyschosocial problems,single parent household, more likely to have incarcerated parent., more health issues, more likely for it to continue into adulthood, these contribute to stress that isn't able to cope with, suicide,abuse of alcohol or drugs, antisocial traits, low self esteem, lack of sense control

Why is the re-entry of such concern?

More money put into it than before, dropping numbers of participants in programs to help, those are tools to help lower recidivism, harsh backgrounds to overcome( drugs, mental illness, abuse, unemployment, low education, disease, low skill level, housing is a concern) civil disabilities -lost liberties like voting, holding public office, jury service,

What are the goals of punishment? List four goals and in each case indicate the strategy as it relates to persons who might be motivated to commit crime.

Retribution-Balance the scales for the victim, to offset the harm done by the offender. the offender get punishment proportional to the crime committed. Incapacitation- They would no longer be able to commit that crime because they would not have the option to. Deterrence- Hopefully the threat of punishment dissuades the potential offender(needs to be swift, intense, certain, and duration of severity is from start to stop) Rehabilitation- change the offender's motivations

Shrag's ideas about prisoner roles, and how this relates to prison argot

Roles-square john( type of inmate who did not have extensive criminal record, identified more with officers than other inmates, other inmates didn't trust him) , right guy(old style convict,professional criminal, organized crime like bank robber, leader of yard, not afraid to use violence, sparingly though) con politician(held most formal leadership positions in prison, visible interaction with prison admin) outlaw(one who did not follow any code of behavior, even inmate code) Prison argot- prison slang. Important part of prison subculture. Delves into their roles and positions,

Differences between separate system and congregate system.

Separate system-Originated in Philadelphia at the Walnut Street Jail(1790) and later eastern state penitentiary. Sometimes called Pennsylvania system. Solitary and confinement and manual labor. Prisoners were kept in cells at all times. Congregate system-sometimes called the Auburn. Prisoners slept in solitary cells but worked and ate together. Silence enforced to prevent corruption. regimentation and harsh punishment used to control inmates to become obedient and sober workers. Separation, obedience, and labor. Convicts men of idle habits vicious prosperities and depraved passions. Needed to be taught obedience. Lockstep march only exercise. Became model for new prisons offset the cost of imprisonment.

Early Punishment Systems

Shaming the offender with stocks or banishing the person. Often employed "eye for an eye"-lex talionis. Later penitentiary, first is Walnut Street jail and Eastern State Penitentiary in PA. Mark system- by Alexander Maconochie's in Australia allowed prisoners to earn credit with greater opportunities for them. Irish ticket of leave system- good behavior allowed them to leave prison.

What is split sentencing and shock incarceration?

type of sentence involving a short period of incarceration before being supervised in the community by probation officers. Parole tied to indeterminate sentencing

Technical violation

violations of rules rather than new crimes

Relevance of deprivation vs importation model to explanations of prison life

lead to subculture of prison life. Inmate code-rules for conduct that explain what prisoners should do. Valued loyalty, autonomy, strength, violence rational, directive, useful because it indicates strength. Group loyalty, snitching awful- shunned by both officers and inmates. Leads inmates to have to choose either isolation or association with gangs for protection. Change in subculture-younger and more violent offenders.

*What are the underlying principles relevant to the use of punishment for each of these? 1) Retribution 2) Deterrence 3) Incapacitation 4) Rehabilitation

1) Retribution- Backwards looking, based on societal need to balance scales of justice, offset harm done by offender. Criminal behavior has punishment proportional to harm caused. Like revenge. Also called "just desserts" in sentencing laws, victim or community restitution in court sanctions. 2)Deterrence-threats of painful consequences of dissuade motivated offender from committing the crime. Classical school-hedonistic calculus. Elements of deterrence- intensity(severity), duration, certainty, swiftness, must be public, prompt, dictated by laws, proportionate to the crime, enough to deter, but no more, not to exceed, what is necessary to protect interests of the state 3) Incapacitation- Incapacitate the motivated offender in such a way that the opportunity for crime is reduced, community supervision-incarceration, capital punishment, 4) Rehabilitation- Prevention by changing the offender's motivation

Penitentiary Era

1780-1850 most north states in the north built prisons for the first time as a means to reform offenders. Major treatment solitary confinement and work, provision of a Bible hope of being reformed.

Rehabilitative era

1960s to 1974. Prisons now correctional institutions, guards now correctional officers, community alternatives to prisons, prisoner rights, more due process before more punishment, practice religion so long as it didn't hurt security, cruel and unusual punishment no more, net widening more so. Also includes the reintegration era.

What is the difference between actuarial prediction and clinical prediction and what are the strengths and weaknesses of both? which is objective and subjective? Which is more accurate?

Actuarial-Uses patterns of behavior and predicts risks based on prior behavior of those with similar characteristics. Salient Factor Score -instrument to predict high, low, medium risks based on prior convictions, age at current offense, commitments during the past three years, correctional escape, heroin/opiate dependence, the better predictor for future recidivism, objective, easier and cheaper to administer since it is objective Clinical Approach- Psychologists or psychiatrists employ interviews, social histories, and psychological tests to make predictions on future offending's-things like egocentric thinking, family conflict, low levels of skills, impulsivity, drug or alcohol issues, poor school performance. Subjective

When talking about the goals of punishment, some goals are said to be forward looking and others are backward lookin,g. When deciding the purpose of punishment, what does it mean to be backward looking or forward looking? What are we looking at and what are we trying to achieve?

Backward looking- Retribution purpose of punishment, it is based on trying to offset the harm done by the offender behavior, punishment is proportional to the crime. "just deserts" in sentencing laws, victim or community restitution in court sentencing, revenge. Forward looking- Utilitarian purpose, using the intervention to reduce the likelihood of future criminal behavior by offender.

What is the advantage of a clinical assessment of offender risks and needs? The disadvantage?

Clinical assessment takes interviews of the offender by psychologists or psychiatrics about social histories, psychological tests, to predict future offending- things like antisocial attitudes , egocentric thinking, early misbehavior, poor school performance, low self control, etc.. Advantage is looking at the offender's potential risks and their needs, saving money and time-not wasting resources on unnecessary help. Disadvantage could be that if they are low risk, it is likely they could recidivate because they meet other criminals through a program or their behaviors are picked up through screening of these programsIt is assumed that this holistic and personal approach provides more accuracy in assessment than is obtained by using an actuarial assessment. If more correct than the actuarial assessment, then fewer errors, which results in saving money and time-not wasting resources on unnecessary help. But the evidence shows that actuarial assessments actually are more accurate; they also are more efficient and less costsly. Whereas clinical requires several hours or days of intensive one on one interviews for each person, conducted by an extremely well paid psychiatrist or psychologist, the actuarial assessment is based on a short list of objective indicators (age, prior arrest history, history of violence, history of drug use, years of school, work history, etc) that can be completed by any staff member with a college degree in about 20 minutes -- so less expensive to administer, quicker to administer, and more accurate. Also, the objective measures used in the actuarial assessment means that there is standardization across all offenders being assessed and there is less bias that can enter based on personal factors such as personal hygiene, ethnicity, and social manners.

What is the difference between clinical assessment and actuarial assessments of offenders risks and needs?

Clinical- Psychologists or psychiatrists do interviews, social histories to make predictions of future offendings (personality characteristics) Actuarial- Generally better at predicting future recidivism, Patterns of behavior and predicts risk based on prior behavior of those with similar characteristics. Salient Factor score -prior convictions, prior commitments greater than 30 days, age at current offense, commitments during the past three years, status on probation/parole, correctional escape, heroin /dope dependence

What is the difference between risk assessment and needs assessment?

Combines clinical assessment and actuarial assessments Risk factors- Things that are stable and don't change factors,(demographic, historical info) and things that do change like (clinical tests and personality interviews). Gather info on education, mental health, drug abuse, Physical health, social relationships, finances, attitude, past/present criminal behavior. Tracks changes in likelihood of recommitting crimes. Needs-medical needs, mental health, education, housing. continues to search for needs criminogenic- influence to make criminal choices. Only these needs are high priority. works better for high risk offenders. important to not waste resources, but to see who actually needs more intervention.

What are the essential differences between the types of punishment?

Corporal- whippings, amputations, torture, exile, execution Incarceration-jails/prisons, but recently as punishment Monetary-Fines, taking assets, revoking license of practice, victim restitution Rehabilitation-prevention by trying to change the offender's motivation

The severity of punishment is an important issue when discussing both punishment goal of deterrence and punishment goal of retribution. Why is severity of punishment so important to both of these two purposes of punishment?

Deterrence- the severity of the punishment is what deters. hedonistic calculus, painful consequences dissuade motivated offenders, Retribution-The severity of the punishment must be equal to the pain caused to the victim of the crime, all about balancing the scales of justice,

Each treatment class or group will have a different rate of expected success/failure, but each offender assigned to that group will have the same expected probability of success/failure. Why does each treatment group or class have a different expected rate of failure and why does each individual in each group have the same expected rate of failure?

Different rate of failure for a group- Different groups are facing different things Same rate of failure for an individual-the more The success rate varies, based on group outcomes, not individual basis. Greater homogeneity of classes. Individuals different than one another. We don't know which people are going to fail but we just know how many will fail on average in a specific group. Other groups have a different rate of failure. Assume each individual has same failure rate because unsure which is going to fail, only know the group's total failure risk.

Reintegration era

Discuss the issue of inmates returning to the community. Prison thought to be really last resort. Community best place to deal with the offenders. Programs created. Halfway houses, prerelease programs, work furloughs/release programs, service enriched parole. Deinstitutionalization of mentally ill and juveniles, Empowering community, Paid money to help keep the offenders in the community,

What was the policy of inmate confinement in the Eastern State Penitentiary? In the Auburn system of incarceration?

Eastern State- separate system, sometimes called the Pennsylvania System, solitary confinement, manual labor. Kept in cells at all times. Auburn- congregate system, slept in solitary cells, but worked and ate together. Silence among them however, to prevent corruption. Regimentation and harsh punishment were used to control. Become sober and obedient workers. Separation, obedience, labor. Lockstep march-image used to show how harsh, their only form of exercise.

Explain the meanings of technical violations while on community release

Not new crimes committed, rather they are violations of parole. Most revocations happen because of this

How have jails changed after the 1700s?

Not segregated. Men and women separate, mentally ill separate, kids separate. More prisoner rights -recreational time. Education programs, private prisons now. Have chance for productive work-self worth, community integration, economic status, corrections must demonstrate integrity, respect, dignity, fairness, sanctions imposed proportional to seriousness of offense,

Net-widening

Part of the rehabilitative era, diversion programs designed for those sentenced to prison would be used for minor offenses instead. More people involved in criminal justice system, Same offenders who would have committed crime, but now more people. only programs after sentencing could ensure that diversion would occur.

The history of prisons includes periods of the "Penitence era" and the "progressive era" and the "rehabilitative era". Explain each of these.

Penitence Era- The Penitentiary Era occurred in the period 1780-1850, when most states in the north built prisons for the first time as a means to "reform" offenders. The major treatment was solitary confinement and work, provision of a Bible, and the hope that the offender would do his/her penitence and be reformed upon release. The 1980-2016 period is referred to as the time of Mass Incarceration -- when record numbers of offenders, at a record rate per population, were sentenced to prison terms, were sentenced for longer sentences, were provide minimal or no programs of treatment, education, Progressive Era-1890s-1900s. Private charities to deal with problems of poor Northeastern, settlement houses (feed, clothe, religious values in immigrants) run by middle class-higher class women, taught housekeeping and etiquette, increasing use of prisons for adults, state care for kids, not a lot of innovation. The legislation for probation was slowly but surely spreading throughout the country. Rehabilitative Era- 1960s-1974. Prisons were renamed correctional institutions and officers CO's. funding for programs, Prisoners rights for due process before further punishment, religion if it didn't threat security, free of cruel and unusual punishment, programs from community for diversion to prison life, -led to net widening. Also had the reintegration era-lots of new programs, returning to the community and problems they faced,

Restorative Justice

Possible reason to emphasize community efforts, realizes that community essential in crime prevention. Meets the needs of the victim, offender, keeps offenders in community, more likely to be reformed,

Some would argue that it is important that punishment be proportionate to the goal of punishment. Explain why proportionate punishment is important when discussing retribution. Why is it important when discussing deterrence? What if the punishment is not proportionate?

Retribution- It is all about balancing the scales of societal need, it is proportionate to the harm caused to the community or victim. Deterrence- It needs to be balanced because needs to keep people deterred but no more or less than that. it needs to make sure it is not excessive of what is necessary, but protect state interests. Both retribution and deterrence seek justice. if it is not proportionate- too little- failure to achieve goals, injustice, too much-tyranny and injustice

Explain the difference between pretrial diversion and pretrial release. Between pretrial release and post-conviction release on probation.

Pretrial diversion and pretrial release-pretrial release is simply a means of suspects avoiding paying bail before adjudication. Pretrial diversionary programs when done correctly, take the place of formal adjudication. Pretrial diversion comes before finding any guilt. Requires legislation and usually compromises-evaluation of eligibility, contract that clarifies exactly what the offender needs to do to complete, mechanism that the defendant's case is disposed of -usually court order with no conviction. May be day reporting, electronic monitoring, community service programs attached to it. May be intermediate sanctions. Pretrial release and post conviction on probation: pretrial is before the trial and probation is a release from jail or prison when the defendant has already been convicted.

Prisonization, the inmate code and the prison subculture

Prisonization is the process of being socialized to the prison subculture, inmate code-sub rosa(subculture) rules by which the prisoners should live their lives by. lead to subculture of prison life. Inmate code-rules for conduct that explain what prisoners should do. Valued loyalty, autonomy, strength, violence rational, directive, useful because it indicates strength. Group loyalty, snitching awful- shunned by both officers and inmates. Leads inmates to have to choose either isolation or association with gangs for protection. Change in subculture-younger and more violent offenders.

Differences between correctional supervision

Probation and parole are both alternatives to incarceration. However, probation occurs prior to and often instead of jail or prison time, while parole is an early release from prison. In both probation and parole, the party is supervised and expected to follow certain rules and guidelines. Jail-pretrial, shorter time usually, couldn't pay bail, low funding, run by sheriff, can have convicts but only around 38% Prison-longer time, state governments, convicted of crimes

Why is proportionality in punishment important? Why is proportionality hard to achieve?

Quantity or quality of punishment, calculus of penal harm to different types of harms caused by crimes, actual harm or potential harm, proportionate to harm is justice too much punishment is tyranny or injustice, to little can be seen as injustice, and failure to achieve goals,Proportionality is important because we need to ensure deterrence, but need to ensure that the system isn't being too harsh on smaller crimes or too soft on worse crimes. It is hard to achieve because the criminal justice system is constantly trying to maintain a balance between Needs to protect the interests of the state, needs to be public prompt dictated by laws all without being overly harsh or soft.

Progressive Movement

Refers to 1890-early 1900s. Private charities to help the poor in Northeastern cities. Settlement houses to help poor. Middle and high class women helped them. Teaching etiquette and housekeeping skills. Using prisons for adults, state care for children, slowly spread concept of probation. Not much change during this era.

How is the concept of Restitution incorporated into probation?

Restitution is an order by the court that requires the offender to compensate the victim for the injury or loss suffered in the crime. It can be included as a condition of probation. Can extend probation if the restitution is not paid.

What is net widening and why is it important in discussion in correctional options? How is it related to prosecutorial diversion programs?

Side effect of community diversion programs, diversion programs designed for people sentenced to prison were used for minor offenders instead. this increased people in the correctional institution, instead of lower it. Same offenders were going to prison, but more now because those who would have gotten a suspended sentence going too. only programs used after sentencing would be diversion for offender, instead of widening correctional institution. It is important because it required more money from the correctional institution and proved to not work. we needed to find another option that actually diverted criminals. Prosecutorial diversion-programs needs to be after sentencing in order to work

What is mass incarceration? Discuss the history, causes, and consequences of mass incarceration

Since 1990, incarceration has gone up a lot. Different laws. Federal and state incarceration increased. Since 2014, decreasing. Could be due to population growth, move in goals from incapacitation to retribution. Could be war on drugs, prison construction, private prison growth. Consequences are more expensive, more collateral costs for community.

The three major elements in using punishment as a deterrent to crime are severity, certainty, and swiftness. Of these three, which are these aspects of punishment are the easiest and which are the hardest to improve or to increase so that we might gain additional deterrent effects against criminals in the US?

The easiest to improve would be severity. Yes, the legislature does it all the time. It is a signal that they are tough on crime; but rarely does the legislature attach a spending bill to provide the funds needed to pay the costs that will result from greater numbers being sent to prison for longer periods of time. Then you state: "Hardest to improve would be swiftness because it is hard to finish up court cases faster." you are correct, but the basis of this is that both certainty and swiftness, whether applied to police or courts, would require adjustments regulated by the Bill of Rights. There is only so much we can do in the crime control model of justice to improve the speed, efficiency, and certainty of punishment without bumping up against restraints set forth in the Bill of Rights.

What is the historical significance of the Walnut Street Jail and the Eastern Penitentiary?

The first penitentiaries in America. Walnut Street Jail- Separate system in both ( confinement and solitude, manual labor, kept in cells at all times) Philadelphia in 1790. legislation was passed that changed the rules-women and men separated and sick from healthy. the worst of the worst were separate as well. The change of incapacitation to reform as a goal. The eastern Penitentiary was built because of overcrowding. -More solitary. Became a model for the penitentiary system. Supposed to separate criminals from the corrupt city influences. Solitude work, penitence, transformed people into sober citizens.

When devising an assessment and classification instrument or method, what determines the number of groups or classes into which we want to classify the offenders? what is the purpose of classification scheme that will separate offenders into 8 different groups on the basis of their needs for treatment? Why is it important that each of the 8 groups consist of very similar persons on a set of characteristics but that each of the 8 groups differs substantially from one another in those same characteristics of individuals?

The number of groups or classes of offenders is based off of how many unique treatments we have to treat the offenders with. No one treatment is going to help every individual, but it helps if the category is similar because we use what we know works on most. More helpful. This way people in one category are treated similarly to each other and different from those in another category. Higher number of classes-more homogeneity and treatment can vary more for each class.

With regard to offender classification: What is the purpose of offender classification? In classifying offenders, what factors determine the number of classes or groups into which offenders should be or will be classified?

The purpose of offender classification, is to treat similarly situated persons similarly and differently situated person differently. The factors that determine the number of classes or groups into which offenders will be classified are the number of unique treatments available for offenders.

Skye's deprivations of prison life

These lead to prison subculture. Deprivations are liberty- restricted movement and exclusion from the free world, goods and services-must depend on staff to provide them with goods like shampoo, underwear, socks, hetero sexual relationships- no "normal" relationships, safety- little to avoid potential danger, autonomy- not free to make life choices, told when to do what

What are intermediate sanctions and when are they used?

They are often added to a regular probation. A type of pretrial diversion (comes before any determination of guilt) More than a suspended sentence less than a prison sentence.

What is penal control? How does the United States reliance on penal control affect Mass Incarceration?

US reliance on punishment to control deviants and criminals rather than mental health public health, meditation or other possible interventions and is played out in prison sentences. mass incarceration hit a high and now decreasing. No three strikes law since 1995. Public want punishment, but more now so to rehab options.

What is the purpose of electronic monitoring? Does it work?

Used in conjunction with bail and personal recognizance release, deferred adjudication, as part of suspended jail sentence, condition of probation/intensive probation. If too far from monitoring device, the monitor will go off and send a message to the police. offer savings for community, programs can be expensive. longer supervision than jail or prison. Varies among people if it works. Some have shown increase, some recidivism as low as 8% treatment needs to be added. usually reserved for offenders who would have gotten prison or jail sentences.

What are the ethical or moral questions that are raised as a result of efforts to classify and treat potential criminals?

When dealing with courts they could be punishing me before I even committed a crime, guilty without proof, no due process, perhaps fighting an error in the process, wrongly assuming with false positives -put you through all that work for nothing and wasting money and time, failing to treat when you actually needed help would be another issue