Cultural Anthropology Final
Eating practices are
ANSWER NEEDED
Exiles
are people who are expelled by the authorities of their home countries.
Until the 1920's anthropologists interpreted totemism as evidence of a group's
limited intellectual capacity
going native
refers to a process where the anthropologist loses the ability to be an engaged observer
Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as
A pidgin language
which project would be best suited to parachute ethnography?
A study of community response to a disaster
According to anthropologist Sherry Ortner's analysis, the American flag is an example of
A summarizing symbol
The earliest engagement anthropologists had with material culture happened where?
ANSWER NEEDED
Which of the following activities or behaviors is not part of the American sick role?
ANSWER NEEDED
Koko and Washo were two primates who learned
ASL
Which of the following groups is a prominent American Indian rights group founded in 1968?
American Indian Movement
Sometimes the very landscape that Westerners want to conserve without people on them are actually the result of indigenous involvement and manipulation. These landscapes are called
Anthropogenic
World systems theory helped anthropologists
Better explain the historical emergence of development patterns throughout the world
Brent Berlin and Paul Kay found that if a language has only three color terms, they would always be
Black,White, and Red
Some anthropologists distinguish between two general types of political structures
Centralized and noncenteralized
People's fascination with having the newest NIKE shoes or iPhone is an example of which of the following anthropological concepts?
Commodity fetishes
True or false; the use of money is universal
False
True/False All humans are born with some culture
False
True/False Contemporary cultural anthropologists rank societies along an evolutionary scale from "primitive" to "advanced" to categorize human diversity
False
True/False Environmental anthropologists accept the idea that all indigenous people are environmentalists
False
True/False Ethnobiologists are primarily interested in the conversation traditions of non-Western peoples.
False
Three broad theories of social structure dominate the social sciences. They are
Functionalism, conflict, and interactional
What are some people who belong to conservative religious movements that advocate a return to traditional principles called?
Fundamentalists
Which English philosophers were concerned with the problem of disorder and argued that chaos is avoidable by creating strong government
Hobbes and Locke
What is the "subjectivity of illness"?
How people understand and experience their condition on a personal level
Emic Perspective
Is when an anthropologist is interested in a cultural insider's perspective in that insider's culture .
anthropologist Sherry Ortner distinguished three kinds of culturally powerful symbols that include
Key scenarios, summarizing symbols, elaborating symbols.
The US government's prohibition of the Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in Indian schools has contributed most profoundly to
Language death
When anthropologists study the way people use language in real settings rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on
Parole
what term refers to an individual bit of sound that changes meaning
Phoneme
Animal call systems lack the ability to produce an infinite number of word combinations. This ability in human language is called...
Productivity
the collection of goods in a community and the subsequent religion of those goods among members of a society is called
Redistribution
Action anthropology
Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people.
Which of the following groups of people were instrumental in the development of categorizing humans into distinct races?
Scientists
What is the reason explaining why a collaborative approach to conservation can be so challenging?
Scientists and conversationists are often skeptical of indigenous knowledge claims
The difference between a survey and a structured interview?
Survey questions are closed-ended; structured interviews are not.
Which part of the Zapotec agricultural system does not correspond well to Western ecological understandings?
The idea that maize has a soul
Informants
The people anthropologists gather data from.
field-notes
The purpose of field notes is to provide written records of information that an anthropologist collects
One of the primary reasons indigenous leaders criticize the dominant model fro administering protected environmental areas is
They assume nature must be uninhabited by people
Participant observation
This type of interaction may include playing basketball, cooking, dining, or having coffee with informants.
True/False All knowledge systems about nature, including science, are culturally based
True
True/False Anthropologists agree than, in addition to prejudice and discrimination, unearned privilege upholds social inequality
True
True/False Buddhism is neither monotheistic nor polytheistic
True
True/False Ethnobiologists are primarily interested in the conservation traditions of non-Western peoples.
True
True/False Foragers tend work less to survive than agriculturalists or pastoralists
True
True/False In some hunter-gatherer groups relations are egalitarian and women can become leaders of a band
True
True or False; Exchange is a human universal
True.
a word that best describes participant observation is
Unstructured
Globalization is the
Widening scale of the cross-cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas within nations and across national boundaries
The main reason men of the Malaysian Langkawi fishing community hand over their money to women is that
Women decontaminate money by using it to sustain the household.
The concept that people have images, knowledge, and concepts of the physical landscape that affect how they will actually interact with it is called
a cultural landscape
A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is
a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience
An important element required for successful "rapid appraisal" data collection is
a good general knowledge of the area/topic being studied
Life histories
a method that is an extended conversation that can shed light on how social institutions change over time
The idea that Ongee ancestors make tidal waves and earthquakes would be understood by an interpretive anthropologist as
a way of explaining how the world works
The most comprehensive definition of food security is
access to sufficient nutritious food to be healthy and active
A powerful method that uses objects to manipulate people is
advertising
A good example of the process of medicalization is found in the changing understanding of which of the following conditions as a "disease"?
alcoholism
Early British settlers in the 1600's mistakenly perceived the new landscape in North America as an unpeopled wilderness when, in fact, it was a/an
an anthropogenic landscape
What is "fortress conservation"?
an approach to conservation that assumes that people are threatening to nature
Which of the following is not true about ethnicity
anthropologists agree on the theory to explain it
Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?
anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out
Soldiers returning from war often have which of the following symptoms
anxiety disorders
When you are consuming an object, the process of taking possession of it is called
appropriation
The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures is called
archaeology
Headnotes
are important for an anthropologist to write down because they reflect her or her private observations, which can also be useful data.
Migrants
are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries
Advertisers have trained American consumers to focus on the newest and most exciting products through their
attempts to constantly frame their products as new and improved
In the Melanesian conception of time, the futures spatially located
behind the body
The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called
biological anthropology
Medical anthropologist Nancy Scheper-Hughes uncovered a large criminal network engaged in the black market sale of
body parts
In biological terms, humans are distinct from other primates with respect to their ability to use language because they
can speak using a larynx
throughout human history, humans have tended to adapt to the land in a way that is supportive of population size, a practice referred to as.
carrying capacity
When a doctor observes a patient's symptoms and prescribes a treatment that he or she thinks will act directly on the patient's body to cure the problem, the doctor is adopting which kind of treatment process?
clinical therapeutic process
Words that came from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called
cognate words
Marx theorized that when objects begin to take on mystical powers and engender obsessive desire and worship is called
commodity fetishism
Which of the following best describes the methodology of multi-sites ethnography?
comparative
Life history interviews
conducting these interviews researchers are able to understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community.
Financial globalization has allowed for
corporations to move factories from one country to another
The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practices is called
cultural anthropology
Which perspective incorporates symbols and morals into the understanding of a society's economy
cultural economies
the process of promoting one culture over others, through formal policy or less formal means, is
cultural imperialism
Hybridization is about
cultural mixing
The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is called
cultural relativism
The importance of a phenomenon like "revenge suicide" in Papua New Guinea is that it
demonstrates that the non powerful have ways of exercising political power.
The view that nature and environment conditions shape the characteristics and lifeways of a group of people is known as environmental
determinism
Negative or unfair treatment of a person because of his or her group membership or identity is called
discrimination
The human ability to speak about the past, about items not present and about imaginary worlds is called
displacement
What is the most striking difference between a physician's approach to a sick patient and a medical anthropologist's perspective?
doctors will focus on the clinical processes that explain the disease, while medical anthropologists will want to look at the illness from all perspectives
According to anthropologists, what social institution is the structured patterns and relationships through which people exchange goods and services
economic systems
The process of learning culture from a very young age is called
enculturation
A social movement that addresses the linkages between racial discrimination and injustice, social equity, and environmental quality is
environmental justice
What social distinction classifies people according to descent?
ethnicity
Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called
ethnocentrism
Interest within environmental anthropology concerned with how non-Western societies classify natural phenomena is called
ethnoscience
the study of how people classify things in the world is called
ethnoscience
If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would be most likely to focus on
everyday interactions
True/False Because of the widespread us of mass media today, sociolinguists have found increasing homogeneity in the use of language in the US
false
The structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food is referred to by anthropologists as
foodways
Which mode of subsistence includes the search for edible things?
foraging
One of anthropology's insights about the foraging mode of subsistence is that
foraging people have a cultural view of their environments as giving
When a parent pays for a child's piano lessons, he or she is engaged in
generalized reciprocity
A cultural relativist would be most likely to emphasize that pastoralists
have developed effective social institutions and knowledge that ensure long-term sustainability of the landscape
Health and illness
have much variation throughout different cultures and societies
On the north coast of Papua New Guinea, a religious cult leader named Barjani was remembered through which object?
his hat
For anthropologists the most important aspect of any object is
how it emerges from and exists within a set of human social relations
According to Itzaj beliefs
humans and nature exist in the same realm
The "one drop rule" embargoed the slave population by
including the mixed-race children of slaveholders in the enslaved population
Why do foragers turn to agriculture?
increased population density causes too much competition for resources
Which word is most closely linked to the Marxist perspective
inequality
Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is
integrated
A process that increases yields and includes prepping soil, technology, a large labor force, water management, and plant and soil modification is
intensification
Long-term damage to soil quality is typical of
intensification
Cultural differences are often caused and amplified by
interconnections between societies
An ____________ approach to culture, such as that promoted by Geertz, Turner, and Douglas, emphasizes that culture is a shared system of meanings
interpretive
The relative worth of an object or service
is its value
A symbol
is something that conventionally stands for something else
Why was meat eating important for human biological development?
it provides high-quality protein for human brain development
Why is Karl Polanyi's diasctintion between formal and substantive economics important?
it recognizes that economies involve both how people think and the actual transactions they engage in.
Examples of social institutions are
kinship, marriage, and farming
Mary Douglas compared food's structure in society with _______________ and a formal dinner with a _______________
language; sentence
During anthropological fieldwork, cultural anthropologists
learn the local language, record people's economic transactions, and study how environmental changes affect agriculture
Culture is
learned and shared
If a functionalist were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom to students organized in neatly arranged chairs, she or he would emphasize that
learning happens best when students are being talked at
The exercise of political power requires
legitimacy
The exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle or the payment of a bride price is an example of the use of
limited-purpose money
The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called
linguistic anthropology
"Owning" culture
means controlling symbols that give meaning
What pivotal evolutionary shift happened around 1.8 to 2 million years ago that is closely related to human foodways?
meat consumption increased
What subfield of anthropology tries to understand how social, cultural, biological, and linguistic factors shape the health of human beings in different cultures?
medical anthropology
Frank pulled his back out and went to see a chiropractor, an orthopedic surgeon, and an acupuncturist. Which of the following practices was Frank engaging in?
medical pluralism
Nearly all societies draw on more than one medical tradition simultaneously, a process which is called
medical pluralism
"Mother Nature and "natural resources are a good example of
metaphors of human-nature interaction
The study of meaningful units formed by a combination of phonemes is called
morphology
The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is referred to as
natural selection
Traditional ecological knowledge is
not well known in the West because some species and ecological interactions exist in only one place
The human diet is
omnivorous
When language speakers use slang or metaphor, they are engaging in which concept suggested by French linguist Ferdinand de Saussure
parole
Norms are stable because
people learn them when they are young
The ability to digest milk into adulthood is called lactase _________
persistence
Which one of the following is NOT one of the four classic "modes of subsistance"?
plantation farming
Typically archaeologists find it easiest to study changing styles and fashions through which of the following classes of objects?
pottery
Economies in which people seek high social rank, prestige, and power instead of money and material wealth are known as
prestige economies
Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as
proof of their primitive nature
Ethical issues facing ethnographers include all of the following except...
protecting informants' blood samples and other biological information
Research that involves interviews, observations, images, objects, and words is a __________ study
qualitative
Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing
quantitative data
Intersubjective
refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relations.
Which of the following social structures was identifies as a way that African societies maintained order?
religious practices and beliefs
In Malaysia capitalist entrepreneurship is
respectful of Islamic and Malay obligations and values
What is a life cycle ritual that marks a person's or group of person's transition from one social state to another?
rite of passage
Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by
seeing matters from the point of view of another culture
political acts include all the following except
serving as treasurer during a game of monopoly
The importance of structural functionalism is that it
showed that non-Western societies have order without formal government
Anthropologist Daniel Miller suggested that shopping and consuming objects are fundamentally as much ____ acts as they are economic acts.
social
In Latin America, "blackness" and "whiteness" are based on
social behaviors
The idea that cultures pass through stages from primitive to complex is known as _______________
social evolution
The "natural" order represented in social hierarchies of any society is supported by
social institutions
Violence is
socially constructed
When anthropologist Robert Welsch got sick in Papua New Guinea, most of the villagers attributed his symptoms to
sorcery
In some Pentecostal and charismatic Christian religions adherents experience an ecstatic religious happening (often associated with shames), which is known as
speaking in tongues
Power that transcends individuals, operating in settings in which social and individual actions take place, is
structural power
The core of Anthony F.C. Wallace's understanding of religion was belied in
supernatural thing
Slash-and-burn agriculture, also called _________ agriculture, is the most effective farming technique in tropical areas when population densities are low
swidden
Rapid increase in the scale and amount of communication means
that people in remote places can be in contact with people all over the world
What prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people?
the Industrial Revolution
Repatriation is
the act of returning human remains or cultural artifacts to the communities of descendants of the people to whom they originally belonged
Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because
the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture
Which of the following is the most ethnocentric reaction to African art?
the craftsmanship is poor because Africans have no skill
A cross-cultural perspective on eating insect larvae would reveal
the cultural constructions of insects as food
According to Marshall Sahlins, when production is organized by families it is
the domestic mode of production
The themes of reciprocity and gift exchange are critical to anthropologists because
the exchange of gifts is the economy in many societies.
The idea that things have social lives refers to which of the following?
the fact that objects are deeply intertwined with people's lives
A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is
the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence development programs from within
The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to
the people or species they study
Why do films take on new meanings when shown to overseas audiences?
the specific cultural content and images in the film lead audiences to draw different conclusions because their culture is different
A rise in fundamentalism is often seen when
there are many changes in society
What is the most important thing that the core-legume-fringe dietary pattern indicates about how people eat?
there is a common general pattern of how people around the world eat
A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that
they articulate how and why cultural convergence through mixture and hybridity
James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists:
to expand state power
Why would English colonial leaders portray Africans as uncivilized heathens?
to justify African slavery
The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as
traditions
Often, anthropologists use the term "____" rather than "globalization" to refer to the "global" circulation of goods and people
transnational
Some social networks are so spatially disbursed that migrants participate in a community that spans multiple countries, referred to as a
transnational community
The main difference between economists and economic anthropologists is that economists
try to understand and predict economic patterns
Comparative method
uses data from many different societies
Arthur Kleinman, a medical anthropologist who conducted research in Taiwan, argued that the key to understanding differences in perspective between doctors and patients is that healers and patients often have different
ways of explaining what is happening to the sick persons
Survey interview
you would use this if you want to want to have consistent responses.
A good illustration of the Marxist concept of surplus value is
A worker makes one $30 sweater every hour in a factory but gets paid only $5
An explanation given for medicalizing the nonmedical is
ANSWER NEEDED
Development anthropologists often think of themselves as
ANSWER NEEDED
Fijian objects were seen by most collectors as evidence of a
ANSWER NEEDED
If a development anthropologist anthropologists were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, she or he would probably emphasize the
ANSWER NEEDED
True/False For anthropologists power is largely located in the hands of state institutions and political offices
False
True/False Health and illness are objective states
False
True/False It has been proven that overpopulation will inevitably lead to global famine
False
True/False Genetically speaking, humans are a remarkable homogeneous species: there is far greater variation within human groups than there is between them
True
True/False Patterns of coal inequality and racial discrimination have important biological consequences for certain groups, such as African Americans
True
True/False Secular rituals that celebrate the state or nation, particular occupations, or other identities may achieve many of the same ends as religious rituals.
True
True/False The stereotype that Tahitian women were sexually promiscuous emerged almost overnight after the arrival of Captain Samuel Wallis in 1767, when Tahitians recognized that British had steel that the crew would exchange for sexual favors
True
When workers make only part of an object rather than the whole product, they have less of a relationship with the fruits of their labor. Karl Marx suggested that this changed relationship with the objects they were producing created a feeling of
alienation
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries American doctors often had second jobs as
barbers
A key difference between caste and social class is
caste divides people in terms of moral purity, class in socioeconomic terms
Which approach to religious beliefs and behaviors do the text book authors feel is most effective at explaining why people engage in religious behaviors, especially behaviors that do not directly benefit the individual, such as the actions of Jonathan Daniels, tom Coleman, or suicide bombers in the Middle East
the idea that religion is a system of social action