CSCI C330 Chapter 3, 4, 5 Possible Question Bank
Identify the elements of the message syntax for a message on an SSD.
(*)[true/false condition] return-value := message-name (parameter-list) An asterisk (*) indicates repeating to looping of the message. Brackets [] indicate a true/false condition. Message-name is the description of the requested service written as a verb-noun. Parameter-list shows the data that are passed with the message. Return-value on the same line as the message (requires :=) is used to describe data being returned from the destination object to the source object in response to the message. NOTE: any part of the message can be omitted.
List the steps for using the event decomposition technique.
1) consider the external events in the system environment that require a response from the system 2) for each external event, identify and name the use case that the system requires 3) consider the temporal events that require a response from the system 4) for each temporal event, identify and name the use case that the system requires and then establish the point of time that will trigger the use case 5) consider the state events that the system might respond to, particularly if it is a real-time system in which devices or internal state changes trigger use cases 6) for each state event, identify and name the use case that the system requires and then define the state change 7) when events and use cases are defined, check to see if they are required as part of analysis by using the perfect technology assumption.
List the steps to follow when using the brainstorming technique for finding things.
1) identify a user and a set of use cases or user stories 2) brainstorm with the user to identify things involved when carrying out the use case - that is, things about which information should be captured by the system 3) use the types of things (categories) to systematically ask questions about potential things, such as the following: Are there any tangible things you store information about? Are there any locations involved? Are there roles played by people that you need to remember? 4) continue to work with all types of users and stakeholders to expand the brainstorming list 5) merge the results, eliminate any duplicates, and compile an initial list
List the eight steps to identify use cases using the user goal technique.
1) identify all the potential users for the new system 2) classify the potential users in terms of their functional role 3) further classify potential users by organizational level 4) interview each type of user to determine the specific goals they will have when using the new system 5) create a list of preliminary use cases organized by type of user 6) look for duplicates with similar use case names and resolve inconsistencies 7) identify where different types of user need the same use cases 8) review the completed list with each type of user and then with interested stakeholders
List the steps required to develop a Use Case Diagram.
1) identify all the stakeholders and users who would benefit by having a use case diagram 2) determine what each stakeholder or user needs to review in a use case diagram 3) for each potential communication need, select the use cases and actors to show and draw the use case diagram 4) carefully name each use case diagram and then note how and when the diagram should be used to review use cases with stakeholders and users
List the four steps for developing and SSD from an activity diagram.
1. Identify the input messages. 2. Describe the message from the external actor to the system by using the message notation described earlier. 3.Identify and add any special conditions on the input message, including iteration and true/false conditions. 4. Identify and add the output return messages.
Using the noun technique for finding "things" for the new system, what are the three questions you should ask about each noun you have identified? Explain what each question entails.
1. Is it a unique thing the system needs to know about? - Developers generally want to avoid repeating the identified things and to create unnecessary stress on the system. 2. Is it inside the scope of the system I am working on? - Developers want to ensure that the things identified are related to the project and the system they are working with. 3. Does the system need to remember more than one of these items? - Developers want to narrow down the number of things that the system would require and of those, which ones it needs to remember versus what the system could reference from an outside source.
"Customer decides to buy a shirt" is an example of what?
Activity prior to an event
A technique that is used to validate the set of use cases against identified classes is called __________ technique.
CRUD
_______ is used to describe the actual range of linkups allowed in an association (the minimum and maximum values).
Cardinality constraints
What does CRUD stand for? ____ ____ ____ ____ (no commas)
Create Read Update Delete
List three types of events and provide descriptions for each.
External event - an event that occurs outside the system, usually initiates by an external agent. Example: customer wants to place an order Temporal event - an event that occurs as a result of reaching a point in time Example: payroll system that produce a paycheck every two weeks or every month State event - and event that occurs when something happens inside the system that triggers some process Example: if the sale of a product results in an adjustment to an inventory record, and the inventory in stock drops below a reorder point, it is necessary to reorder.
A customer wants to buy a new shirt can be considered an external event.
False
A good way to describe a use case scenario is with a state chart.
False
A state event is a political or governmental activity.
False
A state event is an event that occurs when something happens outside the system that triggers the need for processing.
False
A state-machine diagram is usually developed for every class in the problem domain class diagram.
False
A true/false condition on a message indicates the condition of the return value of the message, i.e. whether the message was successful or not.
False
A true/false condition on a sequence diagram indicates whether the message can be processed or not.
False
Activity diagrams are not helpful in developing system sequence diagrams (SSDs).
False
Activity diagrams are not helpful when the flow of activities is too complex.
False
Activity diagrams cannot be used to describe processes that involve automated system activities.
False
An Opt frame and an Alt frame do essentially the same thing.
False
An abstract class is used to describe a "thing" that is abstract, i.e. not tangible.
False
An actor is a person that plays a particular role within a business process.
False
Attributes are part of a UML class diagram, but not included in ERD diagrams.
False
During analysis the analyst should be sure to identify system control events such as the user logging in or out.
False
During the interviews in the user goal technique, the analyst should not try to influence the users in discussing their work methods.
False
Each concurrent path in a state-machine diagram will contain multiple states.
False
Each use case is used by only one actor.
False
Highly Agile methodologies favor detailed use case documentation over sketchy user stories.
False
In UML a zero to many multiplicity constraint is shown with a "O" and crows feet on the line.
False
In a system sequence diagram a box refers to a class of objects.
False
In a system sequence diagram the order of the messages is determined by numbering the messages.
False
In a use case diagram, and actor must always be a person.
False
Information for Use Case Descriptions is primarily derived from System Sequence Diagrams.
False
On an activity diagram, the diamond represents an "AND" condition.
False
One of the disadvantages of UML and object-oriented models is the difficulty of synchronizing the models.
False
Since an activity diagram is not object-oriented (e.g. no objects), it is not a standard model of the object-oriented Unified Modeling Language (UML).
False
Temporal events always occur on a fixed date or at a fixed time.
False
The ERD crows feet cardinality constraint indicates a mandatory many relationship.
False
The analyst begins identifying state events by asking about the specific deadlines that the system must accommodate.
False
The automation boundary is the same thing as the system boundary.
False
The beginning step in defining use cases is always to obtain a user story.
False
The best use of the CRUD technique is used to generate new use cases.
False
The cardinality of a class is a measure of the number of objects in the class.
False
The event decomposition technique begins by identifying use cases.
False
The focus on external events is inappropriate when working with end users because discussing events tends to confuse the issues.
False
The noun technique can be thought of as a variation of the brainstorming technique.
False
Two difference scenarios of a use case would normally be described in a single fully developed use case description.
False
Two techniques to identify things in the problem domain are the noun technique and the verb technique.
False
When describing an external event, there is no need to worry about the person or thing causing the event.
False
When identifying things in the problem domain, an analyst should focus primarily on tangible things about which information is required.
False
Describe the difference between the noun technique and the brainstorming technique to find problem domain objects.
In the brainstorming technique, the developers work with users to identify classes by thinking about different types of things they use in their work. However, in the noun technique, the developers identify things in the problem domain by finding and classifying the nouns in a dialog or description. The main difference between the two techniques is that in the noun technique, the analyst lists all the nouns without thinking too much about them and without talking about them with the users.
The way to determine whether an occurrence is an event or part of the interaction before or after the event is to ask the following question: _______?
Is the system at rest?
Briefly describe the purpose of a system sequence diagram.
It is an effective tool that helps in the initial design of the user interface by identifying the specific information that flows from the user into the system and the information that flows out of the system back to the user.
List three types of frame notation in sequence diagrams.
Loop frame - notation on a sequence diagram showing repeating messages Opt frame - notation on a sequence diagram showing optional messages Alt frame - notation on a sequence diagram showing if-then-else logic
A state machine diagram is used to document the states and transitions of a(n) _______.
Object
A class of objects is equivalent to a set of objects.
True
A composite object only exist as part of a whole-part relationship.
True
A loop frame and an asterisk mean the same thing in a sequence diagram.
True
A semantic net illustrates individual objects within a class diagram.
True
A superclass only exists as part of a generalization/specialization.
True
An Opt frame and a true/false condition on a message serve essentially the same purpose.
True
An activity diagram and the flow of activities in a fully developed use case description serve the same purpose.
True
An actor is always outside of the automation boundary.
True
An oval indicates an embedded use case inside of an activity diagram.
True
Another name for a state event is an internal event.
True
Another name for the "includes" relationship is the "uses" relationship.
True
Attributes can sometimes be combined together to form a larger group.
True
Before using the user goal technique the analyst must first identify and classify all the types of system users.
True
Every state-machine diagram must have both origin states and destination states.
True
In a sequence diagram, a message is considered to be an action that is invoked on the destination object.
True
In an activity diagram, a separate use case may used as part of the workflow.
True
In an interaction diagram, messages are sent and received by individual objects, not by classes.
True
In generalization/specialization the objects in a subclass are always also contained in the parent class.
True
In the object-oriented approach to systems development, the flow of information is achieved by sending messages either to and from actors or back and forth between internal objects.
True
In using the CRUD technique, new use cases and new stakeholders may be identified.
True
On a sequence diagram, a message represents a service request.
True
One benefit of the event decomposition technique is that it helps to identify use cases at the right level of detail.
True
One technique used to help decide which events apply to controls is to assume that technology is perfect.
True
One way to determine whether an occurrence is an event or part of the interaction before or after an event is by asking if any long pauses or intervals occur.
True
Real-time systems require the system to react immediately to things that are going on in the environment.
True
Synchronization bars are used to indicate looping in an activity diagram.
True
The CRUD technique can be used to identify new use cases as well as delete unnecessary use cases.
True
The acceptance criteria can be used to generate test data.
True
The acceptance criteria for a user story can be considered a contract between the developers and users.
True
The end of an event or a user case is when the system is at rest in a consistent state.
True
The end product of the event decomposition technique is a list of use cases at the right level of analysis.
True
When a customer buys an item of merchandise using his store credit account, a separate event is required to pay the store.
True
When using the brainstorming technique it is often helpful to think about each use case and talking to users.
True
When using the noun technique, the analyst begins by listing all the nouns that the users mention.
True
Describe two techniques for identifying use cases. Which is the most comprehensive approach?
User goal technique Event decomposition technique The most comprehensive approach is the event decomposition technique because it begins by identifying all the business events that will cause the information system to respond, and each event leads to a use case.
In a fully developed use case description the exception conditions represent what?
What conditions prevent the system from successfully completing the use case.
The guard-condition on a transition indicates what?
Whether the transition fires.
On a systems sequence diagram, ____ indicate(s) a true/false condition.
[]
The UML notation for the "includes" relationship is a(n) _______.
a dashed arrow
An example of an attribute of an object might be _______.
a social security number
In a generalization/specialization relationship, it would not make sense for a class at the bottom of the hierarchy to be a(n) ______ class.
abstract
A UML class that never has any objects within the class is called a(n) _______.
abstract class
Features of a particular user story that must be present in the final system are called _________.
acceptance criteria
The final part of a user story is the ______ ______, which indicates the features that must be present.
acceptance criteria
In UML terminology in a sequence diagram, a message refers to a(n) _______.
action
The diagram model that is useful to document the flow of activities on a fully developed use case description is called a(n) _______ diagram.
activity
An external agent or person that interacts with the system by supplying data is called a(n) _______.
actor
A relationship between a "sports team" and the players, coaches, and sponsor would be described as what kind of relationship?
aggregation
A type of relationship where between classes where the objects in one class are a part of the objects in another class BUT they can also exist as separate objects alone.
aggregation
To show if-then-else condition on a sequence diagram use a(n) ______.
alt frame
In UML the constraint denoted by "0..*" indicates what?
an optional relationship
A class that represents a many-to-many association between two other classes is called a(n) ____ class.
association
A term in UML that describes a naturally occurring relationship between specific things is called a(n) _______.
association
An association that is also treated as a class is called a(n) _______.
association class
On a sequence diagram a short notation that indicates a repeating message is a(n) _______.
asterisk
A descriptive piece of information about a thing or object is called a(n) _______.
attribute
A piece of information about a particular object is called a(n) _______.
attribute
Descriptive properties of things in the problem domain are often documented as what?
attributes
The _______ is the dividing line between the computerized portion of the system and the users who operate the system.
automation boundary
The boundary between the automated portion of the system and the users of the system is called the _______.
automation boundary
A technique to identify problem domain objects in which developers and users work together in an open group setting is called the _______ .
brainstorming technique
The even decomposition technique begins by identifying all of the _______.
business events
When words are concatenated together to form a single word and the first letter of each is capitalized it is called _______ notation.
camelback
A measure of the number of links between one object and another object in a relationship is called the _______.
cardinality
The crows feet notation on an ERD is a type of _______ constraint.
cardinality
The number of associations that occur among specific things in an entity relationship diagram is called ____.
cardinality
If we modeled a "sale" and the "sale items" with a whole-part relationship, it would best be described as a _______ relationship.
composite
A type of relationship where between classes where the objects in one class are a part of the objects in another class AND they can only exist as part of the totality.
composition
An attribute that contains a collection of related attributes is called a(n) _______.
compound attribute
A UML class that is allowed to have a set of actual objects within it is called a(n) _______.
concrete class
In a state machine diagram when an object is in multiple states at the same time it is called _________.
concurrent state
In the traditional approach to system development, the system stores information about ____.
data entities
When an object moves from one state to another the ending state is a called a(n) __________.
destination state
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of object-oriented modeling with several models is that _____.
developing new models allows the analyst to discard unnecessary diagrams.
A(n) _______ is a task that is performed by one person in response to a business event, adds value, and leaves the system in a stable condition.
elementary business process
The diagram consisting of data entities and their relationships is called a(n) _______ .
entity-relationship diagram
A(n) _______ is something that occurs at a specific time and place and can be precisely measured.
event
An occurrence at a specific time and place, which can be described and is worth remember, is called a(n) _______.
event
Something that occurs at a specific time and place and should be remember by the system is called a(n) _______.
event
The _______ technique is a technique to identify use cases by determining the external business events to which the system must respond.
event decomposition
The technique used to identify use cases based on external, temporal, and state events is the _______.
event decomposition technique
An event that occurs outside the system is called a(n) _______.
external event
The type of event that occurs outside of the system is called a(n) _______.
external event
In a relationship where there are superclasses and subclasses, the relationship is called a(n) _______ relationship.
generalization/specialization
A relationship between use cases in which one use case is used by another use case is called the _________ _______.
includes relationship
A concept that allows subclasses to share the characteristics of their superclasses is called ____.
inheritance
The idea that the attributes of a superclass are also attributes of a subclass is called ______.
inheritance
State events are also sometimes called _______ events.
internal
Another name for a state event is a(n) ______ _____.
internal event
Which of the following is NOT true about a UML class.
it has multiplicity
An attribute whose value uniquely identifies an object is called a(n) _______.
key attribute
An attribute for an object which can be used to uniquely identify that object is called a(n) _______.
key identifier
Vertical dashed lines on a system sequence diagram are used to depict a(n) what?
lifeline
On a sequence diagram when multiple messages are included within a repeating loop a(n) _______ is used to document it.
loop frame
A relationship that has a cardinality constraint of one or more is a(n) _______ relationship.
mandatory
As association class is frequently required for what kind of relationship?
many to many
An arrow on a system sequence diagram is used to depict a(n) what?
message
A synonym for cardinality (used with UML class diagrams) is ____.
multiplicity
A synonym for cardinality (used with UML class diagrams) is _______.
multiplicity
In UML notation for object-oriented approach the term _______ is used instead of cardinality.
multiplicity
The technique for finding problem domain objects by finding and listing all the nouns in a dialog or description is called the _______.
noun technique
A box in a system sequence diagram refers to a(n) what?
object
To show a set of messages that may be optional a(n) __________ is used.
opt frame
In a state machine diagram, a state is represented by a(n) _______.
oval
In a sequence diagram the syntax of a message is given by the following: [A] B := C (D) The letter D represents what?
parameter list
A sequential set of connected states and transitions is called a(n) _______________.
path
The _______ states that events should be included during analysis only if the system would be required to respond under perfect technology conditions.
perfect technology assumption
A certain set of values or statuses that must exist after a use case completes its processing is called a(n) _______.
postcondition
A certain set of values or statuses that must exist before a use case begins is called a(n) _______.
precondition
The specific area of the user's business need that is within the scope of the new system is called the _______.
problem domain
The beginning state of an object when its states are diagrammed is called a(n) ___________.
pseudostate
The source of using the concept of events to define functional requirements was first emphasized with _______ systems.
real-time
A(n) _______ is a naturally occurring association among specific things.
relationship
In a sequence diagram the syntax of a message is given by the following: [A] B := C (D) The letter B represents what?
return value
The standard template for a user story is "As a <______ _____> I want to <goal> so that <reason>". Fill in the blank.
role played
Use cases may have different "paths" or sequence of steps through the use case. These different paths are called _______.
scenario
A unique set of internal activities within a use case which represents a unique path through the use case is called a(n) _______.
scenario
A drawing which shows individual objects and their links with other objects, and which is used to help understand the problem domain classes is called a(n) _______ .
semantic net
A condition during an object's life when it satisfies some criterion is called a(n) ______.
state
A(n) _______ event occurs when something happens inside the system that triggers the need for processing.
state
An event that occurs when something inside the system triggers the need for processing, but usually as a consequence of external activity is called a _______ event.
state
A UML diagram that shows the life of an object in states and transitions is called a(n) __________.
state machine diagram
For real-world objects the state of an object is the same as its _______.
status condition
In UML notation, the guillemets character is used to show what kind of notation?
stereotypes
On an activity diagram, what are the vertical rectangles that contain the activity ovals called?
swim lanes
Checks and safety procedures that are put in place to protect the integrity of the system are called _______ ______ .
system controls
Checks or safety procedures are put in place to protect the integrity of the system is referred to as _______.
system controls
A diagram that shows the messages between an actor and the system is called a(n) _______.
system sequence diagram
An event that occurs by reaching a point in time is called a _______ event.
temporal
An event that occurs simply by reaching a point in time is called a(n) _______ ______.
temporal event
The user goal technique normally begins by identifying, listing, and classifying _______ .
the system users
The movement of an object from one state to another is done through the process of a(n) ___________.
transition
Which of the following is NOT an element in a transition label?
trigger
The following is the message syntax for an SSD. "[ _________ ] return-value := message-name (parameter-list)" What is missing?
true/false condition
An activity that the system performs in response to a user request is called a(n) _______.
use case
The system's reaction to an event is called a(n) _______ .
use case
A textual model that describes the processing details of a use case is called a(n) ________.
use case description
A UML model that is used to show use cases and their relationships to actors is called a(n) _______.
use case diagram
A diagram that illustrates actors and their relationships to the functions provided by the system is called a(n) ____ ____ _____.
use case diagram
One technique to identify use cases is to ask users what they want to achieve with a particular business procedure. This technique is called the ______ technique.
user goal
The _______ technique is a technique to identify use cases by determining specific goals or objectives must be completed by a user.
user goal
Acceptance criteria are usually associated with __________.
user stories
"As a student, I want to register for a class in order to fulfill education requirements" is an example of a(n) _________________.
user story
A short sentence used by an end user that states what he/she does as part of his/her work is called a _______ _________.
user story
The general relationship between classes in which one class is a part or component of another class is called a(n) _______ relationship.
whole-part
A vehicle object is denoted with the following label.
:Vehicle (underlined)
In a sequence diagram a horizontal dashed line represents what?
A return message
In a fully developed use case description, the flow of activities is most similar to what?
An activity diagram
On an SSD, a named rectangular box represents what?
An object
Two methods to show a repeating message are: (Choose two)
Asterisk * Loop frame
The action-expression occurs when?
Before the object enters the destination state.
Which model is most useful in developing a State Machine Diagram
Class Diagram
CRUD stands for _______________.
Create, Read, Update, Delete
Two methods to show a return value are: (Choose two)
Dashed arrow with value value :=
User stories are different than use cases in what way?
Differ in the amount of detail captured
In using the event decomposition technique, which of the following is NOT a type of event that is considered?
Event initiated by a user login
Which of the following is NOT a step in the development of a state machine diagram?
Expand the name of each state to identify concurrent activities.
On an Activity Diagram the arrows represent what?
Flow of activities
_____ is based on the idea that people classify things in terms of similarities and differences.
Generalization/Specialization
Which of the following is an example of a state event?
Inventory reorder point is reached
When analyzing the list of nouns to determine whether to exclude a particular noun as an important "thing," which of the following questions should be asked about the noun? (choose two)
Is it a synonym of an existing thing? Is it an output from the system?
Which of the following is an example of a temporal event?
Month end billing is started
Which of the following is NOT a valid construct as part of an activity diagram?
Relationship line
On an SSD, a dashed arrow usually represents what?
Return value(s)
When making a list of nouns to determine what are the important "things" for the new system, there are three question that should be asked about each noun. Which of the following is one of those questions?
Should it be researched further?
Activity diagrams are useful in the development of ______________.
System Sequence Diagrams
Which of the following is the best model to use to document the inputs and the outputs to a system?
System sequence diagram
In a fully developed use case description the postcondition data describes what conditions?
The existence of domain model objects.
If the True/False condition on a message evaluates to false in a sequence diagram, which of the following is correct?
The message is not sent.
On an activity diagram, which of the following is NOT a valid use of a synchronization bar?
To initiate alternative paths
What is the primary purpose of the CRUD technique?
To validate the set of defined use cases
____ is used to describe the relationship between two things of the same type, such as one person being married to another person.
Unary association
In a fully developed use case description normally the preconditions describe what?
What objects must exist prior to the use case executes.
In a transition label in a state machine the syntax is A(B)[C]/D. The D stands for what?
action expression
One technique to find the "things" that need to be included in the new system begins by starting with a user and the use cases and then try to identify the necessary informational "things." This technique is called the _______.
brainstorming technique
A one sentence description of a use case is called a(n) _______.
brief use case description
Inheritance describes a condition between classes where _______ .
classes share some attributes
The level of analysis to use when identifying user goals is the _______.
elementary business process level
Two primary techniques to identify use cases are _______ and _______. (Choose two)
event decomposition technique user goal technique
In UML notation the includes relationship connects two use cases. The use case that is "included" use case is the one which _______ .
is connected to the head of an arrow
One technique for finding "things" that need to be in the new system is done by the analyst starts making lists of "things." He may do this from information and even without talking to the users extensively. This technique is called the _______.
noun technique
The _______ indicates that events should be included during analysis only if the system would be required to respond under ideal conditions.
perfect technology assumption
The domain model class diagram is used to _______ .
show the things involved in the user's work that are important
The symbol that is used to initiate concurrent paths in a state machine diagram is what?
synchronization bar
A good way to ensure that all the use cases have been identified is through _______________.
the CRUD technique
Numbering exception conditions, which often uses hierarchical numbering, in a fully developed use case description is helpful to _______.
tie the exception condition to a processing step
The ____ are the primary models from which other models draw information.
use case diagram and the problem domain class diagram
In a sequence diagram the message-name is usually given in what format?
verb-noun
