Criminology All Chapters
One criticism of rational choice theory is that criminal involvement decisions are not purely rational. True False
True
Situational crime prevention is more popular in other countries than in the United States. True False
True
While the evidence on ideas of crime displacement are mixed, the weight of evidence suggests that target hardening and environmental crime prevention techniques do work. True False
True
Deterrence theory as drawn from the classical school states that punishment is most effective when it is ____________________. certain swift appropriately severe all of the above
all of the above
Annual criminal justice system operations cost each taxpayer approximately what amount? a. $800 b. $900 c. $700 d. $1,000
b. $900
The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) presents the crime rate as the incidence of victims per __________ households. a. 100,000 b. 1,000 c. 1,000,000 d. 10,000
b. 1,000
Who has the highest risk of being a crime victim? a. A female college student b. A 19-year-old black male living in a large city c.A white male business executive working in a large city d.A 72-year-old white woman living alone in a small town
b. A 19-year-old black male living in a large city
Neoclassical theory builds on the work of what school of theorists? a. Modernism b. Classical c. Anarchy d. Romantic
b. Classical
Few of the initial positivist school theories were biological. True False
False
DNA forensic techniques have led to a sweep of new convictions and exonerations since the late-1980s. True False
True
What is the estimated percentage of males who have the XYY chromosome structure? a. 0.01% b. 7.0% c. 5.0% d. 10%
a. 0.01%
____________ developed the criminological theory of differential association. a. Edwin Sutherland b. Robert K. Merton c. W. I. Thomas d. Ernest W. Burgess
a. Edwin Sutherland
What do most studies of the death penalty find? a. It has no effect on the homicide rate. b. It has a brutalization effect. c. It has a small deterrent effect on homicide. d. It has marginal deterrent effects.
a. It has no effect on the homicide rate.
Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between delinquent peer associations and delinquency? a. It is one of the strongest relationships in criminology. b.It proves that parental influence is not as important as once thought. c.It does not hold up when representative samples are studied. d. All of these are correct.
a. It is one of the strongest relationships in criminology.
Most research using the routine activities approach takes which element for granted? a. The availability of motivated offenders b. The perceived certainty of arrest c. The value of property d. The absence of guardiANS
a. The availability of motivated offenders
The so-called "get tough" movement: a. called for making prison more painful. b. All of the choices are correct. c. was labeled a failure by conservative critics. d.called for fuller implementation of the rehabilitative ideal in prisons.
a. called for making prison more painful.
Freud believed that one can best understand human behavior by examining: a. early childhood experiences. b.the behavior of closely related animals, such as rhesus monkeys. c. the things people say under hypnosis. d. dreams.
a. early childhood experiences.
What have Hindelang and his associates pointed out about lifestyles? a.They reflect role expectations and are limited by one's position in society. b. They are not statistically associated with victimization. c. They are a matter of personal choice. d. All of the choices are correct.
a.They reflect role expectations and are limited by one's position in society.
American anthropologist Earnest Hooten examined 20,000 persons and determined that: a.different types of criminals had specific physiological deficiencies. b.the similarities between criminals and noncriminals outweighed the differences. c.cultural, not physical, factors were associated with criminal behavior. d.early childhood experiences predicted criminal behavior.
a.different types of criminals had specific physiological deficiencies.
Francis Cullen and his associates responded to The Bell Curve with a 1997 study that suggested that __________ was the weakest predictor of criminal behavior: a. delinquent peer association b. IQ c. attitude d. personality
b. IQ
Why does the Psychopathic Deviate scale in the MMPI have a high correlation with criminal behavior? a. Most criminals are psychopaths. b. It includes questions such as failing probation. c. It carefully measures impulse control. d. All of these are correct.
b. It includes questions such as failing probation.
How does the DSM-V outline antisocial personality disorder? a. It uses a very narrow definition. b. It uses a broad definition. c. Its diagnosis follows Cleckly's model of psychopathy. d.Its diagnosis follows the MMPI Psychopathic Deviate scale.
b. It uses a broad definition.
Of the following, who is most closely associated with the classical school of criminology? a. Cesare Lombroso b. Jeremy Bentham c. Auguste Comte d. Franz Joseph Gall
b. Jeremy Bentham
According to both the UCR and the NCVS, for which crime are victimization rates the highest? a. Assault b. Larceny-theft c. Burglary d. Motor vehicle theft
b. Larceny-theft
Which of the following perspectives assumes that crime is related to a characteristic of an individual that is relatively stable over time? a. Kohlberg's moral development theory b. Personality theory c. Cognitive restructuring d. Multisystemic therapy
b. Personality theory
A violation of a folkway would best describe which of the following situations? a. Teen pregnancy b. Picking one's nose c. Shoplifting d. Dining and dashing.
b. Picking one's nose
Which occupational group has the highest rate of violent victimization at work? a. High school teachers b. Police officers c. Convenience store clerks d. Postal workers
b. Police officers
Which index crime is most likely to be underreported to the UCR? a. Robbery b. Rape c. Drug trafficking d. Murder
b. Rape
The hierarchy rule in the UCR: a. differentiates Part I and Part II crimes. b. counts only the most serious offense in an incident. c.reports national crime rates first, followed by states, and then cities. d.distinguishes between attempted and completed crimes.
b. counts only the most serious offense in an incident.
Without _______, society stagnates. a. criminality b. deviance c. conformity d. societal pressures
b. deviance
Moffitt's theory of life-course-persistent offending suggests that adolescent-limited offending is largely explained by: a. biological processes. b. environmental processes. c. psychological processes. d. All of these are correct.
b. environmental processes.
In one of the earliest applications of IQ and crime, Goddard concluded that: a. IQ tests were invalid. b. most criminals are "feebleminded." c. there are multiple forms of intelligence. d. more intelligent criminals did not get caught.
b. most criminals are "feebleminded."
Increasing a target behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus is: a. classical reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive reinforcement. d. punishment.
b. negative reinforcement.
Redl and Wineman applied psychoanalytic theory to a group of delinquent children. They concluded that delinquency was the result of which of the following? a. Abnormally strong id wishes b.A delinquent ego that permits the delinquent to rationalize criminal behavior c. Early childhood trauma d. All of these are correct.
b.A delinquent ego that permits the delinquent to rationalize criminal behavior
Which statement best characterizes the current status of biological theories in criminology? a.Biological theories are not given favorable coverage in textbooks. b.Even with growing acceptance, many criminologists are extremely skeptical of biological theories. c.It is now widely accepted by criminologists that there are important biological causes of crime. d.Most criminologists include biological harms in their research.
b.Even with growing acceptance, many criminologists are extremely skeptical of biological theories.
Studies based on interviews with offenders concluded which of the following about the crime-selection process? a. All of the choices are correct. b. Offenders often thought about punishment. c. Offenders focused on the benefits of the crime. d. Offenders rarely discounted the negative aspects of a prison sentence.
c. Offenders focused on the benefits of the crime.
Though lacking empirical support of success, "scared straight" programs survive because of: a. absolute belief in the programs themselves. b. public appeal. c. All of the choices are correct. d. belief in bettering the adult inmates
c. All of the choices are correct.
A treatment program focuses on getting offenders to stop making thinking errors that rationalize criminal behavior. This is an example of what type of program? a. Cognitive skills b. Critical thinking c. Cognitive restructuring d. Social learning
c. Cognitive restructuring
In Sheldon's three basic body types, which qualities describe an "endomorph"? a. Fat, underaroused, and introverted b.Muscular, gregarious, aggressive, assertive, and action-oriented c. Fat, soft, round, and extroverted d.Thin and wiry, easily worried, sensitive, and introverted
c. Fat, soft, round, and extroverted
Who originally proposed the routine activities theory? a. Lawrence Sherman and David Berk b. Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham c. Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson d. Derek Cornish and Ronald Clarke
c. Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson
__________ has been found as a significant link to reduction in crime at the micro- and macro-levels, across a number of nations. a. Lower serotonin levels b. Reduction in fetal alcohol absorption c. Reduction in lead exposure. d. Higher birth weight
c. Reduction in lead exposure.
What Freudian concept is akin to the conscience? a. Id b. Ego c. Superego d. None of these are correct.
c. Superego
__________ occurs when the client uses the counselor as a substitute for someone in the client's past, such as a father or sibling. a. CountertrANSference b. Projection c. TrANSference d. Reaction formation
c. TrANSference
What does the acronym UCR stand for? a. Unified Crime Rate b. Undercover Reconnaissance c. Uniform Crime Report d. Unsolved Crimes Reported
c. Uniform Crime Report
Current biological research on criminal behavior focuses on which of the following? a. Body type b. The medulla oblongata c. Various biological harms d. All of these are correct.
c. Various biological harms
The actual volume of crime is ________ to estimate. a. straightforward b. easy c. difficult d. uncomplicated
c. difficult
According to the text, criminology: a. has not developed any testable theories. b.has little relevance to policy, because the root causes of crime cannot be changed. c. is an applied science that should guide policy. d.like other social sciences, is organized around a particular way of understanding behavior.
c. is an applied science that should guide policy.
The Martinson Report is an example of how the _______ context shapes scientific research. a. political b. historical c. social d. economic
c. social
Research using Kohlberg's theory suggests that delinquents: a. cannot think morally. b. skipped a stage in their moral development. c. tend to have delays in moral development. d.can be taught to empathize through operant conditioning.
c. tend to have delays in moral development.
Scientific discourse about criminal behavior can largely be traced back to contributions from: a. the State University of New York at Albany. b. the University of Cincinnati. c. the University of Chicago. d. Harvard University.
c. the University of Chicago.
What do data from the experiments with domestic assault arrests indicate? a. Arrest deters unmarried and unemployed men .b.There is a general deterrence effect that extends to other crimes. c.Arrest seems to deter only those who have something to lose (e.g., a job). d.Victims resent having the police decide whether to arrest.
c.Arrest seems to deter only those who have something to lose (e.g., a job).
Research on the incapacitation effect shows that massive increases in the prison population have what effect on the crime rate? a. They have no effect on the crime rate. b.They lead to modest decreases in assault, rape, and murder. c.They lead to modest decreases in robbery, burglary, and larceny. d.They are responsible for the recent drop in crime rates.
c.They lead to modest decreases in robbery, burglary, and larceny.
The UCR uses standardized rather than legal definitions of crimes: a. to encourage states to standardize their legal codes. b.because it was designed by criminologists, not lawyers. c.to avoid classifying similar events as different crimes. d. because it predates most state legal codes.
c.to avoid classifying similar events as different crimes.
Between 2005 and 2009, what percentage of workplace homicides was committed by robbers and other assailants? a. 53% b. 21% c. 37% d. 70%
d. 70%
Before the measurement of genes, behavioral genetics was studied through: a. familial studies. b. twin studies. c. adoption studies. d. All of these are correct.
d. All of these are correct.
Criminologists Travis Hirschi and Michael Hindelang suggest that a child's IQ: a.is correlated with delinquency at least as well as social class or race. b. has only an indirect effect on delinquency. c.relates to poor school performance, which can lead to delinquency. d. All of these are correct.
d. All of these are correct.
Irrational or illogical thoughts that can prompt or support criminal behavior are called: a. techniques of neutralization. b. criminal thinking errors. c. stinking thinking. d. All of these are correct.
d. All of these are correct.
Left-leaning criminology emphasizes causal forces of criminal behavior to be: a. sex. b. race. c. wealth. d. All of these are correct.
d. All of these are correct.
Studies comparing the behavior of adopted children with their adoptive and biological parents: a. find a genetic effect similar to that found in twin studies. b.find that boys' delinquency was related to the criminal record of their biological parents, whether or not the adoptive parents had a criminal record. c.find the highest rate of delinquency among boys whose biological and adoptive parents were criminals. d. All of these are correct.
d. All of these are correct.
The "cad" strategy makes which of the following predictions that is consistent with empirical evidence? a.Criminality and psychopathy should be more prevalent among men than women. b.Criminals and psychopaths should be more inclined to commit sexual assaults than males in general. c.Criminals and psychopaths should be unusually promiscuous. d. All of these are correct.
d. All of these are correct.
The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) does not reflect the actual level of crime in the United States because: a. it emphasizes street crime. b.recording practices of police departments may be influenced by local politics. c. it is limited to reported crimes. d. All of these are correct.
d. All of these are correct.
Which of the following is a serious ethical concern about the growing field of biology and crime? a.How exactly will people be screened for biological risk markers? b. Who will be screened? c.Will lower-class individuals automatically be the targets of policies? d. All of these are correct.
d. All of these are correct.
William Sheldon's basic human body types include: a. endomorphs. b. ectomorphs. c. mesomorphs. d. All of these are correct.
d. All of these are correct.
__________ is a term used to refer to the entire DNA structure of an organism. a. Genotype b. Chromosome c. RNA d. Genome
d. Genome
__________ argued that conflict stems from a system of inequality in which the wealthy try to control other groups. a. Milton Freedman b. The Chicago School criminologists c. Edwin Sutherland d. Karl Marx
d. Karl Marx
In NIBRS, the UCR definition of rape was expanded to include which of the following? a. Statutory rape b. Various states' legal definitions c. Attempted rape d. Male victims
d. Male victims
__________ is a form of conditional release from a prison sentence. a. Recidivism b. Probation c. Community service d. Parole
d. Parole
Which theory includes background factors that constrain an offender's rational assessment of costs and benefits? a. Lifestyle b. Routine activities c. Deterrence d. Rational choice
d. Rational choice
Which concept argues that criminals deserve to be punished because they have violated a legal code that benefits everyone? a. Just deserts b. Restorative justice c. Social justice d. Retribution
d. Retribution
According to Freud, what part of the personality represents the restraints that moral and social values place on behavior? a. Id b. Unconscious c. Ego d. Superego
d. Superego
What is the "dark figure" of crime? a.The mysterious leader of organized crime in the United States b. The way crime actually benefits society c. The economic costs of crime d. The number of crimes not reported to the police
d. The number of crimes not reported to the police
Clearance rate is the proportion of which of the following? a. Victims who report their victimization to the police b.Convicted persons found innocent by new evidence c. Total crimes cleared by conviction d. Total crimes cleared by arrest
d. Total crimes cleared by arrest
A tautological theory uses _______ reasoning. a. syllogistic b. deductive c. inductive d. circular
d. circular
The ideological view that life outcomes, both good and bad, are the result individual choices, is traditionally: a. independent. b. liberal. c. libertarian. d. conservative.
d. conservative.
The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): a. consists of monthly aggregate crime counts. b.restricts the records of rape to incidents with female victims. c.reports the number of offenders processed by various criminal justice agencies. d. consists of individual incident reports.
d. consists of individual incident reports.
The first step in evaluating a theory is to: a. assess the evidence. b. describe its scope. c. weigh the criteria. d. determine if it can be tested.
d. determine if it can be tested.
Crime policy should be guided by: a. existing programs based on theory. b. relationships to previous theories. c. academic schools of thought. d. empirically supported research.
d. empirically supported research.
In one study, a criminologist found that 60% of offenders released from a particular treatment program recidivate within 2 years of release. The conclusion that the program does not work: a. is clearly wrong. b. is the only responsible conclusion to be drawn. c.should not be stated because the criminologist should remain value-free. d. would be an overgeneralization.
d. would be an overgeneralization.
When there are multiple offenses in one incident: a.the UCR system counts them all, thus inflating crime rates. b.the police wait to see which offenses result in convictions before recording them. c.the offense that occurred first is the one reported to the UCR. d.the hierarchical rule applies: Only the most serious offense is recorded for the UCR.
d.the hierarchical rule applies: Only the most serious offense is recorded for the UCR.
Biology-oriented criminologists believe they have established both a gene-crime link and the "crime gene" as the "10-repeat allele" on the DAT1 gene located on chromosome number 5. True False
False
____________ deterrence researchers raise the issue of whether the average citizen (or criminal) can identify with any accuracy the clearance rate or specific punishment for a particular crime. General Perceptual Specific Focused
Perceptual
In 1990, _____ of criminologists reported being receptive to the idea that genetic factors have an important influence on criminal behavior. a. 20% b. 50% c. 30% d. 40%
a. 20%
According to C. Ray Jeffrey, the positivist school advocates: a. All of the choices are correct. b.replacing punishment with treatment based on the medical model. c. substituting free will for scientific determinism. d.studying the individual offender and his or her characteristics.
a. All of the choices are correct.
Males are more likely than females: a. All of the choices are correct. b.to be a victim of every type of violent crime except rape and sexual assault. c. to commit most types of crime. d. to commit murder.
a. All of the choices are correct.
__________ theory suggests that swift, certain, and severe punishment reduces crime. a. Routine activities b. Deterrence c. Neoclassical d. Rational choice
b. Deterrence
Herrnstein and Murray, in The Bell Curve, draw which of the following policy implications from the connection between IQ and crime? a. Criminals should be sterilized. b. The criminal justice system should be made simpler. c.More federal money should be spent to improve public schools. d.Police and correctional officers should be trained to work with low-intelligence offenders.
b. The criminal justice system should be made simpler.
Which extra chromosome, paired with the chromosomal pair XY, was believed to make Australian, American, French, German, and Scottish men taller and more violent? a. XX b. Y c. X d. W
b. Y
A therapist shows sexual pictures of children to a pedophile while exposing the offender to a noxious odor. This is a form of: a. shock therapy. b. aversion therapy. c. cognitive restructuring. d. illegal therapy.
b. aversion therapy
What does gene-linkage analysis involve? a. Sequencing the base proteins that make up DNA b.Following a single gene through a family that evidences a particular disorder c.Separating nature from nurture by comparing MZ and DZ twins d.Showing how genes dictate the instructions for the development of an organism
b.Following a single gene through a family that evidences a particular disorder
An advantage the NCVS has over the UCR is that the NCVS: a.expresses crime rates per 1,000 households instead of per 100,000 people. b.makes it possible to compare victimization rates of different groups. c.shows that everybody has an equal chance to be a victim. d.uses legal definitions of offenses rather than standardized definitions.
b.makes it possible to compare victimization rates of different groups.
When an unconditioned stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus and eventually the conditioned stimulus produces the same response, what type of learning has occurred? a. Operant conditioning b. Vicarious learning c. Behavioral conditioning d. Classical conditioning
d. Classical conditioning
Lombroso believed that criminals shared physical characteristics, or: a. phrenology. b. atavisms. c. phenotypes. d. stigmata.
d. stigmata.
The positivist school of criminology: a. All of the choices are correct. b.attributed crime to biological, psychological, and social causes. c. was influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution. d.emphasized treatment (rehabilitation) over punishment.
a. All of the choices are correct.
The UCR is based on which of the following? a. Crimes reported to or uncovered by police b. 9-1-1 phone calls c. Guilty pleas and convictions d. Victimization surveys
a. Crimes reported to or uncovered by police
When studying criminology, it is important to: a. keep an open mind .b. segregate theory from practice. c.accept easy answers as the simplest and best solutions. d. discount theories based on exceptional cases.
a. keep an open mind.
What is the primary concern of critics of situational crime prevention programs? a. Freedom and mobility restrictions b. Crime displacement c. Victim blaming d. Expensive program costs
b. Crime displacement
When a target behavior has been displayed, and positive or negative reinforcement has been implemented, what type of learning has occurred? a. Vicarious learning b. Classical conditioning c. Operant conditioning d. Behavioral conditioning
c. Operant conditioning
The NCVS collects data from: Selected a. everyone who reports a crime to the police. b. agencies that help crime victims. c. a representative sample of U.S. households. d. a random sample of crime victims.
c. a representative sample of U.S. households.
A deviant is: a. a sex offender. b. a minor criminal. c. anyone who violates social norms. d.someone who commits particularly heinous crimes
c. anyone who violates social norms.
The _______ perspective on the law assumes that laws reflect a general agreement about right and wrong. a. common b. conflict c. consensus d. critical
c. consensus
