Cross Cultural Final

Locus of control

Rotter -Internal control (IC) = people's beliefs that reinforcements are contingent on their own actions and that thy can shape their own fate -External Control (EC) = people's beliefs that reinforcing events occur independently of their actions and that the future isa determined more by chance and luck

psychological sets of clients

Sets of conceptual categories that can be used to understand people's perception of counselor credibility and receptiveness to influence: 1. problem solving set: information orientation = client is concerned about obtaining correct information (solutions, outlooks, skills) that has adaptive value in the real world 2. consistency set: ppl are operating under the consistency set whenever they change an opinion, belief, or behavior in such a way as to make it consistent with other opinions, beliefs, or behaviors (saying one thing but doing another - BAD) 3. The identity set: an individual who strongly identifies with a particular group is likely to accept the group's beliefs and to conform to behaviors dictated by the group (being the same race as the client) 4. The economic set: person is influenced bc of the perceived rewards and punishments that the course is able to deliver; performs a behavior or states a belief in order to get reward or avoid punishment (client may change behavior bc the counselor holds greater power in giving recommendation for parole etc)BUT behavioral compliance does not guarantee private acceptance 5. The authority set: individuals are thought to have a particular position that gives them a legitimate right to prescribe attitudes or behaviors (ex. counselors are thought to have a legitimate right to recommend and provide psychological treatment to troubled clients BUT minorities can perceive it as instruments of institutional oppression and racism

Need to treat social problems - social justice counseling

Social Justice approach challenges the traditional assumptions of therapy and ben reverses them as followed: 1. the locus of the problem may reside int he social system, rather than in the individual 2. Behaviors that violate social norms may not be disordered or unhealthy 3. The social norms, prevailing beliefs, and institutional policies and practices that maintain the status quo may need to be challenged and changed 4. Although remediation is important, the more effective long-term solution is prevention 5. Organizational change requires a macro systems approach involving other roles and skill beyond the traditional clinical one *these 5 assumptions illustrate several basic principles related to social change and esp social justice counseling

Proposition 10: Because Racism Is Operant Behavior, It Can Be Changed

- no one is born a racist -> racism is learned -> just like any other operant behavior -> thus no one has to behave racist -the elimination of racism in counseling depends on the willingness of counselors to learn and practice new patterns of behavior

What the DSM IV includes

-5 new features aimed at promoting cultural sensitivity A. Description of culture-specific features of some disorders B. A glossary of culture-bound syndromes C. An "outline for cultural formulation" to help practitioners assess the relative influence of the client culture D. A revised Axis IV that addresses a wide variety of psychological and environmental stressors, including discrimination E. V codes that account for acculturation as well as religious and spiritual rpblems BUT -still needs work -limited inclusion of cultural considerations for diagnosis, which appear in only 79 of the 400 diagnostic descriptions -bias manifests in the glossary that, in excluding non-American syndromes, presents culture-bound disorders as "artificial and exotic"

preferences of TR multiculturally

-AA, asian, latino and multiracial clients most preferred an active counselor role, which was characterized by the counselor offering concrete suggestions, providing direct answers, challenging the client's thinking with thought-provoking questions, and providing psychoeducation regarding the therapy pg 246 table 9.3 for more info -AA value social interaction vs problem solving approaches -latinos = more interpersonal approach rather than clinical distance -Asian, AA, latinos and multiracial clients who were dissatisfied in cross-racial therapy complained about their therapist's lack of knowledge about racial identity development, the dynamics of power and privilege, the effects of racism, discrimination, and oppression due to their minority status, and cultural stigma associated with seeking help

Proposition 14: To Prevent Relapse Into Racism, Individuals Must Acquire, Reinforce, and Carefully Monitor Nonracist Behaviors and Fair Practices

-Behavioral assets = socially appropriate and self-enhancing behaviors -behavioral deficits = socially inappropriate and self-destructive behaviors -ex. counselor's attributing pathology to a minority client who exhibits mannerisms unfamiliar to the counselor is a behavioral deficit -one of the best ways to prevent relapse is to reinforce behavioral assets that replace racist behaviors -two competing behaviors cannot coexist -> counselors cannot engage and racist and nonracist behavior simultaneously -to ensure change in equitable treatment endures, counselors need clear descriptions of helpful behaviors, methods, of evaluating the consequences of these behaviors, and methods for observing and meaning the frequency

Chapter 6

-Case study = michael was undermined by his therapist for the therapist thought it was his perception of micro aggressions vs reality -there was continual surprise in him having great credentials as a latino, that he was good at speaking spanish and those encouraged him to teach spanish instead of his degree in mathematics, there was judgment he felt if he raised an argument at his work for he didn't want to be the angry black male, and he was questioned with his sexual orientation because he seemed too masculine to by gay

Proposition 5: The Criteria for Determining Whether Racism Has Occurred Lie in the Consequences of the Behavior, Not the Causes

-Consequences of behavior can be divided into two categories: adverse and non adverse -> people are either victimized by the behaviors of other or are not -motivations underlying behavior can be divided into two categories: prejudiced and non prejudiced -> people either do or do not judge others negatively without justification -combinations of the two categories of behavioral consequences and underlying motivation yield 4 possible types of individual: 1. A prejudice person who is racist 2. A prejudiced person who is not racist 3. A nonprejudiced person who is racist 4. A nonprejudiced person who is not racist *useful way of determining whether racism is present is to look at behavioral consequences first and motivation second

impediments (hinderance) to effective counseling

-Culture bound values = individual-centered, verbal/emotional/behavioral expressiveness, communication patterns from client to counselor, openness and intimacy, analytic/linear/verbal (cause-effect) approach, and clear distinctions between mental and physical well-being -Class bound values = strict adherence to time schedules (50-min, once or twice a week meetings), ambiguous or unstructured approach problems, and seeking long-range goals or solutions -language variables = use of standard english and emphasis on verbal communication

EBP and diversity issues in therapy

-EBP = refers to the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristic, culture, and preferences -includes both EBTs and relationship variables, but in broader and more comprehensive than their combination

The Hardiman White Racial Identity development Model

-Hardiman was interested in finding out why some whites are more nonracist than others and studied those who had high levels of racial consciousness 5 White Developmental Stages: 1. Naivete-lack of social consciousness 2. Acceptance 3. Resistance 4. Redefinition 5. Internalization -READ ABOUT STAGES FROM 321-323

relational dimension

-US is an achievement oriented society Individualism: 1. individual is the psychosocial unit of operation 2. the individual has primary responsibility for his or her own actions 3. independence and autonomy are highly valued and rewarded 4. one should be internally directed and controlled -US sees family as nuclear where minorities can see it as extended too -AA can consider friendships as part of family (peoplehood) -moral evaluation of behavior may depend on the value orientation of the cultural group -> ex. favoring relatives over all other relationships

Characteristics of counseling

-a process of interpersonal interaction, communication, and social influence -therapist and client must be able to send and receive both verbal and nonverbal messages appropriately and accurately -breakdowns in communication are exacerbated with people of different racial or ethnic backgrounds -misunderstandings that arise from cultural variations in communication may lead to alienation or an inability to develop trust or rapport -clashes often occur between the values of counseling and psychotherapy and the values of culturally diverse groups

Proposition 15: Combating Racism in Counseling Is the Responsibility of Every Mental Health Professional

-all counselors regardless of race should be involved in combating their own racism and the racism of other professionals -racism transcends to all people -current ethical standards in the mental health professions are ineffectual in promoting the welfare of minority consumers: they fail to reflect the state of knowledge regarding diversity, they show a bias toward Euroventric values, and they emphasize the prevention of harm but not the provision of benefits to minorities

Universal Level

-all individuals are, in some respects, like all other individuals -because we are member of the human race and belong to the species homo sapiens, we share many similarities 1. biological and physical similarities 2. common life experiences (birth, death, love, sadness) 3. self-awareness 4. ability to use symbols such as language

Individual Levels

-all individuals are, in some respects, like no other individuals -human hesitance almost guarantees differences bc no two individuals ever share the same genetic endowment AND no two of us share the exact same experiences in our society -research indicates that psychological characteristics, behavior, and mental disorders are more affected by experiences specific to a child than are shared experiences

Group Level

-all individuals are, in some respects, like some others -group markers such as race and gender are relatively stable and less subject to change -some markers such as education, SES, marital status, and geographic location are more fluid and changeable -ethnicity can also be fluid -group identities may serve as powerful reference groups in the formation of world views -group level of identity reveal that people may belong to more than one cultural group (ex. an asian american female with a disability) -some group identities can be more salient than others and may shift in salience depending on the situation (ex. a gay man with a disability may find that his disability identity is more salient among the able-bodied, but that is sexual orientation is more salient among those with disabilities)

Theme 5: The nature of multicultural counseling competence

-although there are disagreements over the definition of cultural competence, many of us know clinical incompetence when we see it; we recognize it by its horrendous outcomes or by the human toll intakes on our minority clients -many of our standards of professional competence are derived primarily from the values, belief system, cultural assumptions, and traditions of the larger eurocentric society -American constitute only 5% of the world's population -> it is clear that the more superorinate and inclusive concept is that of the multicultural counseling competence, not clinical/counseling competence and should be based off of framework that is inclusive and offer the broadest and most accurate view of cultural competence

ambiguity

-ambiguity and unstructured aspect of counseling may create discomfort for people of color -may see therapy as an unknown and mystifying process -latinos may have been reader in an environment that actively structures social relationships and patterns of interactions -anxiety and confusion may be the outcome in a unstructured counseling sessions

Ridley Chapter 1 - Understanding the victim

-anyone can be the victim and no two victims have identical experiences; some people are victimized many times over -the victim may not be at fault for they incur damage from outside of their control; individuals can be victim of their own abuse (set themselves up for failure, self-defeating lifestyles, suicide); most of these self-abusive ppl are acting out the unresolved pain of being victimized by others in the past; society's fundamental denial of responsibility further cripples such victims -intentions are not an accurate gauge for measuring victimization = victimization can be malicious, unintentional -> intent doesn't matter, it matters that a negative behavior has been done by a person to another -We need to Understand victims from their perspective = may victimize clients by lack of understanding; many victims feel shame, self-blame, humiliation, rage, intrusion, violation and vulnerability -when victimization is selected and repeated, it is not just victimization

insight

-approach assumes that it is mentally beneficial for individuals to obtain insight or understanding into their underlying dynamics and causes -insight is not highly valued by many culturally diverse clients and there are many differences 1. ppl from lower SES classes frequently do not perceive insight as appropriate to their life situations and circumstances -> where do I find a job etc. -> when survival on a day to day basis is important, it seems inappropriate for the therapist to use insight processes 2. traditional Chinese, insight has little relevance and it is not valued, but that does not mean they are incapable of it -> many asian elders believe that thinking too much about something can cause problems -> road to mental health was to avoid morbid thoughts 3. many psychologists believe that insight will lead to behavioral change but it does not always work this way

Theme 3: the inclusive or exclusive nature of multiculturalism

-are definitions of multiculturalism based only on race, or does multiculturalism encompass gender, orientation etc.? Resistance to including other groups in the multicultural dialogue is related to 3 factors: 1. Many racial minorities believe that including other groups in the multicultural dialogue will enable people who are uncomfortable with confronting their own biases to avoid dealing with the hard issues related to race and racism 2. taken to the extreme, saying that all counseling is multicultural makes the concept meaningless bc ultimate extension equates all differences with individual differences 3. there are philosophical disagreements among professionals over whether ender and sexual orientation constitute distinct overall cultures *book believes in the inclusive definition of multiculturalism -each of us is born not cultural contact of existing beliefs, values, rules and practices -> reference groups related to race, etc, exert a powerful influence over us and affect out worldviews

Proposition 12: To Eliminate Racism, We Must Begin by Identifying Specific Racist Behaviors

-as long as counselors are unaware of the harmful effects of their behavior, they probably will not recognize the need to change -counselors should ask where their actions fit in the behavior typology -misidentification of own behavior occurs and stems from inadequate definition of racism and their lack of knowledge conceding the appropriate criteria for judging behavior -to change racist behaviors one must be able to identify specific behaviors as racist or nonracist

Proposition 13: Racism Tends to Resist Change

-attempts to eliminate racism - like attempts to change any well-established behavior- are met with resistance -Encounter of Resistance has 2 important implications: 1. Changing racist behaviors is a serious challenge ->demands careful attention and commitment based on the scientific principles of behavior change -> counselors must meet this challenge head-on if they want to overcome racism in counseling 2. Counselors can overcome their racism -> can acquire empowering behaviors that will help them serve their minority clients better

Social Justice: Redistribution and Recognition

-bc black, indian, gay social movements failed to recognize and respect social groups was a central dimension of injustice, and thus the goal of recognition had to be central to justice theories -Recognition goal = a difference-friendly world, where assimilation to majority or dominant cultural norms os no longer the price of equal respect; ex. distinctive perspective of ethnic, racial, and sexual minorities as well as gender difference -socioeconomic justice is toed in the political-economic structure such as exploitation, marginalization, deprivation -injustice can be rooted in social patterns of representation, interpretation, and communication; ex. cultural domination, nonrecognition, disrespect

Proposition 8: Although Racism is Observable, Racist Behavior Is Not Always Observed

-behavior is either public or private -in privacy of his office, a counselor can misinterpret test data and case history information -whether observed or not, racism is still racism -> still harms the victim -cant change unless someone sees it which is difficult with private racism

Integrative Awareness Stage: Therapeutic Implications

-being action or system oriented, clients respond positively to the designing and implementation of strategies aimed at community and societal change -preferences for therapist are not based on race, but on those who can share, understand, and accept their world views -attitudinal similarity between therapist an client is a more important dimension than membership-group similarity

Historical stereotypes and tension between groups - Asian and Latino Americans

-both groups share the experience of immigration (majority of Asians and Latinos are first or second generation americans -share bilcutluraism -> maintaining Asian and American values, culture conflicts, similar linguistic concerns (bilingualism), and experiencing of pursuing the american dream -shared experience of being treated like a foreigner in ones own country as well as solidarity in that both groups are often left out of the black-white racial paradigm debate -often created hard feelings in these two groups towards AAs -competition between these two groups ->bc they are "invisible" they compete to have their voices heard

Proposition 2: Racism is not the same as racial prejudice

-both refer to some form of bias, but the concepts of these terms represent involve different dynamics -> hinders efforts to understand and resolve racial tensions -Prejudice = preconceived judgment or opinion that is formed without justification or sufficient knowledge (positive or negative); counselor may have prejudice over YAVIS -locke notes, everyone uses some prior knowledge in their urgency to categorize other people, thus everyone is prejudiced in one way or another -Racial Prejudice = negative attitudes, thoughts, and beliefs about an entire category of people; expressions of unfavorable feelings and behavioral iterations toward a group or its individual members *Racism always involves harmful behavior, while racial prejudice involves only negative attitudes, beliefs, and intentions

A Behavioral Model

-categorizes racism into its essential component behaviors I. Individual Racism = adverse behavior of 1 person or small group A. Overt (always intentional) B. Covert (more subtle) 1. Intentional (involves malicious intent) 2. Unintentional (no malicious intent) II. Institutional racism = adverse behavior of organizations or institutions (laws) A. Overt (always intentional) B. Covert (more subtle) 1. Intentional (involves malicious intent) 2. Unintentional (no malicious intent)

goal setting

-choosing good goals is important in counseling -helps determine if counseling was successful -helps for better evaluation of counseling and to better counseling techniques -worst case is not goal setting at all 2 types of goals: 1. Process goals = concerned with therapeutic movement and the conditions necessary for clients to change; typically involve interaction between counselor and client 2. outcome goals = clarify the changes that clients are expected to make as a result of counseling; changes in behavior, attitudes, feelings

shortcomings of ESTs

-choosing treatment based on the specific disorder, contextual, cultural, and other environmental influences are not adequately considered -validity of ESTs for minority group members is often questionable bc these groups are not included in many clinical trials -importance of the therapist-client relationship is not adequately acknowledged -too much emphasis is placed on randomized controlled trials vs other forms of research, such as qualitative research designs -multicultural therapists have had the choice of ignoring ESTs or adapting them (ex. 1. matching language, racial, or ethnic, 2. incorporating cultural values in the specific treatment strategies, 3. utilizing cultural sayings or metaphors in treatment, 4. considering the impact of environmental variables such as acculturation conflicts, discrimination, income status***once you adapt ESTs can be very useful

Expertness

-clients fo to a therapist not only bc they are in distress and in need of relief but also bc they believe the counselor is an expert, that is, that he or she has the necessary knowledge, skills, experience, training, and tools to help (problem-solving set) -Perceived expertness is typically a function of: A. Reputation B. Evidence of specialized training C. Behavioral evidence of proficiency/competency -authority sets and credentials like degrees from big institutions may not enhance perceived expertness from a minority client -behavior-expertness or demonstrating the ability to help a client, becomes the critical form of expertness in effective MCT (problem-solving set) -minority groups like much more active approaches

Resistance and Immersion Stage: Therapeutic Implications

-clients view psychological problems as products of oppression and racism -> may believe that only issues of racism are legitimate areas to explore in therapy -openness or self-disclosure to therapists not of one's own group is dangerous bc White therapists are "enemies" and members of the oppressing group -clients are suspicious of institutions such as mental health services bc they via them as agents of the establishment -few ethnically conscious and militant minorities will use counseling services and if they do they are usually suspicious and hostile Therapist helping this client needs to realize: 1. he or she ail be viewed by the culturally different client as a symbol of the oppressive society ->DONT BECOME DEFENSIVE OR PERSONALIZE THE ATTACKS -dont be intimidated or afraid of the anger -> often person and legitimate -white guilt and defensiveness can serve only to hinder effective counseling 2. Clients in this stage will constantly test you -> most difficult bc counselor self-disclosure is often necessary for establishing credibility 3. Clients are esp. receptive to approaches that are more action-oriented and aimed at external change (Challenging racism) -group approaches with persons experiencing similar racial issues are well received -therapist needs to be willing to help the culturally different client explore new ways of relating to both minority and white persons

racial microaggressions

-coined by chester pierce -describes subtle and often automatic put-downs that african americans face -expanded definition of micro aggression to apply to any marginalized group: def: brief, everyday exchanges that send denigrating messages to a target group, such as people of color, religious minorities, women, people with disabilities, gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgenderd individuals -subtle in nature and can be manifested in the verbal, nonverbal, visual, or behavioral realm -enacted automatically and unconsciously, although the person who delivers them can do so intentionally or unintentionally -cumulative nature of micro aggressions can be extremely harmful to the victim's physical and mental health -create inequities, such as not being offered a job bc of unconscious biases and beliefs held

Therapeutic Alliance

-connectedness = having feelings of closeness with the therapist, working together in an enabling atmosphere, receiving support for chance, and being provided an equality of status within the working relationship -relationship variables with the therapist were particularly important for AA and latino clients and concluded that the basic yearning for authentic connection with a provider transcends racial categories 3 elements: 1. an emotional or interpersonal bond between the therapist and the client, 2. mutual agreement on appropriate goals, 3. intervention strategies or tasks that are viewed as important and relevant by both the client and the therapist *therapist client relationship contributes as much as 30% to the variance in the therapeutic outcome

self-disclosure

-considered to be a promising and probably effective technique, it remains controversial if a therapist should reveal personal thoughts or info -associated with reductions in symptom distress and greater liking for the therapist -counselor disclosure in cross-cultural situation (sharing reactions to clients' experiences of racism or oppression) may also enhance the therapeutic alliance -may show the therapist's human qualities and lead to the development of closer ties with the client -effectiveness depends on type of disclosure, timing and frequency, and client characteristics -sharing should be limited and aimed at helping the client with his or her issues -if requests for self-disclosure become recent or too personal, the therapist should explore with the client the reason for the inquiries

Definitions of mental health

-counseling and psychotherapy assume universal (etic) applications of their concept and goals to the exclusion of culture specific (emir) views -cultural encapsulation = graduate programs have been accused of fostering this Cultural Encapsulation refers to: 1. the substitution of modal stereotypes for the real world 2. the disregarding of cultural variations in a dogmatic adherence to some universal notion of truth 3. the use of a technique oriented definition of the counseling process *results of this are counseling roles that are rigidly defined, implanting a an implicit belied in a universal concept of "healthy and "normal"

Scientific empiricism

-counseling in western culture has been described as being highly linear, analytic, and verbal in their attempt to mimic the physical sciences -often see therapist as objective, neutral, rational, logical (left-brain functioning) -the emphasis on symbolic logic contrasts markedly with the philosophies of many cultures that value more nonlinear, holistic, and harmonious approach to the world (ex. american indian) -experiment = most dominate way of asking and answering questions about the human condition in US society

A tripartite framework for understanding the multiple dimensions of identity

-counselors like to take the stance to minimize the importance of the many cultural dimensions of human identity but rather emphasize the greater discomfort that many psychologists experience in dealing with these issues of race rather than with other sociodemographic differences -All individuals in many respects are (a) like no other individuals, (b) like some individuals, and © like all other individuals (individual, group, and universal levels of personal identity) -Universal Level = homosapians: common life experiences, biological and physical similarities, self-awareness, ability to use symbols -Group Level = Similarities and Differences : race, sexual orientation, marital status, religious preference, culture, disability/ability, ethnicity, geographic location, age, SES, gender Individual Level = Uniqueness: genetic endowment, non shared experiences

social justice in education and counseling

-counselors need to expand roles -9 social justice competencies for counselors

counseling as interpersonal influence

-counselors who are perceived as credible by their clients (expert and trustworthy) and attractive are able to exert greater social influence over their clients than are those perceived as lacking in these areas -regardless of the counseling orientation, the therapist's effectiveness tends to depend on the client's perception of his or her expertness, trustworthiness, and attractiveness

CHAPTER 3

-cultural competence is not just for majority group members - 1st we cannot blame the victim (AA student) for the strong and emotive feelings of anger, resentment, and bitterness emanating from her -> it is likely the result of cumulative years of prejudice and discrimination directed toward her as a member of a socially devalued group member -in working with white clients, minority group counselors might: (a) be unable to contain their anger and rage toward majority group clients as they are viewed as the oppressor (b) have difficulty understanding the worldview of their clients © be hindered in their ability to establish rapport (d) be pulled between opposing tendencies of helping and harming their clients (e) be guilty of imposing their racial realities upon clients *such conflict can be manifested in almost any relationship involving a minority counselor and a majority or other minority client -2nd AA student possesses many stereotypes and inaccurate beliefs about Asian Americans -> assumptions that Asian Americans are "not people of color," that they know little about racism and discrimination, and that they are like whites -false stereotypes of asian americans have often played into misunderstandings and conflicts between the AA and Asian American communities -40% of AA and Hispanics believe that Asian Americans are unscrupulous, crafty, and devious in business -no racial/ethnic group is immune from inheriting the biased beliefs, misinformation, and stereotypes of another -3rd we have some flavor of the "who's more oppressed?" trap -each group can claim that it has suffered immensely from racism, but we need to realize that all oppression is damaging and serves to separate rather than unify

patterns of communication

-cultural upbringing of minorities dictates different patterns of communication that may place them at a disadvantage in therapy -clients are supposed to help initiate the conversation -> but indians, asians, and latinos may have been reared to respect elders and authority and not to speak until spoken to

Culture-bound values

-culture consists of all things that ppl have learned to do, believe, value, and enjoy -marginal person = (stonequist) refers to a person's inability to form dual ethnic identification bc of bicultural membership -cultural deficit models view culturally diverse groups as possessing dysfunctional values and belief systems that are often handicaps to be overcome and a course of shame

Proposition 11: Consciousness-Raising Is an Inadequate Method of Combating Racism

-despite persuasive messages to promote equality, attempts at consciousness-raising have yielded disappointing results as the inequities continue -priority should be to change problem behavior rather than behavior intentions (prejudices) -when they do propose behavior change it is in broad terms such as "culturally sensitive" that make it difficult to know HOW to be culturally sensitive, thus less change occurs

Stage 5: Integrative Awareness Stage

-develop an inner sense of security and now can own and appreciate unique aspects of their culture as well as those in US culture -not necessarily in conflict with white dominate cultural ways -conflicts and discomforts in the previous stage get resolved -> allows greater individual control and flexibility -belief develops that there are acceptable and unacceptable aspects in all cultures and that it is very important for the person to be able to examine and to accept or reject those aspects of a culture that are not seen as desirable -strong commitment and desires to eliminate all forms of oppression CHARACTERISTICS ON PAGE 304

emotional and interpersonal bond

-development of an emotional bond is enhanced by collaboration = a shared process in which a client's views are respected and his or her participation is encouraged in all phases of therapy -an egalitarian stance and encouragement of sharing and self-disclosure facilitate the development of empathy and reduce the power differential between therapist and client

problems that can occur in different viewpoints on time

-difference between minority and white therapist will most likely be in a difference in the pace of time: both may sense things are going too slowly or too fast -confusions and misinterpretations can arise bc hispanics (PR) mark time differently than do the US -> language of clock time in counseling can conflict with minority perceptions of time (your next apt is at 9:30 -> good its convenient for me to come after I drop off the children at school -minorities who are present time oriented are more likely to seek immediate, concrete solutions, rather than future-oriented, abstract goals

counseling and therapy as communication style

-different theories of counseling represent different communication styles -rogers = attending skills, encouragement to talk, minimal encouragers, nonverbal markers, paraphrasing, reflecting feelings -Shostrom = direct guidance, providing info -Lazarus = active, reductive style

Understanding Individual and systematic worldviews

-dimensions of trust-mistrsut and credibility in the helping professions are strongly influenced by world views -worldviews determine how ppl perceive their relationship to the world and are highly correlated with a person's cultural upbringing and life experiences -composed of attitudes, values, opinions, and concepts as well as the way we think, define events, make decisions, and behave -2 different psychological orientations considered important in the formation of worlviews: 1. locus of control; 2. locus of responsibility

discrimination towards people with disability (PWD)

-discriminatory practices are believed to be increasing in frequency and intensity, but ableism is rarely included in discussions about modern forms of oppression -expression of ableism = favors people w/o disabilities and matins that disability in and of itself is a negative concept, state, and experience

Empirically supported treatment

-effective response to concerns about the use of unsupported techniques and psychotherapies as well as address the issue of unintended harm that can result from ineffective or hazardous treatments -involve a very specific treatment protocol for specific disorders -> conducted using manuals Defining and identifying ESTs: 1. superiority to a placebo in 2 or more methodologically rigorous, controlled studies 2. Equivalence to a well-established treatment in several rigorous and independent controlled studies, usually randomized controlled trials 3. efficacy in a large series of single-case controlled designs (within subjects designs that systematically compare the effects of a treatment with those of a control condition) -identified fro anxiety, depressive, and stress-related disorders, eating disorders, severe mental conditions (BPD, Schizophrenia, substance abuse, childhood disorders, borderline) -developed a list of ESTs and practice guidelines for ethnic minorities, women, girls, LGBT, and older adults

communication styles

-effective therapy depends on the therapist and client being able to send and receive both verbal and nonverbal messages accurately and appropriately -need to send messages (make themselves understood) and receive messages (attend to client) -includes verbal (content of what is said) and nonverbal (how something is said) elements -most therapists seem more concerned with accuracy (getting to the heart of the matter) than appropriateness -communication styles are strongly correlated with race, culture, gender, and ethnicity -30-40% of what is communicated conversationally is verbal -race/culture may influence areas on nonverbal behavior: proxemics, kinesics, paralanguage, high-low context communication

The Biopsychosocial Model

-emphasizes the whole person -takes into account every major influence on human functioning, including physical health, interpersonal social competence, and psychological and emotional well-being -based on systems of thinking -biopsychosocial therapy = model's application to psychological intervention -emphasis of treatment is the changing of behavior to prevent or mitigate diease -health promotion model 3 Processes through which behavior influences health and disease: 1. Stress = chronic stress ultimately proceeds changes in body tissues, even when the individual does not engage in direct harmful behaviors 2. Harmful Behaviors and Lifestyles = behaviors that cause illness; cigarette smoking, poor diet, insufficient exercise, excessive alcohol consumption, drug abuse, poor hygiene; some reflect cultural practices and other are idiosyncratic 3. Reaction to illness = deny significance or severity of symptoms, delay getting medical attention, fail to comply with treatment or rehabilitation programs

management of countertransference

-enhances the alliance and minuses ruptures in the TR -countertransference = therapist's emotional reaction to the client based on the therapist's own set of attitudes, beliefs, values, or experiences -> can bias judgment

exploring the racial dynamics between counselor and client

-ethnicity has ben equated with sex and death as a subject that arouses deep, unconscious feelings in most ppl -racial dynamics present a major challenge to counselors working with minority clients 1. counselors should realize that many minority clients enter counseling with a certain amount of fear and anxiety (ex. whites represent society oppression) -counselors must accept their clients anxieties and encourage clients to express their feelings openly 2. counselors should explore their clients' racial attitudes early in treatment (See if race is even an issue) 3. when it is appropriate, counselors should share one f their own feelings with minority clients -> can serve as a form of modeling, help create intimacy, send indirect message to the client that we can self-disclose as well

Theme 1: Cultural Universality vs Cultural relativism

-etic = culturally universal vs emic = culturally specific perspectives -etic = believes that good counseling is good counseling; disorders such a depression, schizophrenia, and socipathic behaviors appear in all cultures and societies; minimal modification in their diagnosis and treatment is required; western concepts of normality and abnormality can be considered universal and equally applicable across cultures (professor) -emic = lifestyles, cultural values, and world views affect the expression and determination of deviant behavior; all theories of human development arise from a cultural context and that using Euro-american value of independence as a healthy development - esp on collectivistic cultures - may constitute bias -approach these opposing views by asking two questions: 1. what is universal in human behavior that is also relevant to counseling and therapy? 2. what is the relationship between cultural norms, values, and attitudes, on the one hand, and the manifestation of behavior disorders and their treatments on the other?

Nature of people dimension

-euroamericans perceive nature of ppl as neutral -> environmental influences such as conditioning, family upbringing, and socialization are believed to be dominant forces in determining th nature of the person -Indians and asians emphasize the inherent goodness of ppl -indians believe in noninterference which is based on the belief that ppl have an inane capacity to advance and grow and that the problematic behaviors are the result of environmental influences that thwart the opportunity to develop -asians believe in pals innate goodness and prescribes role relationships that manifest the good way of life; healing source relies within the family and seeking outside help is nonproductive -latinos hold the view that human nature is good and bad; ppl are born with positive qualities; bad parts of children may be seen as destiny and less help is likely to be sought, but religious consultations and ventilate to neighbors are more likely to be seen as help -AA mixed concept of ppl (good and bad), but mostly believe that ppl are neutral and environment shapes -> comes from racism in that discrimination and other external factors create problems for the individual

trustworthiness

-factors such as sincerity, openness, honesty, and perceived lack of motivation for personal gain -more influence can be exerted -self-disclosure is very dependent on perceived trustworthiness -trust does not come with the role from minorities (Authority set) -cannot be trusted unless otherwise demonstrated -> must be evidenced in behavioral terms -trustworthiness may include counselor self-disclosure -cant be defensive with these clients

Shortcomings of Models

-fail to provide a clean rationale for why an individual develops one ethnic identity type over another -represent static entities rather than a dynamic process of identity development -early proposals are too simplistic to acc punt for the complexity of racial identity development -too population specific

Locus of Responsibility

-formulated from attribution theory -def: measures the degree of responsibility or blame placed on the individual or system -ex. AA -> their lower standard of living may be attributed to their personal inadequacies (individual) or the responsibility may be attributed to racial discrimination (system) Person-centered Orientation (individualism): 1. Emphasizes the understanding of a person's motivations, values, feelings, and goals 2. Believe that success or failure is attributed to the individuals skills or personal inadequacies 3. Believe that there is a strong relationship between ability, effort, and success in society Situation-Centered (system-blame): 1. View the sociocultural and sociopolitical environment as more potent than the individual 2. Social, economic, and political forces are powerful 3. Success or failure is generally dependent on the social forces and not necessarily on personal attributes *internal response (acceptance of blame for one's failure) may be considered extreme and intropunitive for minorities -> may be more realistic, healthy, appropriate AA with high external orientation appeared healthier in outlook: 1. more often aspired to nontraditional occupations 2. were more in favor of group rather than individual action for dealing with discrimination 3. engage in more civil rights activities 4. exhibited more innovative coping behavior

social justice

-fundamental in teaching and counseling -implementing strategies to lead to egalitarian practices -acknowledges issues of unearned power, privilege, and oppression and how these link with psychological stress and disorders -both multiculturalism and social justice promote the need to develop multiculturally and advocacy competent helping professionals

criticisms of social justive

-group specific attempts at targeting devalued groups for special consideration is that by doing so we discriminate against another group -social justice advocacy as too often little connection between professional advocates and the people from who they speak -> organizations struggle to survive

alternative helping roles

-having more active helping style -working outside the office (home, institution, or community) -being focused on changing environmental conditions, as opposed to changing the client -viewing the client as encountering problems rather than having a problem -being oriented toward prevention rather than remediation -shouldering increased responsibility for determining the core and the outcome of the helping process

social justice habit

-ideologically neutral a specific habit go justice is social in two senses: 1. the skills it requires are those of inspiring, working with, and organizing others to accomplish together a work of justice 2. aims at the good of the community, not at the good of one segment of the community only -> primarily involves the good of others

Evidence-Based Practice

-incongruence from professionals in ideas for treating people spawned the movement toward EBP 1. after careful assessment of the presenting problem and related factors, how does a counselor decide on the most appropriate treatment for an individual? 2. Historically, therapeutic strategies used in treatment were often based on (a) clinician's specific therapeutic orientation, (b) ideas shared by "experts" in psychotherapy, © clinical intuition and experience derived from years of work with clients *this is a problem for there are countless experts and over 400 schools of psychotherapy, each purporting that their techniques are valid as well as different professionals may differ significantly from one another in how they conceptualize and treat a problem of the client 3. question has propelled the field of mental health practice, inkling multicultural counseling, to consider the tole of science and research in treatment of mental disorder

Proposition 7: Failing to Combat Racism Is a Form of Racism

-indirect racism -> is racism through inaction -person does nothing and that failure to act as a results in the same fatal consequence as direct racism -failure to combat is not just a simple act of racism -> it is a perpetuation of racism, esp when the bystander has power to prevent it "if you are not part of the solution, you are part of the problem" -counselors can participate in a larger systems that victimizes minorities such as ineffective interventions, misdiagnoses, and the imposition of biased cultural expectations

Stage 4: Introspection Stage

-individual beings to discover that this level of intensity of feelings (anger directed toward white society) is psychologically draining and does not permit one to really devote more crucial engages to understanding oneself or one's own racial/cultural group -need for positive self-definition in a proactive sense emerges -minority individual experiences feelings of discontent and discomfort with group views -> asked to submerge individual autonomy and individual thought in favor of the group good -> different from conformity in that they don't hate their own group CHARACTERISTICS ON PAGE 303

Asian American Identity Development

-integrates the influence of acculturation, exposure of cultural differences, environmental negativism to racial differences, personal methods of handling race-related conflicts and the effects of group or social movements on the AA individual -PROCESS ON PAGE 294

The impact of group identities on counseling and psychotherapy

-it is highly probable that different racial/ethnic minority groups perceive the competence of the helping professional differently than do mainstream clients (because of the difference of individualistic and collectivistic goals) -if race/ethnicity affects perception, what about other group differences such as gender or sexual orientation -minority clients may see a clinician who exhibits therapeutic skills that are associated primarily with mainstream therapies as having lower credibility -ask "do such groups as racial/ethnic minorities define cultural competence differently than do their euro-american counterparts? -anecdotal observations, clinical case studies, conceptual analytical writings, and some empirical studies seem to suggest an affirmative response to the question

Nonrandom Victimization

-it is one thing to be a victim,but it is worse to be victimized repeatedly -> which makes it hard to conclude that they are "random" events -although there is still a chance that it is random, the chance reoccurrence of minority clients' victimization is improbable -systematic influence , the behavior operative in the mental health system, is a more plausible explanation -though whites sometimes are victimized in counseling -> but these tend to be random in nature -the consistent victimization evident in the treatment of minority clients often stems from racism, which is both nonrandom and predictable

10 values that exist in every culture and counselors should avoid in imposing one's values on clients

-language (verbal message systems, communication) -temporality (time, routine, schedules) -territoriality (Space, property) -exploitation (methods of control, use, sharing resources) -association (family, kin, community) -subsistence (Work, division of labor) -bisexuality (differing modes of speech, dress, conduct) -learning (observation, modeling, instruction) -play (humor, games) -defense (health procedures, social conflicts, beliefs)

Proposition9: Racism, like Other Operant Behaviors, Is Learned

-learning = relatively permanent change in potential performance or behavior as a result of experience 2 critical elements of learning: 1. the word potential means that learned behavior is not always manifested 2. nonlearning influences of behavior are excluded from the definition -> not all changes in behavior are a result of learning (development); some changes are temporary (Ex. drugs, fatigue)

Models of White Racial Identity Development

-level of white racial identity awareness is predictive of racism and internal interpersonal characteristics: a. the less aware subjects were of their white identity, the more likely they were to exhibit increased levels of racism b. the higher the level of white identity development, the greater the reposted multicultural counseling competence, more positive opinions towards minority groups, and better TA c. higher levels of mature interpersonal relationships and a better sense of personal well-being were associated wit higher levels of white identity consciousness d. as a group, women were more lily than men to exhibit higher evils of white consciousness and were less likely to be racist -models = a conceptualization fot eh stages/level/statuses of consciousness of racial/ethnic identity development for white euro americans

Formation of Worldviews

-locus of control (personal control) and locus of responsibility are independent from one another and intersect 1. IC-IR =(Assertive/passive) -philosophy of US society; individual is help accountable for all transpires, can lead to self-blame; self-help approaches; white middle-class 2. EC-IR = (Marginal/passive) -accept the dominant culture's definition for self-responsibiity, but have very little real control over how they are defined by others -marginal (coined by Stonequist) describes a person living on the margins of 2 cultures and not fully accommodated to either; deny the existence of racism, believe the plight of their own is due to laziness, etc;evidence racial self-hatred -> accept white standards -oppressed ->in counseling may reveal the presence of self-hatred and the realization that clients cannot escape from their own racial heritage -counselor needs to (a) understand the particular dominant-subordinate political forces that have created this dilemma (b) distinguish between positive attempts to acculturate and negative rejection of one's own cultural values 3. IC-ER (Assertive/Assertive) -able to shape events in their own life if given a chance -more likely to participate in civil rights activities and stress racial identity and militancy -pride in one's racial and cultural identity -stresses consciousness and pride in their own racial heritage -clients pose the most difficult problem for the White IC-IR therapist -> raise challenges to the therapist's credibility and trustworthiness -> self-disclose does not come quickly -clients are likely to play a much more active part in the therapy process and demand action from the therapist 4. EC-ER (Passive/Aggressive) -person high in system blame and EC feels that there is very little once can do in the face of such severe external obstacles as prejudice and discrimination; EC responses might be a manifestation of (a) having given up (b) attempting to placate those in power; result can form as learned helplessness -social forces are seen as too powerful to combat at a particular time -therapist realizes the basis of the adaptations of lacking courage and ego strength -therapist should (a) teach the clients new coping strategies, (b) have them experience successes, © validate who and what they represent

powerlessness

-major force dealing with locus of control -def: the expectancy that a person's behavior cannot determine the outcomes of reinforcements that he or she seeks -strong possibility that externality maya be a function of a person''s opinions about prevailing social institutions -focusing on external forces may be motivationally healthy if it results from assessing one;s chances for success against real systematic and external obstravles rather than unpredictable fate -High externality may be due to: 1. Chance/luck 2. Cultural dictates that are viewed as benevolent 3. Political force (racism) that represents malevolent but realistic obstacles

Implications of the Conformity Model for Unintentional Racism

-major implication lies in the model's imposition of majority group values on minority group members Problematic Issues Associated with the Conformity Model: 1. cutoff points - how deviant must a person be to acquire the magic designation of deviant 2. Number of deviations (how often must a person not conform to be considered deviant) 3. Acute vs chronic behaviors (to what extent is maladjustment contingent on the acuteness or chronicity of behavior?) -counselors who take the etic stance vs the emir stance are more likely to impose their own cultural values when interpreting behaviors of minority clients

distinctions between mental and physical functioning

-many american indians, asians, AA, and latinos hold different concepts of what constitutes mental health, mental illness, and adjustment -chinese = concept of mental health or psychological wellbeing is not understood in the same way -latinos do not make the same western distinction between mental and physical health -> nonphysical health problems are most likely to be referred to a physician, priest, or minister -sometimes immediate forms of treatment like advice, confession, consolation, and medication are expected from these cultural clients

black identity development models

-many models, but the Cross model of psychological nigrescence (process of becoming black) is the most influential and well documented Cross Model: -developed during civil rights movement and has 5 stages where blacks in the US move from a White frame of reference to a positive Black frame

Curriculum and training deficiencies

-many universal definitions of mental health that have pervaded the profession have primarily been due to severe deficiencies in training programs -major reason for ineffectiveness with minorities is the lack of culturally sensitive material taught in the curricula -course offerings continue to lack a non-white perspective -training programs purposely leave out antiracism, antisexism, and anti homophobia curricula for fear they require students to explore their own biases and prejudices -curriculum must enable students to understand feelings of helplessness, powerlessness, low self-esteem, and poor self-concept and how they contribute to low motivation, frustration, hate, ambivalence, and apathy Each course should contain: 1. consciousness-raising component 2. affective/experiential component 3. knowledge component 4. skills component

Proposition 4: Anyone Can Be a Racist, Including Members of Racial Minority Groups

-members of minority groups sometimes victimize member of their own and other minority groups -minorities can also be racist towards whites -a counselor should never discount anyone's potential to be a racist simply because of the person's skin color -needs to be addressed for it is impossible to eliminate racism without first acknowledging all of its perpetrators

the education and training of mental health professionals

-minority clients tend to terminate coursing at a rate of more than 50% after only one contact with the therapist compared to 30% for white clients WHY? -thought it was their biased nature of the service -ill prepared mental health professionals -there is a different view in what students and directors of mental health training program in how many multicultural classes a student should take -cultural influences affecting personality formation, career choice, educational development, and the manifestation of behavior disorder are infrequently part of mental health training 1. professionals who deal with mental health prelims of ethnic minorities lack understanding and knowledge about ethnic values and their consequent interaction with a racist society 2. mental health practitioners are graduated from out programs believing that minorities are inherently pathological and that therapy involves a simple modification of traditional white models -contrary to ethnocentric orientation, we need to expand our perception of what constitutes valid mental health practices -> equally legitimate treatment are non formal and natural support systems, folk-healing methods, indigenous forma systems of therapy

Stage 3: Resistance and Immersion Stage

-minority person tends to endorse minority-held views completely and to reject dominate values of society and culture -person seems dedicated to reacting against white society and rejects white social, cultural, and institutional standards as having no personal validity -desire to eliminate oppression becomes an important motivation of behavior -3 most active types of affective feelings: guilt, shame, and anger -guilt and shame = the past minority individual has sold out his or her own racial and cultural group -> sellout (contributor and participant in the oppression of his or her own group -anger = at the oppression and feelings of having been brainwashed by forces of white society -movement into this stage for 2 reasons:1. resolution of the conflicts and confusions of the previous stage allows greater understanding of social forces and his or her own role as a victim; 2. personal questioning of why ppl should feel ashamed of themselves develops and to answer this question evokes feelings of guilt, shame, and anger CHARACTERISTICS ON PAGE 301-302

Implications of the deficit model for unintentional racism

-model is most explicitly racist of all mental health models -counselors who believe minority clients have cultural deficits tend to make one of two treatment errors: 1. they either lower their expectations for what the clients can accomplish (early termination) 2. They set unrealistically high goals for their clients -> asked specifically hard questions to question their credentials; sets clients up for failure

focus on the individual

-most counseling is individual centered (I-thou) -not all cultures view individualism as a positive orientation as a positive orientation and may even be seen as a handicap to attaining enlightenment, one that might divert us from important spiritual goals -atman = (indian) defines itself as participating in unity with all things and not being limited by the temporal world -many societies do not define the psych social unit of operation as the individual, but in many cultures and subgroups the psychosocial unit of operation tends to be the family, group, or collective society -ex. asian = identity is defined within the family constellation -> greatest punitive measure to be taken out on an individual is to be disowned -ex. hispanic see the unit of operation as residing within the gamily -ex. AA view of the world encompasses the concept of groupness -guilt is felt in an individualistic society while shame is felt in a collectivistic

adv of Helms model

-most widely cited, researched, and applied -part of its attractiveness ad value is the derivation of defenses, protective strategies, or what helms labels as information-processing strategies (white ppl use to avoid or assuage anxiety and discomfort around the issue of race) -Each status has a dominant IPS associated with it 1. Contact = obliviousness and denial 2. Disintegration = suppression and ambivalence 3. Reintegration = selective perception and negative out-group distortion 4. Pseudoindependence = reshaping reality and selective perception 5. Immersion/emersion = hypervigilance and reshaping 6. Autonomy = flexibility and complexity *understanding things helps for understanding barriers that must be overcome in order to move to another status

Therapeutic impact of ethnocentric monoculturalism

-multicultural specialists have pointed out how AAs in responding to forced enslavement, history of discrimination, and america's reaction to their skin color, have adopted toward white behavior patters may include indirect expressions of hostility, aggression, and fear AA mother would teach their children during slavery: 1. to express aggression indirectly 2. to read the thoughts of other while hiding their own 3. to engage in ritualized accommodating/subordinating behaviors designed to create as few waves as possible -these 3 things involves a process called mild dissociation where AAs may separate their true selves from their roles as Negroes (true self is revealed to black and the dissociated self is revealed to meet the expectations of prejudiced whites)

Stage 2: Dissonance Stage

-no matter how much one attempts to deny his or her own racial/cultural heritage, an individual will encounter info or experiences that are inconsistent with culturally held beliefs, attitudes, and values ->CHALLENGED BELIEFS -denial begins to break down, which leads to a questioning and challenging of the attitudes/beliefs of the conformity stage -gradual process, but if a traumatic event occurs it could push into this stage CHARACTERISTICS ON PAGE 300

Implications of the Biopsychosocial model for unintentional racism

-not inherently racist -> bc the model incolces a comprehensive approach to understanding health and illness -> does not have a bias that could lead counselors to misinterpret the behavior of minority clients -effective when treating minority clients -racism may occur when model is misused or not used at all Counselor's misuse or nonuse can lead to 2 problems: 1. Failure to treat clients holistically 2. Failure to promote health

Feature 1: Variety of Racist Behaviors

-not just blatant bigotry -most people do not see their behaviors as racist because they do not fit the blatant images of the KKK or white ppl attacking civil rights demonstrators -racism in most counselors exhibit occurs inna small scale in comparison but even minuscule amounts of racism can have harmful consequences

Cultural Competency objectives - Why centered on white counselors?

-objectives are equally applicable to therapists of color and other minority groups, but there is legitimacy as to why greater emphasis has been placed on the education of What trainees: (a) the majority of mental health providers are White or member of the majority grow (b) theories and practices of the counseling/therapy arise from predominately white, western perspective, and form the educational foundations of our graduate programs © White, male, and straight Euro-Americans continue to control and hold power in being able to determine normality/abnormality and to define mental health reality for marginalized groups -even if counselors of color woe with other culturally diverse groups, they are generally educated in white, western ways of describing, explaining, diagnosing, and treating mental disorders *being a therapist of color does not automatically denote cultural competence

characteristics of operant behavior

-observable -repeatable (unless there is a physical limitation) -> any of of racism can be a onetime even or a reoccurring behavior, depending on the degree of freedom the individual has to continue the racist behavior and whether or not he chooses to do so -measurable -> can count how many times a behavior occurs

Hmong Sudden death syndrome

-occurs in southeast asian refugees -incidences of unexplained deaths, primarily among Hmong men, would occur within the first 2 years of residence in the US -autopsies produce no identifiable cause of death -often victim displays labored breathing, screams, and frantic movements just before death -fixed the problem in the book by sending the spirits off in smoke -approaches are seen by westerner as unscientific and supernatural

Feature 2: The Systematic Nature of Racist Behavior

-operates under larger social context where ppl interact with one another -system = a pattern of relationships that prevails over time 3 Characteristics of Open Systems: 1. Input: -like humans with oxygen, social systems have to draw renewed supplies of energy from the larger external environment -the survival of racism as a system depends on inputs in the form of such elements as money, personnel, attitudes, and mental paradigms (Ex. government agencies fund programs that disempower and foster dependence among minorities) 2. Throughput -just as the human body converts starch and sugars into heat and action, social systems create products, convert material, change people, and offer services -social systems change their inputs into qualitatively different outputs -racist behavior and patterns of behavior transform minority clients into victims -counselors can do this through microinteractions Output -open systems export products - transform inputs - into the environment -when minor it clients leave the mental health system prematurely, unhealed, misdiagnosed, or disenchanted, these racist outcomes are the outputs of the systemic behavior *these elements suggest that racism is a function of social systems -racism is reinforced by larger social systems

social oppression/equality/social justice framework

-oppression = behaviors that result in the assignment of persons to a particular category based on their membership in a particular group of people; describes polices, practices, norms, and traditions that systematically exploit one social group (target group) by another (dominant group) for the dominant group's benefit -equality = state where all individuals have equal intrinsic worth and that status is recognized in the decision made in the society -social justice framework = includes access to vital resources, participation in critical decision making processes, and respect for human rights and he various dimensions of personal identity, particularly culture

Unintentional Racism: An Insidious Form of Victimization

-overt forms of racism are easiest to identify as well as easiest to overcome -there is evidence that more subtle forms of racism have replaced blatant discrimination -unintentional racists are unaware of the harmful consequences of they behavior -bc unintentional racism do not wish to do harm, it is often difficult to get them to see themselves as racist -> likely to deny their racism -unintentional racists often do some of the greatest harm

Understanding the dynamics of whiteness

-part of the problem of race relations lies in the different worldview of both groups Dynamics of Whiteness: 1. most whites perceive themselves as unbiased individuals who do not harbor racist thoughts and feelings, they seem themselves as working toward social justice and possessing a conscious desire to better the life circumstances of those less fortunate than they -self-image serves as a major barrier to recognizing and taking responsibility for admitting and dealing with own prejudices -> to admit this this requires ppl to recognize that the self-image they hold so dear are based on false notions of self (Creates CD) 2. Being a white person in society means chronic exposure to ethnocentric monoculturalism as manifested in white supremacy -it is difficult if not impossible for anyone to avoid inheriting the racial biases, prejudices, misinfo, deficit portrayals, and stereotypes of their forebears -> suggests that whites have been victimized (no one was born wanting to be racist)-> lacking awareness is ineffective in counseling 3.If white counselors are ever able to become effective multicultural counselor, they must free themselves from the cultural conditioning of their past and move toward the development of a nonracist white identity -> but it is hard to tell what our white identity is (barrier)

Minority group counselors working with majority and minority group clients

-persons of color have major hesitations and concerns about publicly airing interracial/interethnic conflicts, differences, and misunderstandings bc of the possible political ramifications for group unity

Proposition 6: A person Needs Power to Behave Like a Racist

-power is the ability to control oneself and others -ex. counselors control access to goals that are of interest to minority clients as well as select treatments, make diagnosis, and refer clients to other agencies -> if counselors are misguided in their actions, they can of their clients harm

Causation and Spirit possession

-ppl believe that there are good and evil spirits (ex. spirits for intelligence) and that spirits can even serve as a protective function against evil ones -many cultures believe that a cure can come about only through the aid of a shaman or a heeler who can reach and communicate with the sir it world via divination skills -although professional may not believe in spirits, therapists are similar to the Hmong in their need to explain the troubling phenomena experienced by vang and to construe meaning from them -even though we might be able to recast Vang's problems in more acceptable psychological terminology, the effective multicultural helping requires knowledge of cultural relativism and respect fort the belief system of culturally different clients

empathy

-ppl differ in their reaction to the directness of emotional empathy, depending on such factors as the gender, ethnicity, or cultural background of the counselor or the client, the degree of comfort and emotional bonding with the therapist, and specific issue involved -Asians prefer a less direct style of emotional empathy (if I was in the same situation I would feel hurt, vs you feel hurt) -cognitive empathy = the therapists ability to understand the issues facing the client or communicating understanding of the client's worldview including influences of family issues or discriminatory experiences ->incorporating diversity -a counselors's universal diversity orientation (interest in diversity, contact with diverse groups, comfortable in similarities and differences) was positively related to client ratings of the TR, whereas similarities in sexual orientation between therapist and client were not

Stage 1: Conformity

-preference for dominant cultural vales over their own -their own minority group may be viewed with disdain or may hold low salience for the person -bought into societal definitions about their minority status in society -bc its has the most negative impact, understanding its sociopolitical dynamics is of utmost importance for the helping professional -ppl in conformity stage are victims of larger social-psychological forces operating in our society -key issue is the dominant-subordinate relationship between two cultures -ppl adjust themselves to the group with greater prestige and power in order to avoid feelings of inferiority -victims of ethnocentric monoculturalism = (a) superiority of one group in language, traditions, etc, (b) belief in inferiority of all other lifestyles, © power to impost such standards on less powerful CHARACTERISTICS OF THOSE IN CONFORMITY STAGE ON PAGE 298-299

Dissonance Stage: Therapeutic Implications

-preoccupation and questioning concerning self, identity, and self-esteem are most likely brought in for therapy -prefer counselor who possesses good knowledge of the clients cultural group -> the fact that minority professional are generally more knowledgeable of the client's cultural group may serve to heighten the conflicting beliefs and feelings of this stage -since client is so receptive toward self-exploration, the therapist can capitalize on this orientation is helping the client come to grips with his or her identify conflicts

Competency 1: Therapist Awareness of One's Own Assumptions, Values, and Biases

-programs stress the importance of not allowing our biases, values, or hang-ups to interfere with out ability to work with clients -warning stays primarily on an intellectual level and very little training is directed at having trainees get in touch with their values and biases about human behavior -easier to cognitively understand their own heritage -what makes examination of the self difficult is the emotional impact of attitudes, beliefs, and feelings associated with cultural differences such as racism, sexism, heterosexism, able-body-ism, and ageism -need to be prepared to answer questions

modes of mental health

-provide standards against which counselors judge the normalcy and deviance of their client's behavior Modes Aid Counselors in 3 ways: 1. by helping them organize their think about behavior 2. by guiding they clinical decisions and interventions 3. by allowing them to communicate with colleagues in a common, systematic language

Individual and universal biases in psychology and mental health

-psychology and mental health professional in particular, has generally focused on either the indium or the universal level of identity, placing less importance on the group level Reasons for this: 1. society arose from the concept of rugged individualism and we have traditionally valued autonomy, independence, and uniqueness 2. the universal level is consistent with the tradition and history of psychology, which has historically sought universal facts, principles, and laws in explaining human behavior -> may lack external validity 3. we have historically neglected the study of identity at the group level for sociopolitical and normative reasons -> issues of race, gender, sexual orientation, and disability seem to touch hot buttons in all of us because they fin to light issues of oppression and the unpleasantness of personal biases; racial/ethnic differences have frequently been interpreted from a deficient perspective and have been equated with being abnormal or pathological *disiplines that hope to understand the human condition cannot neglect any level of our identity -> ex. psychological explanations acknowledge the importance of group influences such as gender, race, etc, lead to more accurate understanding of human psychology -all people possess individual, group, and universal levels of identity -a holistic approach to understanding personal identity demands that we recognize all 3 levels

Contemporary forms of Oppression

-racism has gone underground, become more disguised, and is more likely covert 3 Types of Sexism: -overt sexism = blatant unequal and unfair treatment of women -covert = unequal and harmful treatment of women that is conducted in a hidden manner (ex. may endorse a belief of gender equality, but engage in hiring practices that are gender biased) -subtle = unequal and unfair treatment of women that is not recognized by many people because it is perceived to be normative and therefor does not appear unusual; not deliberate or conscious (ex. the pronouns he to convey universal human experience) Aversive racism = manifested in individuals who consciously assert egalitarian values but unconsciously hold anti minority feelings (similar to subtlel sexism) -inheriting negative feeling and beliefs about marginalized groups is unavoidable and inevitable due to the socialization process in the US, where biased attitudes and stereotypes reinforce group hierarchy

preferential treatment

-racism involves preferential treatment -members of the preferred group have an unfair advantage over members of the non preferred group -conflict in values contribute to premature termination of therapy among asians -no group of people deserves to enter counseling with an unfair advantage or disadvantage

Ridley Chapter 2

-racism is a polemical topic = topic that provokes discussion and controversy -15 propositions lay the groundwork for defining and elaborating on racism

Proposition 1: Racism is reflected in Human Behavior

-racism is behavior, what a person actually does -involves motor behavior, aka operant behavior, which is voluntary

Inequitable outcomes

-racism typically confers benefits on members of the majority but not members of the minority -ex. benefits such as psychological, social, economic, material, or political -DSM paid scant attention to the significance of culture, yet the DSM is used cross-nationally more widely tha any other system for classifying mental illness (DSM IV has improvement)

kinesics

-refers to bodily movements = facial expressions, posture, characteristics of movement, gestures, eye contact; culturally conditioned -much of counseling assessments are based upon expressions on pals faces for they demonstrate the responsiveness and involvement in an individual -smiling = happy, but japanese can see it as shyness, embarrassment, discomfort -asians may believe smiling may suggest weakness -japanses and chinese restraint of strong feelings (anger, irritation, sadness, love, happiness) is considered to be a sign of maturity and wisdom -> kids learn that outward emotional expressions are discouraged except for extreme situations Sticking out tongue means: -china = mock/terror and meant as ridicule -Africa = means you're a fool (when coupled with bending the head forward -in the mayan statues of gods signifies wisdom -US = juvenile, definace, mockery, contempt Turning up the head means: -english means poised and polite gesture -US can mean turning up the nose, snobbery, arrogance Shaking head side to side means: -US = no -mayan tribe say no by jerking their head to the right -sri lanka signifies agreement from moving head side to side Squatting: -US = improper/childish -seen as a rest Putting feet up: -US signifies relax and informal -Asians and latinos = rude, arrogance Shake hands: -latinos do it more vigorously, frequently, and for a longer period of time -muslin/asian = touching with left hand is obscenity/insult/unclean Eye contact: -US = negative traits in avoiding eye contact -blacks = not necessary to look one another in the eye at all times to communicate -listening (has eye contact 80%) but when talking (eye contact 50%)

Historical stereotypes and tension between groups - African American and Asian American Relationships

-remained unspoken until in los angeles riots (bc of the white police officer beating of a black man) in 1992 in which some AA looted against asian american businesses -riots led to overt tension between the groups -Asian Americans had a clear stereotype of Black customers as likely to steal or become violent -Black stereotypes asians as being racist and hostile toward them and thought they had the economic advantage of their communities -> led to overt racist behaviors in which asians would blatantly refuse business from blacks and clacks use racial slurs such as "chinaman or chink" -leads to inability to empathize with the other group's experiences

the Dynamics and dilemmas of Microaggressions

-research on subtle forms of racism etc, provide evidence that they operate in individuals who endorse egalitarian beliefs, adamantly deny that they are biased, and consider themselves to be moral, just, and fair -this proves that one's actions or comments stem from an unconsciously held set of negative beliefs toward the target group is virtually impossible when alternative explanation exist -victims often replay the incident over and over again to try to understand the meaning -when micro aggressions occur in the classroom, students of color report feelings of anger, anxiety, and exhaustion -many describe a feeling of unease that something is not right and that they were insulted or disrespected *because of this it can be seen that overt act of racism etc are easier to handle than micro aggressions because the intent and meaning of the event is clear and indisputable -recent studies found that racial micro aggressions were more impactful, harmful, and distressing to AA and Asian Americans than everyday hassles

Dilemma 4: The Catch-22 of Responding Microaggressions

-responding to a micro aggression can have detrimental consequences for the victim (being hired or relationships) -many people feel compelled to just let the comment go, but it has been found that such a reaction takes a psychological toll n the recipient because it requires one to suppress and obscure his authentic thoughts and feelings in order to avoid further discrimination Difficulty in responding for gay men in particular -first can be called hypersensitive which is being sensitive about his sexual orientation as if there is no valid reason he should be, therefore his experiential reality of being a gay person who always feels marginalized and invalidated -second, overly emotional is a gender role stereotype that many gay men get, because women are more nurturing, caring and sensitive and therefore emotional, by association we are irrational when it comes to making sense of real issues -by not confronting these experiences, one is forced to shoulder the burden with detrimental mental health consequences Strategies for dealing with this catch 22: 1. empowering and validating the self = interrupting the racism by calling it what it is and staying true to one's thoughts and feelings that the incident is related to one's race 2. sanity check = process of checking in with like-minded and same-race people about micro aggressive incidents -> helps participants to feel validated in their experience that the incident is racially motivated -Black undergrads identified that support systems, such as family, friends, religious faith, club involvement, journal writing, and academic leadership positions, as being factors that promote resilience in the face of racial microaggressions

The Culturally Diverse Model

-sees the culturally deficient models as blaming the person with an emphasis on minority pathology and a use of white middle-class definitions of desirable and undesirable behavior -> to be different is to be deviant, pathological, or sick -minorities should not be looked at as deficient but as culturally diverse -goal of society should be to recognize the legitimacy of alternative lifestyles, the adv of being bicultural (capable of functioning in 2 different cultural environments), and the value of differences

self-disclosure (openness and intimacy)

-self disclosure has been discussed as a primary characteristic of a healthy personality -> if not can be seen as guarded, mistrustful, or paranoid 2 difficulties in this belief: cultural and sociopolitical -intimate revelations of personal or social problems may not be acceptable bc such difficulties reflect not only on the individual but also on the whole family -> strong pressures not to reveal personal matters -also it is typically harder for AA to self-disclose to white therapists bc of their past and can be seen as unhealthy -many cultures have deep friendships that last a lifetime vs america who disclose quickly and don't stay friends as long -> to the other cultures it is seen as inappropriate and absurd to self-disclose before making a friendship

class-bound values

-social class and classism have been identified as 2 of the most overlooked topics in psychology and mental health practice -income inequality is increasing -> those in the top 5% are increasing while those in the bottom 40% are stagnant -blacks are 3 times more likely to live in poverty -rate of poverty: latino 23%, asian 11%, white 8% -low SES is related to depression, lower sense of control, and exclusion form mainstream society -poverty may cause parents to encourage kids to get jobs which makes them more tired in school and teachers can see these kids as unmotivated and potential juvenile delinquents -bias against ppl who are poor has been well documented -undirectional classism = directed toward those in lower classes -bidirectional = equally likely to occur between classes -clear to us that those who occupy the lower rungs of our society are the most likely to be oppressed and harmed

History of social injustice

-social justice is based on the premise that all people have inalienable rights including access to vital resources, participation in critical decision making processes, and respect for human rights and the various dimensions of personal identity (culture) -charity is justice ->relieving Jews from poverty is understood as a duty, an act of justice, and moral righteousness -the poor individual's right to food, clothing, ad shelter -throughout the christian bible there are numerous references calling Christians to serve the poor, marginalized, and oppressed -many things get in the way for these people to get adequate care -Taparelli (first to say social justice) used the word to emphasize the social nature of human beings and the importance of various social spheres outside civic government

The culturally deficient model

-social scientist who challenged the genetic deficit model by placing heavy reliance on environmental factors nevertheless tended to perpetuate a view that saw minorities as culturally disadvantaged, deficient, or deprived -blame not shifts to the lifestyles or values of various ethnic groups -cultural deprivation = popularized by Riessman.\; many groups perform poorly on tests or exhibit deviant characteristics bc they lack many of the adv of middle-class culture (Edu, books, toys, formal language) People objected this term bc: -culturally deprived means to lack a cultural background -> not true bc everyone inherits culture -causes conceptual and theoretical confusions that may adversely affect social planning, educational policy, and research -cultural deprivation is used synonymously with deviation from and superiority of white middle-class values -deviations in values become equated with pathology, in which a group's cultural values, families, or lifestyles transmit the pathology -> provides a convenient rationalization and alibi for the perpetuation of racism and the inequities of the SES

core social justice values

-soest and garcia -life, freedom and liberty, equality and nondiscrimination, justice, solidarity, social responsibility, justice, evolution, peace and nonviolence, and relations between humankind and nature

Genetically Deficient Model

-stereotypes people of color as deficient in certain desirable attributes -ex. genetic IQ superiority in whites and inferiority in the "lower races" -Galton thought AA were half-witted men who made childish, stupid, and simpleton-like mistakes and jews were inferior physically and mentally and only designed for parasitical existence on other nations of people -terman using the binet scales in testing black, medicine american, and spanish indian families concluded that they were uneducable -whites have bigger brains and black are more aggressive -> advocated ppl with low IQs to not bear children (Shockley) -inferiority view still happens today when summers said that there is an innate reason why women don't dominate the engineering or math departments -the bell curve asserts that IQ is inheritable and things like head start need to stop bc they do no good and that lower ppl of IQ should work for ppl of higher IQ

The Medical Model

-the dominant framework that mental health professionals use to understand and treat psychological problems -based on assumed analogy between psychological disorders and physical problems 4 Key Features of Medical Model: 1. Focuses on Illness = views psychological problems as diseases just like physical ailments -successful intervention for the medical model for mental illness involves first diagnosing and then destroying the underlying disease 2. Emphasizes the classical doctor-patient relationship -doctors are the expert and patients are supposed to listen to whatever they say and tell them to do 3. Emphasizes long-term treatment = months or years; short-term is regarded as superficial and ineffective -> deep conflicts accumulate over a long period so treatment has to be over a long period 4. Involves Verbal Endeavor = individual insight-oriented psychotherapy; therapists provoke self-disclosure -> therapists interpret self-disclosure

Proposition 3: Although Racial Prejudice Involves Unfavorable Attitudes and Intentions, It Does Not Necessarily Translate Into Racism

-the idea that prejudice always precedes racism is a misconception -this mean that ppl without prejudice do not act in racist ways, BUT well intentioned ppl sometimes do harm others -conversely, ppl who have malicious intentions are to necessarily harmful, bc their intuition to harm others may be prevented by forces more powerful such as behavioral sanctions enforced by society or the strong counteractions of their intended victims

nonverbals

-the same nonverbal behavior on the part of an american indian client may mean something quire different than if it were made by a white person -nonverbals usually occur outside our level or awareness but influence our evaluations and behaviors

differential skills in multicultural counseling/therapy

-theoretical orientations in counseling influence helping styles -different cultural groups may be more receptive to certain counseling/communication styles bc of cultural and sociopolitical factors -indians, asians, blacks, hispanics, prefer more active-directive forms of helping than non directive ones -asian = counselors who use a directive approach are more credible and approachable and they prefer more logical, rational, structured counseling approach to an affective, reflective, ambiguous one -blacks = use more active and expressive skills with greater frequency than sites

Introspection Stage: Therapeutic Implications

-therapist needs to distinguish different of conformity stage and introspection stage -self-exploration approach is aimed at helping the client integrate and incorporate a new sense of identity are important -believing in functional vales of White American society does not necessarily mean that a person is selling out or going against his or her own group

Competency 3: Developing Appropriate Intervention Strategies and Techniques

-therapist uses therapeutic modalities and defines goals that are consistent with the life experiences and cultural values of the client -studies have consistently revealed that: (a) economically and educationally marginalized clients may not be oriented toward "talk therapy" (b) self-disclosure may be incompatible with the cultural values of Asian American, Hispanic Americans, and American Indians © the sociopolitical atmosphere may dictate against self-diclosure from racial minorities, gays, and lesbians (d) the ambiguous nature of counseling may be antagonistic to life values of certain diverse groups (e)many minority clients prefer an active/directive approach over an inactive/nondirective one in treatment -you should not assume that the same approaches are equally effective with all clients -equal treatment in therapy might be discriminatory treatment -> in past studies it is shown that minority clients are given less preferential forms of treatment (medication, ECT) -minorities aren't asking for equal treatment, they are just asking for equal access and opportunity -> which requires cultural competence -cultural competence = the ability to engage in actions or create conditions that maximize the optimal development of client and client systems; may be at odds with the sociopolitical and cultural experiences of their clients -multicultural counseling = counselor's acquisition of awareness, knowledge, and skills needed to function effectiely in a pluralistic democratic society and on an organizational/societal level, advocating effectively to develop new theories, practices, policies, and organizational structures that are more responsive to all groups; addresses clients (individuals, families, groups) and client systems (institutions, policies, and practices that may be unhealthy or problematic for healthy development) -addressing client systems is especially important if problem reside outside rather than inside the client (ex. prejudice) -cultural competence can be seen as residing in 3 major domains: 1. Attitudes/beliefs component = understanding of one's own cultural conditioning, which refers to beliefs, values, and attitudes of a culturally diverse population 2. knowledge component = understanding and knowledge of the world views of culturally diverse individuals and groups 3. skills component = an ability to determine and use culturally appropriate intervention strategies when working with different groups in our society -definition is directed toward 2 levels of competence = the person/individual and the organizational/system levels -typically focuses on the micro/individual level -macro = society

Racial/Cultural Identity Development Models from a counselor's perspective

-therapists respond to culturally diverse client in a very stereotypical manner and fail to recognize within-group or individual differences -strength of racial/cultural identity models lies in the potential diagnostic value -> the high failure to return rate of many clients seems to be intimately connected to the mental health professional's inability to assess the cultural identity of clients accurately -acknowledgement of sociopolitical influences in shaping minority identity (oppression, racism)

5 principles that underlie the idiographic perspective in counseling

-these help serve minority clients more effectively Principle 1: counselors should attempt to understand each client from the client's unique from of reference (carl rogers) -> counselors need to become acquainted with the private world of the client; be empathetic to understand the client Principle 2: Nomothetic, normative info does not always fit particular individuals; nomothetic focuses on the prominent characteristics of the group to which an individual belongs (opp to idiographic); useful but not sufficient in understanding the client Principle 3: People are a dynamic blend of multiple roles and identities; looking just at race as their identity overlooks other identities of the person Principle 4: The idiographic perspective is compatible with the biopsychosocial model of mental health; concerned holistically about the person Principle 5: The idiographic perspective is transtheoretical -> counselors who take an idiographic approach are free to adopt any therapeutic orientation and to use a wide range of specific interventions - best way to look at ppl is all of their conjoined roles together

the need for collaboration

-to maximize the assets and minimize the liabilities of both participants in the counseling relationship, counselors and clients should approach goal setting as a joint effort - > collaborate -bc the client knows most about themselves and what is appropriate and realistic goals -> clients are typically at an unhealthy place and may not be in the best place to formulate goals -counselor is an expert on health and can help formulate good goals, but may not know the full background off the client esp their cultural background -best way to establish collaboration with their clients is be asking them directly to participate -> counselors should explain how vital their input is for success

Competency 2: Understanding the Worldview of Culturally Diverse Clients

-understand and can share the worldview of their culturally diverse clients *does not mean they must hold these world views on their own -referred to as cultural role taking = therapists acknowledge that they may not have lived a lifetime as a person of color, woman, or LGBT -although it is impossible to fully understand, cognitive empathy is possible -therapist acquires practical knowledge concerning the scope and nature of the client's cultural background, daily living experience, hopes, fears, and aspirations

The Deficient Model

-views individuals who exhibit menial or emotional problems as flawed 2 Major Variations of this model are often applied to minority groups: 1. Genetic Deficit Hypothesis = assumption that racial minorities are deficient in desirable genes -> any differences between minorities and Whites reflect the groups' differing biological/genetic capacities; can bring pathological diagnoses Genetic Deficit Hypothesis can be subdivided: 1. Intellectual deficit hypothesis = genetic makeup plays the predominant role in the determination of IQ -> asserts that ethnic minorities are born with brains inferior and have limited capacity for mental development 2. Personality deficit hypothesis = describes ethnic minorities as abnormal in both character and behavior -> used to explain criminal behavior 2nd Model if the Deficient Model: Cultural deficit hypothesis Cultural Deficit Hypothesis divided into 2 hypothesis: 1. Cultural Deprivation hypothesis = states that ethnic minority groups have inferior cultures or no culture at all -> shifts the blame for mental health problems to the lifestyles of ethnic minorities 2. Cultural Stress Hypothesis = portrays minority group members as "wounded soldiers" -> minorities breakdown and become debilitated under the weight of societal oppression

verbal/emotional/behavioral expressiveness

-we like clients to be verbal articulate, and able to express their thoughts and feelings clearly -characteristics such as verbal expression, being in touch with own feelings/verbalize emotions, behave expressively in being assertive, standing up for rights, and engage in activities can put culturally diverse clients to a disadvantage

time dimension

-westerners are compulsive about time and may be viewed as a commodity (time is money) -westerners have a future orientation that can be linked to other values such as: stress on youth achievement in which kids are supposed to be better their parents, controlling one's own destiny by future planning and saving for a rainy day, optimism and hope for a better future -> progress is our most important product -race, culture, and ethnicity are powerful determinants of whether the group emphasizes the past, present, or future -indians and AA value present time -Asians and hispanics have a combination of past-present focus -> reflect on ancestor worship and equating of age with wisdom -US culture values youth over elderly and one's usefulness in life is believed to be over once one hits the retirement years -latinos have a past-present orientation bc of strong hierarchical structures in the family, respect for elders, and the value of personalismo -indians value present for their philosophy relies heavily on the belief that time is flowing, circular, and harmonious -> scheduled time is disruptive to the natural pattern -AA value present bc of the spiritual quality of their existence and their history of racism

people-nature relationship

-westerns thinning believe in mastery and control over nature -4 other ethnic groups view ppl as harmonious with nature -> harmony with family members and environment lead to harmony with self -identified patient = typical behaves in such a way as to reflect family influences or pathology -> acting out is symbolic to other problems

Dilemma 3: Perceived Minmal Harm of Microaggressions

-when perpetrators are confronted about micro aggressions, they accuse the victim of overreacting or being hypersensitive or touchy -because the micro aggressions are often invisible to the perpetrators, they cannot understand how the events could cause any significant harm to the victims -white people can become defensive when trivialized so they don't feel blamed and guilty -chronic experiences of discrimination and exclusion that are visible and overt create levels of stress that are traumatic for target groups -researchers have even coined racism-related stress -studies have found that 94% of women reported experiencing sexual harassment, 92% being disrespected because of their gender, and 87% having experienced sexism by strangers -> researchers have long contended that the sociopolitical climate of the US serves to subjugate, degrade, and objectify women -negative effects related to stigmatization based on sexual orientate such as stress has been linked to depression, substance abuse, running away, and prostitution -these micro aggressions cause significant distress and negatively impact well-being -counsequences for AA reported feeling belittled, angry, invalidated, invisible, and trapped by their experiences -microaggressions have been found to cause anger, frustration, low self-esteem, and emotional turmoil, and even to lower problem solving abilities -subtle sexism such aseverday events like sexist language, gender role stereotyping, and objectifying commentaries, lead to feelings of anger, anxiety, and depression in women -women report 1-2 experiences of subtle sexism in a week -> the impact of daily personal sexist interact has an incremental effect that may result in PTSD -it has been argued that internalized homophobia is even more psychologically damaging and destructive than over incidents of homophobia -LGB participants were less likely to come out as a consequence of being offended *cumulative nature takes a huge psychological toll when one is constantly exposed to microaggressions

Historical and Political relationships between groups of color

-white counselors have greater power to oppress people on systemic and societal levels than do counselors of color who ca do so only on the individual level -not much research between biases with the interracial counselor and client because of lack small numbers -avoid it for the release of their own biases

The Invisible Whiteness of being

-white respondents would rather not think about their whiteness, are uncomfortable or react negatively to being labeled white, deny its importance in affecting their lives, and seem to believe that they are unjustifiably accused of being bigoted simply bc they are white -whiteness is most visible to ppl of color when it is denied, evokes puzzlement or negative reactions, and is equated with normalcy -few ppl of color react negatively she asked what it means to be their race and most can have a response of what it means to be that

BAILEY Ch. 12

...

LOOK AT PAGE 263-264 for culture-bound syndromes from DSM IV

...

RIDLEY CH 7

...

RIDLEY CH 8

...

Remember ricardo 90-93

...

Ridley Chapter 3

...

SUE CHAPTER 10

...

SUE CHAPTER 11

...

SUE CHAPTER 12

...

SUE CHAPTER 4

...

SUE CHAPTER 4 cont

...

SUE CHAPTER 8

...

SUE CHAPTER 9

...

The Shaman as Therapist: Commonalities

...

National survey conclusions

1. -Racial groups experience considerable mistrust, envy, and misunderstandings toward one another as well -AA and Latinos hold stronger negative beliefs about Asian Americans than did Whites (40% vs 25%) 2. -People of color continue to hold beliefs and attitudes toward whites that are very negative and filled with resentments, anger, and strong mistrust

5 principles related to social change and esp social justice counseling

1. A failure to develop a balanced perspective between person and system focus can result in false attribution of the problem 2. A failure to develop a balanced perspective between person and system focus can result in an ineffective and inaccurate treatment plan potentially harmful toward the client 3. When the client is an organization or a larger system and not an individual, a major paradigm shift is required to attain a true understanding of problem and solution identification 4. Organizations are Microcosms of the wider society from which they originate. As a result, they are likely to be reflections of the monocultural values and practices of the larger culture 5. Organizations are powerful entities that inevitable resist change and possess many ways to force compliance among workers. To go against the policies, practices, and procedures of the institution, for example, can bring about major punitive actions 6. When multicultural organizations development is required, alternative helping roles that emphasize systems intervention and advocacy skills must be part of the repertoire of the mental health professional 7. although remediation will always be needed, prevention is better

Practitioners need to know before they characterize blacks as mentally ill or untreatable

1. AA tend to communicate nonverbally more than their white counterparts and to assume that nonverbal commutation is more accurate barometer of one's true thoughts and feelings -> whites think that AA are unable to communicate in complex ways 2. Whites are perceived as symbols of the Establishment who have inherited the racial biases of their forebears; more likely to impute all negative experiences of oppression to them; may prevent from responding and communication may be directly or indirectly turned off 3. clients may lack confidence in the counseling process bc the white counselor often proposes white solutions 4. playing it cool and uncle tom responses are present in therapy sessions in order to conceal true feelings, to hinder self-disclosure, and to prevent the therapist from getting to know the clients Culturally effective therapists are ones who: 1. view these behaviors in a nonjudgmental manner 2. can avoid personalizing any potential hostility expressed toward them 3. can adequately resolve challenges to their credibility

social justice counseling

1. Aims to produce conditions that allow for equal access and opportunity 2. reduces or eliminates disparities in edu, health care, employment, and other areas that lower the quality of life for affective populations 3. Encourages mental health professionals to consider micro, mess, and macro levels in assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of client and client systems 4. Broadens the role of the helping professional to include not only counselor/therapist but advocate, consultant, psychoeducator ,change agent, community worker, and so on -work with racial.ethnic minority groups and immigrant populations suggests that out-of-office sites, activities, and alternative helping roles my prove more therapeutic and effective -> therapists lack flexibility and knowledge of this and want to be in their office as a counselor -social justice counseling with marginalized groups in our society is most enhanced: 1. when mental health professionals can understand how individual and systemic world views shape clinical practice 2. when they are equipped with organizational and systemic knowledge, expertise, and skills

Implications for clinical practive

1. Be aware that racial, gender, and sexual orientation micro aggressions are a constant reality in the lives of culturally diverse groups. they take a major psychological toll on ppl of color etc; socioemotional problems brought to therapy often reside in the effects of micro aggressions rather than attribute of the individual 2. everyone has and continues to engage in unintentional micro aggressions; can serve as impediments to effective multicultural counseling; therapists have the responsibility to make the invisible, visible 3. do not invalidate the experiential reality of culturally diverse groups; entertain the notion that they may have a more accurate perception of reality than you do; reach out to culturally diverse clients, try to understand their world views, don't be quick to dismiss or negate racial, gender, or sexual orientation issues 4. don't get defensive if your culturally different client implies that you have engaged in micro aggressive remark or behavior; try to clarify the situation by showing you are open and receptive to conversations on race, gender, or sexual orientation; simple I'm sorry or encouragement can help and it is about how the therapist recovers and not covers up!

Procedure for being fair

1. Be followed consistently 2. Lack self-interest 3.Be based on accurate information 4. Allow for opportunities to correct decisions 5. Represent the important interests of all concerned 6. Comply with Ethical Standards

5 premises required to attire to distributive justice

1. Each individual has a good that deserves respect, and individuals are due certain rights and protection in their pursuit of that good 2. Some share of material goods is part of every individual's due 3. The fact that every individual deserves this can be justified rationally in purely secular terms 4. The distribution of this share of goods is practicable 5. The state ought to be guaranteeing the distribution

Higher internality is associated with...

1. Greater attempts at mastering the environment 2. Superior coping strategies 3. Better cognitive processing of information 4. Lower predisposition to anxiety 5. Higher Achievement motivation 6. Greater social action involvement 7. Greater value on skill-determined rewards -highly valued by US society and seem to constitute the core features of Western mental health -socially devalued groups score significantly higher on the external end of the locus of control -> different life experiences lead to these beliefs and we need to recognize them and not try to change tremor judge them as counselors

Breakdown of multicultural counseling/therapy (MCT)

1. Helping Role and process: broadening the roles that counselors play and expands the repertoire of therapy skills considered helpful and appropriate in counseling; the more passive and objective stance taken is seen as only one method of helping; teaching, consulting and advocacy can supplement the conventional counselor role 2. Consistent with life experiences and cultural values: effect MCT means using modalities and defining goals for culturally diverse clients that are consistent with their backgrounds; advice, suggestions may be effectively used for some client populations 3. individual, group, and universal dimensions of existence: MCt acknowledges that our existence and identity are composed of individual (uniqueness), group and universal dimensions; any form of helping that fails to recognize the totality of these dimensions negates important aspects of a person's identity 4. Universal and culture-specific strategies: MCT believe that different racial minority groups might respond best to culture-specific strategies of helping 5. Individualism and collectivism: MCT broadens the perspective of the helping relationship by balancing the individualistic approach with a collectivistic reality that acknowledges out embeddedness in families, significant others, communities, and cultures; a client is seen not just as an individual, but as an individual who is a product of is or her social and cultural context 6. client and client systems: MCT assumes a dual role in helping clients; it is important to focus on individual clients and to encourage them to achieve insights and learn new behaviors; HOWEVER, when problems of clients of color reside in prejudice, discrimination, and racism of employers, educators, and neighbors or in organizational policies or practices in schools, mental health agencies, gov, business, and society, the traditional therapeutic role appears ineffective and inappropriate; focus must shift to altering client systems rather than individual clients

5 principles in reducing personal prejudice

1. Learn about ppl of color from sources within the group 2. learn from healthy and strong ppl of the culture 3. Learn from experiential reality 4.Learn from constant vigilance of your biases and fears 5. Learn from begin committed to personal action against racism

5 Stages of the Cross

1. Preencounter = AA who consciously or unconsciously devalue their own blackness and concurrently value white values and ways; strong desire to assimilate and acculturate into white society; evidence of self-hate, low self-esteem, poor mental health ->salience -preencounter assimilation = low salience for race and neutral valence toward blackness -preencounter anti-black = hate blacks and hate being black (high negative salience) -> low self-esteem 2. Encounter = 2 step process; 1. individual encounters a profound crisis or event that challenges his or her previous mode of thinking and behaving; 2. person begins to reinterpret the world, resulting in a shift in world views 3. immersion-emersion = person withdraws from the dominant culture and becomes immersed in AA culture; black pride begins to develop, but internalization of positive attitudes toward one;'s own blackness is minimal; emersion -> feelings of guilt and anger begin to dissipate with an increasing sense of pride 4. internalization = inner security conflicts between old and new identities are resolved, global antiwhite feelings subside as the person becomes more flexible, more tolerant and more bicultural/multicutlrual 5. internalization-commitment = speaks to the commitment that individuals have toward social change, social justice, and civil rights, which is expressed not only in words but also in actions -Types of Black self-acceptance = black nationalist (high black positive race salience), biculturalism (blackness and fused sense of americanness, multiculturalist (multiple identity formation, including race, gender, sexual orientation) *Assumption in this process is that evolution from the reencounter state to internalization reflects a movement from psychological dysfunction to psychological health

how to deal with IPs and the family problem

1. asserting that the IPs problem (not the IP by implication) is the problem 2. recognizing and reinforcing the family's concern to help the IP to change the behavior 3. emphasizing that each family member's contribution in resolving the problem is vitally needed and that without it the problem will either remain or get worse

5 components of ethnocentric monoculturalism

1. belief in superiority; thought as more advanced or civilized; people possessing these traits are perceived more favorably and often are allowed easier access to the privileges and rewards of the larger society (white privilege - an invisible knapsack of unearned assets that can be used to cash in each day for advantages not given to those who do not fit this mold - McIntosh) 2. belief in the Interiority of others = see societies as less developed, uncivilized, primitive, or pathological; those with these characteristics are evaluated more negatively in schools and workplaces; seen as less intelligent, popular, qualified, and possessing more undesirable traits 3. power to impose standards = impose standards and beliefs on the less powerful group; all groups to some extent are ethnocentric in that they feel positive about their cultural heritage and way of life; minorities can hold stereotypes and strongly believe their way is best, but if they do not possess power to impose their values, then hypothetically they cannot oppress -> it is the power or the unequal status relationship between groups that defines ethnocentric monoculturalism 4. manifestation in institutions = ethnocentric values are manifested in the programs, policies, practices, structures, and institutions of the society; Jones labels institutional racism as a set of policies, priorities,, and accepted normative patterns designed to subjugate, oppress, and force dependence of individuals and groups on a larger society -> does this by sanctioning unequal goals, status, and access to goods and services 5. The invisible veil = their values and beliefs invisible veil that operates outside the level of conscious awareness -> thus, people assume universality

conclusions about social justice education

1. considers the values and politics that pervade education as well as the technical matters of teaching and learning 2. asks critical questions about how the conventional schooling came to be and about who benefits from the status quo 3. pays attention to inequalities and seeks alternatives 4. treats cultural and linguistic diversity as an asset to teaching and learning

guidelines for counseling idiographically

1. develop cultural self-awareness = may be the only way that can prevent personal reactions to minority clients from intruding negatively into their work 2. avoid imposing one's values on clients a. cultural encapsulation - the disposition of counseling students and faculty who are unaware of their cultural biases 3. accept one's nativete regarding others = no one is an expert on an individual; maintain a naive posture 4. show cultural empathy = has 2 dimensions: a. understanding = getting at the heart of the client's idiographic meaning b. communication = conveying to the client the counselor's understanding of the client's idiographic experience; uses language meaningful to the client -can show empathy by asking for clarification, invite clients to ask for clarification, ask clients to provide examples from the clients' cultural experience that illustrate the issues the clients want to address in counseling 5. incorporate cultural considerations into counseling = has positive therapeutic outcomes and helps understand the needs of the client 6. avoid stereotyping 7. determine the relative importance of clients' primary cultural roles = some roles may have high influence while others may have equal or no importance; don't overemphasize or underemphasize any one role 8. avoid blaming the victim = results from tunnel vision steps to avoid blaming the victim: a. review all assessments of minority clients; see if there are any patterns b. compare assessments of minority clients with those of white clients = are there differences in the judgments made c. get feedback on minority clients' cases = ask supervisors or colleagues d. examine minority clients' cases for instance of cultural countertransference 9. remain flexible in the selection of interventions = can do this with multimodal therapy which helps encompass the whole client through 6 modalities that constitute human personality: behavior, affect, sensation, imagery, cognition, interpersonal relations, drugs/medication 10. examine counseling theories for bias -10 assumptions that reflect cultural bias in counseling: measure of "normal behavior", emphasis on individualism, fragmentation by academic disciplines, dependence on abstract words, overemphasis on independence, dependence on linear thinking, neglect of client's support system, focus on individual vs system change, cultural encapsulation, neglect of history (Pederson 10 assumption) 11. build on clients' strength = look at positive side of so-called dysfunctional behavior, identify their clients' past accomplishments, teach clients new behaviors or encourage them to get training in specialized areas 12. avoid protecting clients from emotional pain = effective intervention first, client comfort second

conclusions drawn from being judged as a lower class in mental health

1. low SES presented stressors to ppl, esp those in poverty, and may seriously undermine the mental and physical health of clients 2. failure of helping professionals to understand the life circumstance of clients who lack financial resources and/or their unintentional class biases may affect their ability to delivery appropriate mental health services 3. classism and its discriminating nature can make its appearance in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of lower SES clients *class-bound nature of mental health practice emphasizes the importance of assisting the client in self-direction through the presentation of the results of assessment instruments and self-exploration via verbal interactions between client and therapist (but values underlying the activities permeate middle class values) -minority standard time = tendency of poor people to have a low regard for punctuality -> bc at typical clinics it is a waste of time to get there on time bc they have to wait an hour* anyways

dis of Helms Model

1. model is erroneously based on racial minority identity development models -> bc minority identity development occurs i the face of stereotyping and oppression, it may not apply to white identity, which does not occur under the same conditions 2. too much emphasis is placed on the development of white attitudes toward minorities and that not enough is placed on the developmental via linear stages and that the progression from less to more healthy seems to be based on the author's ethics 3. it is based upon the white racial identity attitude scale which is labeled as a psuedoscience bc the psychometric properties are not supported by empirical lit *helms as explained these decisions in her model -change from stage to status bc she isn't a stage therapist bc there are not fixed entities 2 major gropings that cover 7 types of racial consciousness: unachieved (avoid ant, dependent, and dissonant) and achieved (dominative, conflictive, reactive, and integrative)

Underlying factors of denial and mystification of whiteness

1. most ppl seldom think about the air that surrounds them and about how it provides an essential life-giving ingredient, oxygen -take it for granted bc it appears plentiful and when we are deprived is when it becomes suddenly apparent -transparent bc of everyday occurrence -whiteness is not invisible for ppl of color bc it does not fir their normative qualities 2. Euro-americans often deny that they are white, seem angered by being labeled as such, and often become very defensive -describe heritage (italian) in superficial manner -> process of assimilation and acculturation -whiteness is associated with unearned privilege ->denial of being white

Where criteria used by the mental health profession to judge normality and abnormality

1. normality as a statistical concept = behaviors that occur most frequently in the population 2. normality as ideal mental health 3. abnormality as the presence of certain behaviors (research criteria) = behaviors that occur least frequently -if deviations from the majority are considered abnormal, then many ethnic and racial minorities that exhibit tong cultural differences from the majority have to be classified -1. ex. AA are more suspicious than whites -> some use this to label them as paranoid, but should be seen as adaptive and healthy -> some psychologists of color have indicated that the absence of paranormal among minorities may be more indicative of pathology than its presence (may indicate either poor reality testing - denial, or naiveté in understanding the operation of racism) 2. not self-disclosing at a rate as whites could lead them to be thought of as "mentally unhealthy"; minorities may not value or see self-disclosure as "ideal" 3. bias on the part of the practitioner with respect to diagnosis and treatment is likely to occur bc the def of normality/abnoramlity depends on the practitioner

Conformity Stage: Therapeutic Implications

1. persons of color are most likely to prefer a white therapist over a minority therapist ->belief that whites are more competent and capable -> may be overly dependent on the white therapist and attempt to please the therapist 2. Clients will find that attempts to explore issues of race, racism, or cultural identity or to focus upon feelings are very threatening -prefer task-oriented, problem solving approach FOR THE COUNSELOR -issues of cultural racism, majority-minority relations, racial self-hatred, and racial cultural identity need to be dealt with in an integrative fashion

dissociative process may be manifested in 2 major ways:

1. playing it cool has been identified as one means by which AA or other minorities may conceal their true feelings; prevents whites from knowing what they are actually thinking and feeling to prevent offending whites 2. Uncle Tom syndrome = used by minorities to appear docile, nonassertive, and happy-go-lucky; esp during slavery blacks learned this as a survival technique -these are done to retain most menial jobs, minimize retaliation, maximize survival of self and loved ones -they increase their vigilance and sensitivity to the thoughts and behaviors of whites -certain minority groups such as AA are better readers of nonverbal communication than whites (NUMBER 2 In the slide before); it was a necessity!! -white ppl are perceived as oppressors unless proven otherwise

Japanese American role behavior model

1. positive-positive = person identifies with both japanese and white cultures without conflicts 2. negative-positive = rejection of white culture and acceptance of JA culture with accompanying role conflicts 3. positive-negative = person accepts white culture and rejects culture with concomitant role conflict 4. negative-negative = rejects both

what do the interplay of cultural differences and therapeutic approaches challenge counselors to do?

1. reach out and understand the world views, cultural values, and life circumstances of their culturally diverse clients 2. free themselves from the cultural conditioning of what they believe is correct therapeutic practice 3. develop new but culturally sensitive methods of working with clients 4. play new roles in the helping process outside of conventional psychotherapy 3 major potential barriers 1. class-bound values 2. Linguistic issues; talking care = must verbalize their thoughts and feelings to a practitioner in order to receive the necessary help 3. culture-bound values

Picower 6 elements of social justice education

1. self-love and knowledge 2. respect for others 3. issues of social injustice -> helps students learn the history and how it impacts lives 4. social movements and social change 5. awareness raising 6. social similarly social justice has 3 main elements: 1. critical analysis of social and institutional inequities 2. commitment to principled action on behalf of self as well as for strangers 3. a willingness to question one's own understanding of social justice in part through listening to alternative perspectives 3 transformations involved =self, groups, culture -scholarship on social justice and education revolves around 2 areas (apple): 1. relations and dominations of power, 2. the legitimization and distribution of knowledge

Institutional dynamics, advocacy, and change - social justice counseling

1. takes a social change perspective that focuses on ending oppression and discrimination in our society 2. believes that inequities that arise within our society are due not necessarily to misunderstandings, poor communication, lack of knowledge, but to monopolies of power 3. assumes that conflict is inevitable and not necessarily unhealthy

Conclusions about Microaggressions

1. tend to be subtle, unintentional, and indirect 2. often occur in situations where there are alternative explanations 3. represent unconscious and ingrained biased beliefs and attitudes 4. more likely to occur when people pretend not to notice differences, thereby denying that race, sex, sexual orientation, religion, or ability had anything to do with their actions 3 types of micro aggressions = micro assault, micro insult, and mictoinvalidation

How does EBP differ from EST and ESR frameworks?

1. the assumption underlying EBP is that the search for the best research evidence BEGINS with a comprehensive understanding of the client's background and problem and goes on to consider which therapeutic approach is most likely to provide the best outcome -> the selection of intervention occurs ONLY AFTER individual characteristics, such as cultural background and values and preferences are assessed -> allows for the individualizing of therapy with strong consideration given to client background and characteristics 2. Unlike, ESTs, which rely primarily on randomized controlled trials, EBP also accepts research evidence from qualitative studies, clinical observations, systematic case studies, and interventions delivered in naturalistic settings -> allows professionals greater latitude in deciding which therapy may be the best match for a particular client 3. The definition of clinical expertise within the EBP framework focuses not only on the quality of the TR and the TA but also on skills essential for comprehensive assessment of the client's problem and client strengths. EBP also considers clinical expertise involving factors such as knowledge about cultural differences, best practices in assessment, diagnosis, case conceptualization, strategies for evaluating and selecting appropriate RBTs, and adapting selected treatments in a manner that respects the client's worldview, values, and preferences 4. EBP is based on an ongoing emphasis on client characteristics, culture an preferences and the importance of working collaboratively with the client to develop coals an treatment strategies that are mutually agreeable

where do minorities see the failures in counseling and psychotherapy?

1. the education and training off mental health professionals 2. biased and inaccurate therapeutic and mental health literature 3. the need to treat social problems (social justice counseling)

historical manifestations of ethnocentric monocuturalism

1. the european colonization efforts toward the americas operated from the assumption that the enculturation of indigenous ppls was justified bc European culture was superior -> forcing the colonized to adopt european beliefs and customs was seen as civilizing them; evident in treatment of native americans (heathens), bill of rights favored white immigrants/descendants over minority population, King George accepted DOI from former subjects who move to this country -melting pot and assimilation/acculturation = the most desirable outcome of this process was a uniform and homogeneous consolidation of cultures -> becoming monocultural -> cultural genocide -this history leads to mistrust

Limitations to Hardiman model

1. the sleet and limited sample that she uses to derive the stages and to enumerate the characteristics makes potential generalization suspect 2. the autobiographies of white americans are not truly representative and their experiences with racism may be bound by the era of the times 3. the stages are tired to existing social identity development theories and the model proposes a naive stage that for all practical purposes exists only i children ages 3-4 years (appears tangential in her model and might better be conceptualized as part dot he acceptance stage of socialization) 4. there have been no direct empirical or other postmodern methods of exploration concerning the model to date -contributed greatly to our understanding of white identity development by focusing attention on racism as a central force in the socialization of white americans

conditions to working effectively with clients who are poor

1. therapist must spend time understanding his or her own biases and prejudices -white trashism = not confronting one's ow classist attitudes; trailer parkism, hillbillyism, uppity, redneck -> affect diagnosis and treatment 2. essential for counselors to understand how poverty affects the lives of people who lack financial resources -> behaviors associated with survival should not be pathologized 3. counselors should consider that taboos against information-giving activities and a more active approach to treatment might be more appropriate than the passive, insight-oriented, and long-term models of therapy 4. poverty and economic disparities that are root causes affecting the mental health and quality of life of ppl in our society demand a social justice approach

White counselors may be unintentionally racist bc:

1. they are unaware of their biases, prejudices, and discriminatory behaviors 2. they often perceive themselves as moral, good, and decent human beings and find it difficult to see themselves as racist 3. they do not have a sense of what their whiteness means to them 4. their therapeutic approaches to multicultural populations are likely to be more harmful than helpful

outcome goals

3 outcome goals 1. resolution of memories of racial victimization = unresolved memories are victimization have several debilitating effects: a. cause victims to distort reality with gross exaggeration b. leads to reenactment of victim role c. result in denial of personal responsibility -one strategy is to confront these distortions directly 2. bicultural competence = function effectively both the majority culture and their own minority -> must assert their own ethnic values w/o rejecting majority values; psychological dues in balancing the two and can lead to stress, tension, and frustration Strategies to cope: a. alienation/marginalization = individuals accept the negative self-image presented by society, become alienated from their own culture, and do to about the majority culture b. assimilation = individuals attempt to become a part if the dominant culture and do not maintain their ties with their ethnic culture c. withdrawal/separation = individuals emphasize their ethnic future and withdraw from contact with the dominant group *each have negative health implications -biculturalism = individuals retain their ethnic future and adapt to the dominant culture by learning the necessary skills *healthiest strategy; def: ability to understand and step in and out of two different cultural environments 6 skills of a bicultural competent person: 1. knowledge of cultural beliefs and values, 2. positive attitudes toward both majority and minority groups, 3. bicultural efficacy, 4. communication ability, 5. role repertoire, 6. sense of being grounded 3. antiracism assertion = use of behaviors that protect one's own rights without interfering with the rights of others -3 classes of this behavior include: refusals to acquiesce to the requests of other, expressions of opinions and feelings, and expressions of one's own requests -reduces anxiety and express their feelings and thoughts honestly, make socially appropriate responses, and consider the feelings of others at the same time -change to assertiveness requires direct exposure to a threatening stimulus, but ppl avoid these

process goals

3 process goals: 1. establishing a working alliance = most important process goal; unless goal is met, counseling cannot move forward; def, as alignment or joining together of the client's reasonable or observing side with the counselor's working side; clients and counselors are both observers and active participants in change -trust is the client's most important contribution to the working alliance -mistrust often happens with clients in the minority with a white client as well as with a minority client for they feel like the minority sold out to the whites -to overcome mistrust counselors must always be authentic, alert to themes of concealment, suspicion, and disguise, seize every opportunity to show dedication to the client 2. exploring racial dynamics between counselor and client 3. obtaining a counseling agreement

Overcoming Personal racism and developing a nonracist white identity: personal strategies and actions

7 basic principles of prejudice reduction: 1. having intimate and close contact with others 2. cooperation rathe than competition on common tasks 3. sharing mutual goals 4. exchanging accurate info rather than stereotypes 5. sharing an equal status relationship 6. support for prejudice reduction by authorities and leaders 7. feeling a sense of connection and belonging with one another *these are created for reducing hostility and intergroup conflict *important of understanding oneself as a racial being

CHAPTER 5

AA gets mad at counselor for not giving straight advice and the counselor has a hard time not judging AAs -clients of color prefer a therapeutic relationship in which the helper is more active, self-disclosing, ad not adverse to giving advice and suggestions when appropriate

16 categories of micro insults and microinvalidations

Alien in own land = when asian americans and latino american are assumed to be foreign-born Ascription of Intelligence = assigning intelligence to a person of color or a woman based on his or her race/gender Color blindess = statements that indicate that a white person does not want to acknowledge race Criminality/assumption of criminal status = a person of color is presumed to be dangerous, criminal, or deviant based on their race Use of Sexist/Heterosexist language = terms that exclude or degrade women and LGB persons Denial of Individual racism/Sexism/Heterosexism/Religious Discrimination = statement made when bias is denied Myth of Meritocracy = Statements that assert that race or gender does not play a role in life successes Pathologogizing Cultural Values/communication styles = the notion that the values and communications types of the dominant/White culture are ideal Second Class Citizen = Occurs when a target group member receives differential treatment from the power group (ex. female doctor is mistaken for a nurse) Traditional Gender Role Prejudicing and Stereotyping = occurs when expectations of traditional roles or stereotypes are conveyed Sexual Objectification = occurs when women are treated like objects at men's disposal Assumption of Abnormality = occurs when it is implied there is something wrong with LGBT Helplessness = occurs when people frantically try to help people with disabilities Denial of Personal Identity = occurs when any aspect of a person's identity other than disability is ignored or denied (I can't believe you are married Exoticization = occurs when an LGBT, women of color, or a religious minority is treated as a foreign object for the pleasure.entertainment of others (tell me some of your wildest sex stories - to an LGBT person) Assumption of One's Own Religious as Normal

Social justice as a Basic Human Need

Anthony taylor -fiji help understand the psychological implications of justice and how violations of it might compound the emotion and physical losses that an individual can experience when their need for justice is violated, frustrated, or unfulfilled -reason ppl need to believe in a just world -> the belief provides a sense of predictability and meaning in life as well as giving some assurance that behavior and characteristic will be appropriately rewarded or punished in the long run Justice as a basic human need serves other important human interests as well: -long term self-interest -social identity -need to express or defend themselves as morally authentic beings

Process of White Racial Identity Development: A Descriptive Model

Assumptions with Respect to Previous Models: 1. Racism is an integral part of the US life, and it permeates all aspects of out culture and institutions (ethnocentric monoculturalism) 2. Whites are socialized into the society and therefore inherit all the biases, stereotypes, and racist attitudes, believes and behaviors of the larder society 3. How whites perceive themselves as racial beings follows an identifiable sequence that can occur in a linear or nonlinear fashion 4. The status of white racial identity development in any multicultural encounter affects the process and outcome of interracial relationships 5. The most desirable outcome is one in which the white person not only accepts his or her whiteness, but also defines it in a non defensive and nonracist manner STAGES ON PAGE 331-335

Therapist credibility

Credibility = constellation of characteristics that makes certain individuals appear worthy of belief, capable, entitled to confidence, reliable, and trustworthy -> elicits the problem-solving, consistency, and identification sets) Expertness = depends on how well informed, capable, or intelligent others perceive the counselor to be; an ability variable VS Trustworthiness = dependent on the degree to which ppl perceive the counselor as motivated to make valid or invalid assertions; an motivation variable

Empirically Supported Relationship variables (ESR)

Demonstrably Effective: -therapeutic alliance -cohesion in group therapy -empathy -goal consensus and collaboration -customizing therapy -management of countertransference Promising and Probably Effective -positive regard -congruence/genuineness -feedback -repair of alliance ruptures -selfdisclosure

EBP and multiculturalism

EBP focuses on research supported therapy for specific disorders as well as include clinical expertise in understanding the influence of individual and cultural differences on treatment, and the importance of considering client characteristics, culture, and preferences in assessment, treatment plans, and therapeutic outcome

5 key features of racism

Emphasizes the variety of racist behaviors, the systematic nature of racist behaviorism and the roles of preferential treatment, inequitable outcomes, and nonrandom victimization

high-low contextual communication

Hall -High context (HC) communication is one that is anchored in the physical context (situation) or internalized in the person; less reliance on the explicit code or message content; relies heavily on nonverbals and the group identification/understanding shared by those communicating -LC cultures place a greater reliance on the verbal part of the message; more opportunistic, more individual oriented, emphasizes rules of law and procedure -HC is faster as well as more economical, efficient, satisfying -> slow to change and tends to be cohesive and unifying -LC changes rapidly and easily

Factors Contributing to Counselor Racism

If counselors have such loft human ideals, why is there so much racism in counseling? -> Racism is what people do, regardless of what they think or feel 1. Good Intentions/Bad Interventions -counselors assume their good intentions automatically make them helpful -> notion implies that only their bad intentions make them unhelpful -counselors must know what they are doing is indeed helpful and evaluate their interventions 2. Traditional Training -traditionally trained counselors tend to believe that are competent to adapt to any differences among their clients and thus serve their clients best interests, even if they haven't been trained multiculturally -many clinicians practicing today received their graduate degrees before multicultural training became available 3. Cultural Tunnel Vision -many counselors are ineffective with minority clients because they fail to see the big picture -> overlook societal factors that influence the behavior and adjustment of these clients -many unwittingly impose their values on unsuspecting clients, assuming that everyone shares their values -counselors do not remain value neutral when they intend to do so -need to broaden vision to include realities of the ethnic minority experience -person many counselors prefer as a client - YAVIS (young, attractive, verbal, intelligent, successful) 4. Blaming the victim -attributing victimization to victims' own actions or behaviors while overlooking its real causes ->shifting blame -blaming the victim takes many forms that are subtle and hide behind the veil of clinical judgment and psychological diagnosis; such as labeling minorities as resistant or untreatable 5. Either/Or Thinking -advances the idea of discrete categories: everything falls into one category or another, and nothing can belong to more than one category at the same time -is a legitimate philosophical perspective, but the theory underlying can be misconstructed and several false premises derived from is can be applied erroneously to race relations -False Assumption 1: notion of mutual exclusivity ->assumes that racial groups have nothing in common -False Assumption 2: members of the dominant cultural group devalue members, cultures, and customs of minority groups -False Assumption 3: Group supremacy; oppressing process whereby the dominant group overpowers and control the subordinate group -> findings suggest that counselors tend to judge conformity to the counselors' values as therapeutic change

Therapeutic implications of R/CID Model

Implications: 1. understanding of CID should sensitize therapists and counselors to the role that oppression plays in a minority individual's development -combating forces of racism means a proactive approach for both the therapist and the client -for counselors it means social justice advocacy and systems intervention -for clients it means the need to understand, control, and direct those forces in society that negate the process of positive identity *wider sociocultural approach to therapy is mandatory 2. the model ail aid therapist in recognizing differences between members of the same minority group with respect to their cultural identity -an accurate delineation of the dynamics and characteristics of the stages may result in better prescriptive treatment -counselors are able to better plan intervention strategies that are most effective for culturally different clients 3. allows helping professionals to realize the potentially changing and developmental nature of cultural identity among clients -therapist is able to anticipate the sequence of feelings, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors that are likely to arise in each stage

racism in counseling described by Jackson and office of Surgeon General

Jackson -racism is a continual problem and no one is doing anything to change it General -minorities have less access to mental health services than do white, are less likely to receive needed care, and are more likely to have service that is poor in quality

How are minority consumers victimized by the mental health system?

Minorities: -Diagnosis = tend to be misdiagnosed more often than white clients; usually involves more severe psychopathology than their symptoms warrant -Staff Assignment = rend to be assigned to junior professionals, paraprofessionals, or nonprofessionals for counseling -Treatment modality = tend to receive low-cost, less preferred treatment consisting of minimal contact, medication only, or custodial care rather than intensive therapy -Utilization = rend to be represented disproportionately in mental health facilities -> clients are underrepresented in private treatment facilities and overrepresented in public treatment facilities -Treatment Duration = show a much higher rate of premature termination and dropout or they are confined to inpatient care for much longer periods -Attitudes = clients report more dissatisfaction and unfavorable impressions regarding treatment

racial/cultural identity development model

Minority Identity Model/Racial Identity Development Model -cultural oppression is the common unifying force in different minorities -5 stage model in an attempt to pull out common features that cut across the population-specific proposals -defines 5 stages of development that oppressed ppl experience as they struggle to understand themselves in terms of their own culture, the dominant culture, and the oppressive relationship between the two cultures -can be applied to whites -not a theory of personality but a conceptual framework to aid therapists in understanding their culturally different client's attitudes and behaviors

Dilemma 1: Clash of Sociodemographic Realities

People perceive that there is no more inequalities while others believe they are being judged -there are two different realities at hand

Minorities and Pathology

Thomas and Sillen refer to this as scientific racism and has the following examples: 1. census figures (fabricated) from 1840 were used to support the notion that black living under unnatural conditions of freedom were prone to anxiety 2. Mental health for blacks was contentment with subservience 3. Psychologically normal blacks were faithful and happy-go-lucky 4. Influential medical journals presented fantasies as facts, supporting the belief that anatomical, neurological, and endocrinological aspects of blacks were ways inferior to those of whites 5. black persons brains are smaller and less developed 6. blacks were less prone to mental illness bc their minds were so simple 7. the dreams of blacks are juvenile in character and not as complex as those of whites Stereotypes accepted by whites: -20% publicly expressed a belief that AA are innately inferior in thinking ability -19% believe that blacks have thicker craniums -23.5% believe they have longer arms than whites -50% believe blacks have achieved equality -30% believe problems of blacks reside in their own group *wonder how many have similar beliefs privately but bc of societal pressure do not publicly voice them -hall stated that human groups exist at different stages of biological evolution and stated that africans, indians, and chinese were members of adolescent races and in a stage of incomplete development -hall was considered the father of child psychology and the first president of APA

Asian American Identity development models

Types of American Asians: 1. traditionalist = person who internalizes inventional chinese customs and values, resists, acculturation forces, and believes in the old ways 2. Marginal person = person who attempts to assimilate and acculturate into white society, rejects traditional chinese ways, internalizes society's negativism toward minority groups, and may develop racial self-hatred 3. Asian American = person who is in the process of forming a positive identity, who is ethically and politically aware, and who becoes increasingly bicultural

Social Justice in a Just Society

Types of justice: justice as revenge (retributive justice), justice as mercy, justice a harmony, justice as equity (impartiality and fairness), justice as equality (equals must be treated equally), justice as an equal distribution of benefits and burdens (distributive justice and redistributive justice), justice as love, justice as reconciliation and reparation (restorative justice) -distributive justice = socially just distribution of goods in a society and includes basic rights and liberties, opportunity, health care, social part terns of respect, recognition, and self-respect

activity dimension

US action orientation: 1. must master and control nature 2. must always do things about a situation 3. should take pragmatic and utilitarian view of life *why we identify ourselves in what we do, why children are asked what they wan to do when they grow up, higher value is given to inventors over poets -Indians/hispanics prefer a being or being-in-becoming mode of activity = value is placed on the spiritual quality of being and inner fulfillment and serenity -hispanics believe that ppl are born with dignidad (dignity) and must be given respect, ppl cannot be held accountable for their lot in life bc they are born into this life state fatalism is present and life events may be viewed as inevitable -AA and Asians have doing orientation -asians relate to achievement via conformity to family values and demands, controlling ones feelings, impulses, desires, and needs to fulfill responsibility to the family -AA exercise control in the face of adversity to minimize discrimination and to maximize success

Latino/Hispanic American Identity Development Models

Underlying assumptions: 1. belief in culture-specific explanations of identity for chicano, mexican american, and latino clients -> more general models lack the specificity of latino cultures 2. marginal status of latinos is highly correlated with maladjustment 3. negative experiences of forced assimilation are considered destructive to an individual 4. having pride in one's cultural heritage and ethnicity identity is positively correlated with mental health 5. pride in one's ethnicity affords the hispanic greater freedom to choose freely 5 STAGE MODEL ON PAGE 295 -model has a subjective reality that is missing in many of the EBT -has the added advantage of suggesting intervention focus and direction for each of the stages

Implications of the Medical Model for Unintentional racism

Uses Freud's personality theory (id, ego, superego) -neurosis is believed to be caused by the ego weakened by internal conflict and forced to adopt inappropriate coping strategies (could discriminate minorities) 5 Characteristics that have important implication for unintentional racism: 1. Tendency to overpathologize = persistent focus on illness allows for counselors to overlook external explanations for behavior 2. Limited Social applicability = based on a psychiatric worldview -> this worlview is helpful for conceptualizing individual problems, but it is inadequate for conceptualizing racism and other social pathologies 3. Inaccessibility to minority clients = the expense and time involved in this type of treatment eliminates a large pool of potential patients, esp minority groups; those minorities who do get treatment typically get the "Watered-down" version 4. Failure to teach coping skills = in many cases the difficulties minorities experience stem from executive eco deficiencies rather than from intrapsychic conflict -> the problem-analysis approach of the model is inadequate for meeting the problem-solving needs of many authorities 5. Role confusion of therapeutic participants = the therapist and client roles do not allow for the client to really express their culture and even if they do the therapist doesn't know what to do with the information

Theme 4: The Sociopolitical nature of counseling/therapy

What if minority students' world views are a more accurate reflection of reality than are those of professors? -many racial/ethic minorities, gays and lesbians, and women have accused those who hold power and influence of imposing their views of reality upon them -in mental health fields, the standards used to judge normality and abnormality come from a predominantly euro-american perspective ->they are culture found and may be inappropriate in application to culturally diverse groups ->when mental health practitioners unwittingly impose these standards without regard for differences, they may be engaging in cultural oppressions

Theme 2: The emotional consequence of race

What leads the profess, whether consciously on unconsciously, to minimize or avoid considering race as a powerful variable in the therapeutic process?: 1. diluting importance of race by using an abstract and universal statement 2. shifting the dialogue to discussions of other group differences (gender, orientation, disability, class) and equating race as only one of these many variables -even though there are commonalities regardless of race and gender it is most likely that the professor is uncomfortable with open discussions of race because of the embedded emotions that has been culturally conditioned to hold -sometimes deep reaction that many people have about discussions on race interfere with their ability to communicate freely and honestly and to listen to others -feelings of guilt, blame, anger, and defensiveness are unpleasant, which makes the case much more appealing to avoid, but these emotions must be expressed and explored before productive change will occur

microassault

a blatant verbal, nonverbal, or environmental attack intended to convey discriminatory and biased sentiments -linked to other micro aggressions where individuals deliberately convey derogatory messages to target groups When do people engage in overt discrimination? 1. when some degree of anonymity can be insured 2. when they are in the presence of others who share or tolerate their biased beliefs and actions 3. when they lose control of their feelings and actions -intent when using micro assaults is to hurt or injure the recipient -microassults in many respects are easier to deal with than those that are unintentional and outside the perpetrator's level of awareness

goal consensus

agreement on goals between therapist and client (collaboratively) -help client define the goal more specifically and to foster alternative ways of interpreting situations (helps measure progression therapy) -once goals are identified, the client and therapist can work together to identify which strategies and techniques will be employed to help the client achieve the stated goals -> interventions should make sense to the client (cultural adaptation) -selection of interventions depends upon the presenting problem and diagnosis, BUT psychological interventions are most effective when they are consistent with client characteristics, including the client's culture and values

The Conformity Model

aka sociocultural model -evolved from the scientific tradition of the social sciences -assumes a normal distribution of characteristics and behaviors throughout a population -assert that many personality variable can be shown to be normally distributed once enough observations of those variables are made -interpretations of individual behaviors are referenced to the normative sample of a given population -modal personality = any method that characterizes the personality typical of a culturally bounded population by the central tendency of a defined frequency distribution 2 Versions of this model 1. Etic = culturally universal or generalized model of mental health; defines patterns on a fixed continuum from adjustment to maladjustment 2. Emic = culturally sensitive or a specific model of mental health; norms and expectations vary across cultures

Institutional dynamics, advocacy, and change

all helping professionals need to understand two things about mental health practice: 1. They often work within organizations that may be monocultural in policies and practices -> policies and practices of an institution may thwart the ability of counselors to provide culturally appropriate help for their diverse clientele 2. the problems encountered by clients are often due to organizational or systemic factors -> the structures and operations of an organization may unfairly deny equal access and opportunity for certain groups in our society

generic characteristic of counseling

all theories of counseling are influenced by assumptions that theorists make regarding the gals for therapy, the methodology used to invoke change, ad the definition of mental health and mental illness -many theories indicate that they share certain common components of white culture in their values and beliefs *Look at the values and beliefs in table on pg 182 -therapists tend to prefer clients who exhibit the YAVIS syndrome (young, attractive, verbal, intelligent, and successful) -> discriminates against minorities and low SES -> led to point out that therapy is not for QUOID ppl (quiet, ugly, old, indigent, and dissimilar culturally)

hispanics and blacks

as latinos have surpassed blacks in numbers, they have increasingly demanded a greater voice in communities and in the political process -latinos and blacks tend to gravitate toward the same inner-city areas and compete for the same jobs, great resentment has grown between the groups *the discourse of race that was once confined to black-white relations has become increasingly multi-ethni and multiracial

language barriers

asking children to translate info concerning medical or legal problems is common but can have devastating consequences: 1. it can create stress and hurt the traditional parent-child relationship 2. children lack the vocabulary and emotional maturity to serve as effective interpreters 3. children may be placed in a situation where they are privy to confidential medical or psychiatric info about their relatives 4. they may be unfairly burdened with emotional responsibilities that only adults should carry -2004, assembly bill 775 was introduced to ban the use of children as interpreters -> gov acknowledged that not providing adequate interpretation for client populations is a form of discrimination -> national council published national standards for interpreters of health care that address issues of cultural awareness and confidentiality

multidimensional model of cultural competence in counseling (MDCC)

attempt to integrate three important features associated with effective multicultural counseling: 1. the need to consider specific cultural group world views associated with race, gender, orientation, etc 2. component of cultural competence (awareness, knowledge, skills); to be effective therapists, specialists must be aware of their own biases and assumptions about human behavior, must acquire and have knowledge of the particular groups they are working with, and must be able to use culturally appropriate intervention strategies in working with different groups 3. foci of cultural competence = perspective must be to intervene in individual (own stuff), professional (ethics), organizational (possible oppressiveness) , and societal areas (racial profiling)

the legitimacy of culture-bound syndromes: nightmare deaths and the Hmong Sudden death phenomenon

bangungut = oriental nightmare death -primary belief of death is the imminence of death, either by curse, as in voodoo suggestion, or by some form of punishment and excessive stress -these are common beliefs among southeast asia -working outside the beliefs system of such clients may not have the desired therapeutic effects, and risk of unintentional harm (potential death of the person) is great -attitudes, beliefs, and emotional states are intertwined and can have a powerful effect on physiological responses and physical well-being -death from bradycardia = slowing of the heartbeat; correlated with feelings of helplessness DSM -warns that professional who work with immigrant and ethnic minorities must take into account: (a) the predominant me ands of manifesting disorders (spirits, nerves, fatalism), (B) the perceived causes or explanatory models, © the preferences for professional and indigenous sources of care

why standards for interpreters and what guideline

based upon important findings derived from focus groups of immigrants 1. nearly all immigrants interviewed expressed a preference for professional translators rather than family members who were knowledgeable and respectful of their cultural customs 2. using family members to interpret was negatively received for fear of their inability to translate correctly 3. discussing very personal or familial issues was often very uncomfortable when family members act as the interpreter 4. great concern that interpretation by a family member could be affected by the family dynamics or vice versa Guidelines!! 1. must speak the same dialect and monitor carefully if the interpreter and client appear to have significant cultural or social differences 2. establish familiarity with interpreters -> should be understanding and comfortable with your therapy style and keep using same interpreter for client 3. aware that interpreter is not an empty box in therapeutic relationship -> 3 person alliance -> clients may bond with interpreter before the counselor 4. provide extra time for counseling 5. help interpreter realize confidentiality 6. if interpreters are not fully translating or interjecting their own beliefs, opinions, and assumptions, it is important to have a frank and open discussion about it 7. be aware that interpreters may experience intense emotions when traumatic events are discussed -> alert for over identification or countertransference -even if the child is not bilingual, just simply coming from a background where one or both parents have spoken their native tongue can impair proper acquisition of english -> even AA with different cultural backgrounds or ebonics, shorter phrases and more emphasis on body language

implications

best approach is for the counselor to select an intervention that is research based and subsequently adapt the approach for the individual client according to the client's individual characteristics, values, and preferences

tuskegee experiment

carried from 1932 to 1972 by the US public health service -more than 600 Alabama black men were used as guinea pigs in the study of what damage would occur to the body if syphilis were left untreated -> 399 were left untreated even if medication was available; 7 died directly from it and 154 died of heart disease that may have been caused by syphilis -2011 American-run venereal disease experiments conducted on guatemalan prisoners, soldiers and mental patients from 1946-1948 -> the US paid for the syphilis-infected guatemalan prostitutes to have sex with prisoners to see whether penicillin could prevent infection after exposure; 5,500 Guatemalans were enrolled, 1,300 were deliberately infected, 83 died -clients of color are more likely to approach counseling wit a grey deal of healthy skepticism regarding where the therapists work and the unconscious and conscious motives of the helping professional

Therapeutic Implications

clients of color tend to prematurely terminate counseling at a 50% rate after only the 1st initial contact with a mental health provider -clients of color, women, and gays amy not receive help they need -credibility of a counselor is composed of expertness (function of how much knowledge, training, experience, and skills clinicians possess with respect to the population being treated - ability component) and trustworthiness (motivational component - encompasses trust, honesty, and genuineness *trustworthiness becomes central in multicultural counseling and therapy

counselor's unstated goal

counselor first priority should be to achieve equitable outcomes with all clients -equitable outcomes should be the most important criterion that counselors use to measure their success in overcoming racism -as counselors improve their service delivery, parity between minority and white clients should become increasingly evident in the areas of diagnosis, staff assignment, treatment modality, utilization, treatment duration, and clients attitudes toward treatment -majority group = minority group

racism in counseling therapy

counselors should be the most unlikely professionals to victimize their clients -studies from the mid-20th century have shown racism in the mental health care delivery systems -when counselors ignore racism they threaten the foundation of counseling which is the holding of ideals of social justice and equality -a frequent and vigorous complaint of minority ppl who need care is that they often feel abused, intimidated, and harassed by non-minority personnel

What is cultural competence?

culturally competent person goals? 1. actively in the process of becoming aware of his or her own assumptions about human behavior, values, biasses, preconceived notions, personal limitations, etc 2. actively attempts to understand the worldview of his or her culturally different client (what are the client's values and assumptions about human behavior etc) 3. one who is in the process of actively developing and practicing appropriate, relevant, and sensitive intervention strategies and skills in working with his or her cultural different client

Racism

def: any behavior or pattern of behavior that tends to systematically deny access to opportunities or privileges to member of one racial group while allowing members of another racial group to enjoy those opportunities or privileges

What is multicultural counseling/therapy?

def: helping role and a process hat uses modalities and defines goals consistent with the life experiences and cultural values of clients; recognizes client identities to include individual, group, and universal dimensions; advocates the use of universal and culture-specific strategies and roles in the healing process; balances the importance of individualism and collectivism in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of client and client systems

identity politics

demands from groups to have their identity recognized and injustices of misrecognition and exploitation ended

rapport

emotional climate is realistically positive and trust and understanding exist between the parties, the 2-way communication of thoughts and feelings an proceed with optimism -sets the stage on which other essential conditions can become effective (ex. self-disclosure) -> most direct means to for ppl to make themselves known to others

Counseling and mental health literature

ethnic minorities frequently see the mental health profession in a similar way - as a discipline concerned with maintaining the status quo -social sciences have historically ignored the study of asians in america -when studies are conducted on minorities, research has been appallingly unbalanced -white social science has tended to reinforce a negative view of AA among the public by concentrating on unstable black families instead of on the many stables ones -> same for latinos that have focused on the psychpathological problems encountered by mexican americans, sam with native americans -> these problems are even seen as due to intrinsic factors instead of the failures of society

Pattern of American cultural assumptions and multicultural family counseling

family systems therapy important characteristics: 1. highlight the importance of the family vs individual as the unit of identity 2. focus on resolving concrete issues 3. concerned with family structure and dynamics 4. assume that these family structures and dynamics are historically passed on from one generation to another 5. attempt to understand the communication and alliances vie reframing 6. place the therapist in an expert position -this is consistent with the world views of racial minorities -minorities favor the view it emphasizes family as the unit of identity, understanding cultural notes and background of family system and the need to balance the system Problems come when we have specific characteristics in our head of what a "healthy family" is may be incongruent twitch the value systems of many culturally different clients: 1. allow and encourage expressing emotions freely and openly 2. view each member as having a right to be his or her own unique self 3. strive for an equal division of labor among members of the family 4. consider egalitarian role relationships between spouses desirable 5. hold the nuclear family as the standard *look at table 7.4 pg 198 for cultural value preferences

SUE CHAPTER 7

fernando family had translation issues and the father had hallucinations

religious harassment

limited attention in psychological literature -largest percentage of religious harassment and civil rights violations in the US are committed against Jewish and Muslim individuals -some commonly held anti-semitic beliefs are that Jews (a) are more loyal to Israel than to the US (b) hold too much power in the US, and © are responsible for the death of Jesus -Islamaphobia = prejudice experienced by muslims -media tends to depict Muslims as religious fanatics and terrorists; one study revealed that Americans hold both implicit and explicit negative attitudes toward this group

mental illness and labels

may be seen as a political ploy used to control those who are different, and therapy is used to control, brainwash, or reorient the identified victims to fit in society -> frightening for minorities believe that their values and lifestyles are often seen by society as pathological and thus ware unfairly discriminated against by the mental health professions Labels: 1. can cause ppl to interpret all activities of the affected individual as pathological 2. label may cause others to treat individuals differently, even when they are perfectly normal 3. label may cause those who are labeled to believe that they do indeed possess certain characteristics or that the threats of being perceived as less capable can seriously impair their performance

The evolution of the "isms": Microaggressions

microaggressions = brief and commplace daily and venal or behavioral indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults that potentially have a harmful or unpleasant psychological imp ace on the target person or group -can be delivered environmentally through the physical surroundings of target groups, where they are made to feel unwelcome, isolated, unsafe, and alienated (all white male president picture on the wall made an African American feel like they don't belong) -environmental micro aggressions can occur when there is an absence of students or faculty of color on college campuses, few women in the upper echelons of the workplace, and limited or no access for disabled persons in buildings

sociopolitical facets of nonverbal communication

minorities operate on 3 assumptions 1. all whites in this society are racist 2. most whites find such concepts disturbing and will go to great lengths to dent that they are racist or biased 3. nonverbal behaviors are more accurate reflections of what a white person is thinking or feeling than is what they say -nonverbal cues are important bc they unconsciously reflect out biases and trigger off stereotypes we have of other people

Helms White racial Identity Development Model

most elaborate and sophisticated white racial identity development model -helms = most influential white identity development theorist -model lef to the development of an assessment instrument to measure white racial identity, but it also has been scrutinized empirically and has generated much research and debate in the psychological lit -assumes racism is an intimate and central part of being a white american -developing a health white identity requires movement through 2 phases: abandonment of racism and defining a nonracist white identity -6 specific racial identity statuses are distributed equally in the two phases: contact, disintegration, reintegration, psuedoindependence, immersion/emersion, and autonomy

obtaining a counseling agreement

must reach agreement in 4 areas: 1. practical aspects of counseling = frequency of session, length, policies regarding cancellation or missed apt, billing procedures 2. roles = directive or reflective counseling style, how much flight should focus on the past vs present 3. expectations = honesty, commitment, effort to reach goals 4. goals = specific, measurable, realistic, attainable, capable of being owned by the client *lack of structure tends to affect minority clients -> bc of preference of directive style -structuring introduction = sets the tone for therapy and may cover philosophy of healing and change, orientation to counseling, legal and ethical considerations, practical aspects of counseling, invite the client to share his or her goals and expectations, see if they need any clarification, ask how their cultural expectation match up with my counseling procedure

nonverbals as reflection of bias

nonverbal cues operate on an unconscious level (purse on candid camera) -women and minorities are better at reading nonverbal cues, bc of HC as well as survival

RIDLEY CH. 4

normal = when individuals measure up to society's mainstream cultural values -> those who don't are abnormal or deviant

What is social justice?

normative concept often expressed in 2 forms: 1. as an ideal = focuses on how and to what extent the good and bad things in life should be distributed among members of the human society 2. as a mobilizing idea = makes injustice visible, contestable, and changeable; accommodates multiple forms of identity, discrimination, and exclusion -social justice in the broadest sense = includes political, educational, legal, economic, social, and other human rights of people -symbolizes the concept of fairness and advocates that no one be discriminated against on the grounds of religion, belief, gender, color, class, wealth, and social status

elements of oppression

norms defined by the dominant group, institutional power, economic power, violence and the threat of violence, and target group invisibility -differs from discrimination, bias, prejudice, or bigotry bc these refer to individual acts that anyone can manifest (ex. all humans have learned prejudices), but oppression occurs when prejudice is backed by social and institutional power (institutional control, ideological domination, imposition of the dominant group's culture on the target group) -privilege = the rights, benefits, and advantages automatically received by being a member of the dominant group, regardless of intentions

What makes a just society?

one in which both economic and social differences between social classes and groups are markedly reduced -societies with more equal income distribution there exist fewer social problems and ills WHY? -pp, who constantly find themselves competing with others not only develop psychological symptoms of stress but are also more suspicious of others, more likely to resort to sedative or stimulant drugs, and tend toward violence and delinquent behavior -a high degree of income inequality describes a societal situation in which there is a high level of status competition -> as inequality in a society increases, there is more competition between individual members of the society, risk of status loss is greater, and social anxieties are exacerbated -an egalitarian distribution of income helps those who are less well off while producing welfare effects for all citizens

Nonverbals as triggers to biases and fears

one of the major barriers to effective understanding is the common assumption that different cultural groups operate according to identical speech and communication conventions -the way black ppl talk can elicit fear from whites as well as stereotypes, but they see it a real, emotional, authentic -whites communicate logically which can be seen from black ppl as inauthentic -rapping = originally the dialogue between a man and a woman in which the intent was to win over the admiration of the woman -> imaginary statements, rhythmic speech, and creativity are aimed at getting the woman interested in hearing more of the rap -woofing = exchange od threats and challenges to fight (aka playing the dozens); highest form of verbal warfare and impromptu speaking -dozens = used by slave owes to refer to black ppl with disabilities; disabled black ppl would often be sold at a discount rate with 11 other damaged slaves Woofing and playing the dozens functional value: 1. allow training in self-control about managing one's anger and hostility in the constant face of racism 2. allows a black person to establish a hierarchy or pecking order without resorting to violence 3. create an image of being fearless where one will gain respect

Social justice education

paulo freite indicated that educators must use 3 steps to educate for social justice: 1. Acknowledge students' voices -> reflection of personal perspectives and experiences regarding issues and situations 2. Use students' voices and past experiences to develop curriculum 3. Encourage and show students how to apply their voices and past experiences toward making significant chances in their community *this empowers students to experience a sense of belonging in the classroom and their communities -need to challenge the notion that the way we educate is the way it is supposed to be -need to acknowledge that treating students and clients as if they are equal is not always equitable

proxemics

perception and use of personal and interpersonal space -US culture: intimate (contact to 18 in), personal (1.5-4 ft), social (4-12 ft), public (12+) -in the US individuals seem to grow more uncomfortable when others stand too close rather than too far away -can be reframed in terms of dominance, status, and level of likeness -latinos, Africans, AA, indonesians, arabs, SA, and french, conversing with a person dictates much closer stance than is normally comfortable for Americans

Positive regard, respect, warmth, genuineness

positive regard = demonstration by the therapist that he or she sees the strengths and positive aspects of the client, including appreciation for the values and differences displayed by the client; identifies and focuses on the strengths and assets of the individual rather than attending only to deficits or problems (good for minorities and behaviors that are often pathologized) -respect = shown by being attentive and by demonstrating that you view the client as an important person (Asking how they would like to be addressed, comments and insights are valuable) -warmth = emotional feeling received bt the client when the therapist conveys verbal and nonverbal signs of appreciation and acceptance (Smiling, use of humor, showing verbal signs) -genuineness = therapist responds openly and in a real manner, rather than responding in accordance with expected roles

Politics of interethnic and interracial bias and discrimination

ppl of color become wary about discussing interethnic and interracial misunderstandings and conflicts between various groups for fear that such problems may be see by those in power to: (a) assuage their own guilt feelings and excuse their own racism (ppl of color are equally racist, so why should I change when they can't even get along with one another) (b) divide and conquer ("as long as ppl of color fight among themselves, they can't form alliances to confront establishment) © divert attention away from the injustices of society by defining problems as residing between various racial minority groups -prejudice from the minority does nothing to oppress or cause systematic harm, it actually can benefit those in power

social justice requires counseling advocacy roles

psychologists must use their knowledge and skills to: 1. impact the channels of socialization to spread curricula of multiculturalism 2. aid in the passage of legislation and social policy

antiracism as a social justice agenda

psychologists need to realize that racial attitudes and belies are formed from 3 main sources: 1. Schooling and education 2. Mass media 3. Peers and social groups Racism is most likely to diminish under the following conditions: 1. having intimate contact with ppl of color 2. experiencing a cooperative rather than competitive environment 3. working toward mutually shared goals as opposed to individual ones 4. exchanging accurate information rather than stereotypes or misinformation 5. interacting on equal footing with other rather than an unequal or imbalanced one 6. viewing leadership or authority as supportive of intergroup harmony 7. viewing a sense of unity of interconnectedness with all humanity *no single condition alone is sufficient to overcome bigotry

Effects of Historical and Current oppression

racial minorities and other marginalized groups in our society live under an umbrella of individual, institutional, and cultural forces that often demean them, disadvantage them, and deny them equal access and opportunity -this affects their world views of the helping professional who attempts to work in the multicultural arena -we are extremely cautious about revealing to strangers our feelings and attitudes about race -in most self-disclosing situations, whites are less vulnerable than their minority counterparts -understand how the invisibility of ethnocentric monoculturism has affected race, gender, orientation

remedies

redistributive remedies = proponents of egalitarian socioeconomic redistribution ground their claims on the "equal moral worth of persons" -> treat economic redistribution as an expression of recognition -redistribution = change in economic, political, and social conditions and structures to obtain a socially just distribution of resources, wealth, and income -representation of redistribution = minimum wage legislation, unemployment or employment insurance, child welfare, antipoverty programs, and progressive taxation -recognition lies in its relationship to identity (a person's understanding of who they are, of their fundamental characteristics as a human being"

research

researchers use templates of modern racism and sexism to understand other contemporary forms of oppression such as homonegativity, religious discrimination, and ableism -old fashtioned homonegativity, which refers to an antigay sentiment that is based on religious or moral condemnation (ex. homosexuality is a sin -modern homonegativity reflects that belief that prejudice against LGB persons no longer exists and that this group contributes to its own marginalization by overemphasizing sexual orientation -research has found that white equality liberals are less likely to help a black person in an ambiguous situation where they are not sure if their skills are needed bc they are able to justify his or her actions, which is a subtle form of oppression

Chapter 2

student and professor argument about whether a case study therapist is culturally incompetent to the fact that most Latino families have great emphasis on the family and that by the therapist it was seen as excessively dependent

implications of TR

the effectiveness of therapy is highly dependent on the quality of the relationship between therapist and the client -> transcends racial and ethnic differences and contributes up to 30% of the variance in treatment outcome -TR is critical -if given a choice, clients would select a less effective treatment if it were provided by a caring, empathetic treatment -exploring the illness myth = client's beliefs regarding etiology, course, and treatment is highly important in the TR and can enhance collaborative identification of goals and interventions

Therapist inaction as racism

therapist inaction - behaviors of omission -some professionals are so frightened of doing the wrong thing that they refuse to do or saying anything when issues arise -ex. when practitioners often assume that minority professionals are the exclusive experts on treating minority clients -> avoid ant behavior is irresponsible as well as places an unfair burden on minority professionals -> act of racism -some minority professionals are so confident that they are doing the right thing that they are close-minded -> assume they understand the dynamics of racism when they may not

Dilemma 2: The invisibility of Unintentional Expressions of Bias

there is no way to prove that the interview or any person was doubting capability or intelligence or even citizenship - the only evidence is felt experience and interpretation, which are easily explained away and disregarded by interviewers with alternative explanations -that the micro aggression is essentially invisible to the perpetrator creates psychological dilemma for victims that can leave them frustrated, feeling powerless, and even questioning their own insanity**

empirically supported relationships

those critical of ESTs alone cite the multitude of other factors impacting treatment outcome such as the therapeutic relationship (TR), client values and beliefs, and the working alliance between client and therapist 1. the TR makes substantial and consistent contributions to psychotherapy outcome, independent of the specific type of treatment 2. there TR acts in concert with discrete interventions, client characteristics, and clinician qualities in determining treatment effectiveness 3. adapting or tailoring the therapy relationship to specific client needs and characteristics (in addition to diagnosis) enhances the effectiveness of treatment 4. Practice and treatment guidelines should explicitly address therapist behaviors and qualities that promote a facilitative TR

Microinsult

unintentional behaviors or verbal comments that convey rudeness or insensitivity or demean a person's racial heritage/identity, gender identity, religion, ability, or sexual orientation -characterized by an insulting hidden message (ex.being surprised that a black person has such credentials)

ethnocentric monoculturalism

values, assumptions, beliefs, and practices of our society are structured in such a manner as to serve only one narrow segment of the population -most are only trained to see mainstream individuals -bc of this we have restricted, stereotyped, damaged, and oppressed the culturally different -ethnocentric monoculturalism combines what Wrenn calls cultural encapsulation and what Jone calls Cultural racism

microinvalidation

verbal comments or behaviors that exclude, negate, or dismiss the psychological thoughts, feelings, or experiential reality of the target group -unintentional and usually outside the perpetrator's awareness -ex. when helper suggested that it was personal insecurities rather than racism negates the client's thoughts and feelings

Antigay harassment

verbal or physical behavior that injures, interferes with, or intimidates lesbian women, gay men, and bisexual individuals -includes comments and jokes that convey that LGB individuals are pathological, abnormal, or unwelcome, as well as heterosexism (referring to something as gay to convey that it is stupid) -transphobia - an emotional disgust toward individuals who do not conform to society's gender expectations

paralanguage

vocal cues that individuals use to communicate (loudness, pauses, silences, hesitations, rate of speech, inflections) -can communicate different features about a person such as gender, age, emotional responses, race, sex -US doesn't like silence and like to fill it -Arabs and british see silence as a form of privacy -russians, french, spanish see silence as an agreement -asians = silence is a sign of respect -US it is okay for kids to speak up and ask questions but in other cultures it is a sign of disrespect