DEATH
Why was France unable to manage its debt in the 18th century even though that debt was much smaller, relative, to its population, than the debt of either Great Britain or Holland
France lacked a central bank and paper currency
Who was the most prominent metal smith who helped develop metal movable print
Johann Gutenberg
How did the peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne
Louis XIV of France's grandson Philip was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united
What occurred during the Hundred Days in France
Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly
The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was
a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II
The configuration of slave ports in West Africa was most likely a cause of
international wars over trade routes
Dante's Divine Comedy
is considered a synthesis of medieval Christian thought
The enlightened policies of Frederick the Great included
simplifying Prussia's laws
Thinkers such as John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau would have agreed with the ideas discussed in the document above (English Bill of Rights) due to the
stress they put on natural law and natural rights
One change in the slave trade seen after 1750 was
the English took more control over the slave trade as a result of the Colonial Wars
In the Netherlands, tensions were always present between supporters of the staunchly republican Estates and supporters of
the House of Orange
The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that
the power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war
According to the text, Thomas Moore's Utopia was remarkable for its time because it asserted that
the problems plaguing society could be solved by a beneficent government
Catherine the Great's goal of domestic reform never came to fruition, owing to
the rebellion led by Emelian Pugachev in 1773
The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was
the subordination of all institutions to the monarchy
What did Klemens von Metternich and Alexander I proclaim at the Troppau Conference in 1820
their support for the principle of active intervention to maintain all autocratic regimes whoever threatened
The aristocracy of the 16th century was
to dominate society as it had done in the Middle Ages
Changed urban attitudes in the fourteenth century included
the regulation and acceptance of prostitution in most communities
The Religious Peace of Augsburg settled the Lutheran problem by adopting the principle that
the ruler of each territory determined the religion there
What was one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French utopian socialists
their utopian schemes were not realistic
What philosophy of government is advocated in the passage (Bossuet)
Divine right
Which of the following characterizes early 19th century British cities
Nearly all land was used for buildings, which meant parks or open areas were almost nonexistent
How did Frederick William I, king of Prussia, sustain agricultural production while dramatically expanding the size of his army
He ordered all Prussian men to undergo military training, after which they could return home and serve as army reservists
Which of the following social transformations was most likely a factor in why this factory issued the rules in the excerpt above (Factory Rules at the Foundry...)
Migration from rural to urban areas in industrialized regions created an inexperienced workforce
The French government and aristocracy responded to the Jacquerie by
massacring the participants
The typical peasant life described in Vauban's book explains one reason for
peasant revolts during the French Revolution and their support of the revolutionary government
According to Machiavelli, government should be judged on whether it
provided order, security, and safety of the populace
Martin Luther writes the importance of
reform that will allow people other than the pope to interpret the Bible
Merchants and manufacturers responded to the economic tribulations of the 14th century by
restricting competition and resisting the demands of the lower classes
Women benefited from the Black Death because
there were new employment opportunities
Which of the following would most directly challenge the ideas of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke
The aristocracy
What place did prostitutes generally hold among the common people in towns
They were accepted members of the community of the laboring poor
In the speech above (Robespierre Speech on the Festival of the Supreme Being) Robespierre advocates
a return to virtue and equality
What was the result of the War of the Austrian succession
an inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare
According to the map above, the West African slave trade was
engaged in many countries in Europe
Which of the following groups would be most supportive of the sentiments expressed in the second passage (Locke Second Treatise on Government)
Indentured servants and slaves
The Italian merchant whose tales of the court of Kublai Khan popularized China in Europe was
Marco Polo
One important mode of influencing public opinion used but eh English and French kings during the Hundred Years' War was
instructing priests to deliver patriotic sermons
"Not only did talking to or being around the sick bring infection and a common death, but also touching of the sick or anything touched or used by them seemed to communicate this very disease to the person involved." In this quote from Giovanni Boccaccio what knowledge of the Black Death is he sharing
any contact with the sickened individual or items the sick had contact with would result in the infection of those initiating the physical contact
The allied powers at the congress of Vienna were determined to
avoid the creation of hostility and resentment in France
One overall result of the Great Schism was to
badly damaged the faith of many Christian believers
During the reign of Edward III of England, the Great Council of the barons
became the house of lords forming a hereditary body of peers in Parliament
Who was the author of on crimes and punishments, a passionate plea for the reform of the penal system
Cesare Beccaria
The document (English Bill of Rights) was written in response to
Charles I's attempts to rule without Parliament
How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples
European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior
Which of the following was a consequence of the Columbian exchange referenced by Diamond
European's expansion of the African slave trade
How did Pico della Mirandola understand the uniqueness of humankind
Humans lacking a fixed placed were the one part of the created world that could freely choose to rise to the heavens or sink into the realms of animals
What was the consequence of Prince Francis Rakoczy's rebellion for Habsburg rule
Hungary was never fully integrated into a centralized, absolute Habsburg rule
Which of the following would have been the strongest opponent of a belief as advocated by Bossuet
John Locke
Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era
The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners
The spread of Luther's ideas was most aided by
The invention of the printing press
Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century
The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively
How did the expansion of the Industrial Revolution affect the work life of the middle class
The middle class established a range of new professions which required specialized knowledge and advanced education
Which of the following characterizes the intersection of the hierarchies of wealth and orders in the Renaissance
The nobility retained its status by taking in and integrating the new social elite of wealth
"Everyone gets a fear share, so there are never any poor men or beggars. Nobody owns anything but everyone is rich- for what greater wealth can there be than cheerfulness, peace of mind, and freedom from anxiety? Instead of being worried about his food supply, upset by the plaintive demands of his wife, afraid of poverty for his son" This quote describes the ideal society in what humanist's work
Thomas More
The establishment of new colleges and universities in the years following the Black Death
greatly weakened the international nature of medieval culture
In the 17th and 18th century Europe, guild masters
guarded their guild privileges jealously
In the seventeenth and eighteenth century foundling homes
had extremely high death rates
Which of the following 19th century political responses to industrialization best addresses the concerns of Ann Eggley as expressed in the excerpt above
interventionist social policies
Which of the following least supports the author's view (Rousseau The Social Contract)
the most important function of laws is to protect the private property of individuals
From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wards between Great Britain and France
the position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion
At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in the Wealth of Nations was the belief that
the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens
Who was the wealthy Florentine responsible for the vast patronage of Renaissance artists
Cosimo de Medici
One major issue behind the Hundred Years' War was a claim to the French throne by the English king
Edward III
Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Man and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, the latter a founding text of the feminist movement
Mary Wollstonecraft
The directives expressed in the excerpt (Factory Rules...) were the primary result of which of the following 19th century developments
Mechanization and the factory system became the predominant modes of production
Which of the following statements best describes marriage in Renaissance Italy
Men and women waited longer to get married than the Middle Ages
What educational book by Baldassare Castiglione provided a treatise on training a young man in the discipline and fashion needed for the courtly ideal of being a gentlemen
The Courtier
The excerpts above (Mr. Payne and Ann Eggley) most directly reflect which of the following developments
The problems of industrialization provoked a wide range of ideological government and collective responses
Which of the following characterizes the English Revolution of 1688
The revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution since sovereignty was placed in the Parliament, which only represented the upper classes
The document above refers to "the asserting of their ancient rights" What is the meaning of this phrase
The rights Parliament has taken upon itself over the many years of its existence
What best explains the patterns of declining industrialization in China and India during the 19th century (Per Capita)
The search for raw materials and markets for manufactured goods drove Europeans to colonize Asia
A key economic consequence of the plague was
a decline in manorialism and weakening of feudalism as noble landlords desperate for cash converted peasant labor service to market rents freeing their serfs
The Reformation affected the development of education in Europe by
expanding public access to primary schooling and improving secondary schooling through gymnasiums and ministerial training
According to the first excerpt (John Locke Essay concerning Human Understanding) the source of human knowledge is
experience and observation
Vauban's description of a peasant who has two or possibly four children is a good example of
the demography changes that were beginning to occur in the period of 1700-1750
Which phrase summarizes what the author of this excerpt (Gouges Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen) considers to be the fundamental reason why women should be treated as equals to men
"...Go back to animals, consult the elements, study plants, ... and search...the sexes...everywhere they cooperate in harmonious togetherness..."
England's break with the Roman church became official with the passage of the
Act of Supremacy
Which of the following quotes would have most likely been said by Charles I of England
All that which resides in England serves the king and is bound to him under God
Which of the following nineteenth century trends thwarted the Italian objectives pursued by Cavour in his negotiations with
Austria foreign policy aimed to suppress nationalist and liberal revolutions in central and Eastern Europe since 1815
Why did Klemens not Metternich, as Austria foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe
Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire
The major critic of the Spanish treatment of the American natives was
Bartolome de Las Casas
Which of the following choices best explains the patters shown in the table above (Per Capita)
France moved toward industrialization at a more gradual pace than Greed Britain with government support and less dislocation of traditional methods of production
At the same time that his speech (Speech on the Festival) was being given
France's army was at war with neighboring countries
Martin Luther wished to gain the support of which group of people to further his efforts against the Catholic Church
German nobles and princes
Thomas Hobbes and John Locke would most likely agree on which of the following statements
Governments originate from the consent of the governed
Which of the following identifies the term race in the Renaissance
Groupings of people based on ethnic, national, or religious factors
What was the commercial and military league set up off the north coast of Germany
Hanseatic League
Which of the following characterizes Girolamo Savonarola
He came to power in Florence denouncing vice and corruption, but as people tired of his moral denunciations he lost authority
What was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century
He critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research
How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state
He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts
Why did Jan Hus gain so many followers
His attack on papal authority and his call for the translation of the Bible into Czech resonated with many people who opposed to the church's wealth and were experiencing an emerging Czech nationalism
In the debate revealed in the above excerpts (Vindications of the Rights of Woman and Emile) which of the following was a major assumption made by most Enlightenment thinkers at the time
If women had equality with men then European society and especially the family would suffer
The ideas expressed in the excerpt (Factory Rules...) contributed to the conditions that fostered what subsequent event
Industrialization in Prussia allowed that state to become the leader of a unified Germany
How did the National Assembly respond to the hopes and expectations of Saint-Domingue's different social groups
It frustrated the hopes of all the different social groups
How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity
It synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system
Why did a woman's work receive less compensation than a man's work
It was understood that a woman was either married or to be married and therefore not responsible for supporting a family
After the arrest and deportation of Toussaint L'Ouverture, how as the war of Haitian Independence resolved
Jean Jacques Dessalines, L'Ouverture's lieutenant, led the resistance to a crushing victory over the French and later declared Haitian independence
The Spanish conversos were which of the following
Jewish Christians some of whom held prominent positions in the state church and business
How did minority groups suffer during the subsistence crises of the 14th century
Jews and lepers were accused of poisoning wells to kill Christians and as a result many were killed beaten or heavily fined
What Florentine artist was commissioned by Pope Julius II to build his tomb and paint the Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo
Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century
Prussia, Russia, and Austria
The Junkers were
Prussian nobles who reluctantly worked with Frederick William to consolidate the Prussian state
Which of the following individuals would be least supportive of the views expressed in this excerpt (Gouges Declaration of the Rights of Women)
Queen Victoria of England
Which of the following 19th century political responses to the problems of industrialization was the most successful
Radicals and republicans demanded universal male suffrage and full citizenship regardless of wealth and property ownership
Which of the following best reflects the result of the negotiations detailed in the excerpt (Cavour Letter to King Victor)
Realpolitik strategies combined with popular military campaigns led to the unification of Italy
The ideas in the first excerpt (Locke Essay concerning Human Understanding) were a direct challenge to which of the following thinkers of the era
Rene Descartes
One of the largest rebellions in the seventeenth-century Russia was that led by
Stenka Razin (rasin lol)
Which of the following did Francesco Petrarch believe
The recovery of classical texts would bring about a new golden age of intellectual achievement
What best explains the patterns of declining industrialization in China and India during the nineteenth century
The search for raw materials and markets for manufactured goods drove Europeans to colonize Asia
Why did the antifederalists oppose the new American constitution proposed by the Constitutional Convention
They feared for the individual freedoms for which they fought
The treaty that ended the seven years' war in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts was the
Treaty of Paris
In the 18th century, many liberal thinkers believed that representative institutions could defend the liberty and interests of the people. What did this mean interns of political practice
Voting for representatives would be restricted to men of property
As opposed to the de-Christianization practiced in the latter stages of the French Revolution the more liberal phase was marked by
a nationalized Catholic Church
The Italian Renaissance was primarily
a recovery or rebirth of antiquity and Greco-Roman culture
What patterns of political leadership did the statesmen in this document exhibit (Cavour letter to king Victor)
aiming to co-opt the agenda of nationalists for the purposes of creating or strengthening the state
Politically, Italy and Germany were similar in the 14th century because
both regions failed to develop a centralized monarchical state
The excerpt above (Leviathan and Vindication for Glorious Revolution by Hobbes and Locke) can best be described as a response to
conflicts between the British monarchy, Parliament, and other elites over their respective roles in the political structure
The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
created a dynastic union but did not unify the separate kingdoms into a single state
In the conduct of the Hundred Years' War, a sure sign of feudalism's decline was the
decisive role of peasant foot soldiers rather than mounted knights
Enlightened absolutists such as Frederick II of Prussia or Joseph II of Austria
did not believe in having legislatures that would infringe on their power
Mercantilist theory postulated that
economic activity should be regulated by and for the state
Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as
empiricism
Romantics and early nationalists investigated folk songs, fold tales, and proverbs in order to
find the unique greatness of every people in its fold culture
In the 18th century, European public health measures
improved water supply and sewage systems
How did the problem of food shortages change in the 18th century
increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine
How did America's constitutional convention of 1787 deal with the discord between pro and anti slavery delegates
it compromised by stipulating that an enslaved person would count as three fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and proportional representation in the House of Representatives
Why was the declaration of independence so important to the American revolution
it universalized the traditional rights of English people and made them the rights of all mankind
How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history
large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end
The Italian condottieri were
leaders of mercenary bands, occasionally ruling as military dictators
Which of the following ideologies best reflects the views of Mr. Payne as expressed in the excerpt above
liberalism
The period of climate change in Europe between 1300 and 1450 is known as the
little ice age
One decisive advantage that England had at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War was
longbow (Mr. Sheridan's story ft. Ms. Moore)
Which of the following represents the author's major view of society (Jean Rousseau The Social Contract)
man is born in a pure state of nature but is corrupted by society
In early Renaissance Italy, art
manifested corporate power
In what way did the life of French peasants change after the French revolution
more peasants owned their own small farms rather than renting their land from nobles
Which of the following beliefs is least supported by the first excerpt (Rousseau Emile)
only if women have the intelligence should they be allowed to pursue higher learning
The convictions expressed in the above Articles (Gouges Rights of Woman) reflect the author's belief in all of the following EXCEPT
only single women had the right to own property
Which of the following are among the chief characteristics of John Calvin's reform movement
predestination and the absolute sovereignty of God
Typically French classicism
presented subject matter associated with classical antiquity
The Tudor Henry VII of England won broad popular support by
promoting peace and social order at the local level
Wet-nursing practices included
rural wet-nursing conducted within the framework of a putting-out system
Italian humanists stressed the
study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature
When analyzing the speech above (Speech on the Festival) it is important for the historian to take into account
that it is meant to fill the audience with revolutionary fervor
In the 18th century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with
the British colonial empire
Some ideas seen in Robespierre's speech above (Speech on the Festival) are a continuation of
the Renaissance ideal of civic humanism
The Catholic Reformation's ultimate refusal to compromise with protestantism was exemplified by
the Roman Inquisition and the creation of the index
According to Diamond's argument, the most important factor for the success of European colonization of the Americas lay in
the biological and environmental advantages held by Europeans
Why did the Directory continue French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments
the directory understood that big, victorious armies kept men employed
What 2 fundamental principles of the French Revolution are incorporated into the Napoleonic Code
the equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property
How did the flagellants respond to the Black Death
they whipped and scourged their bodies as a penance believing that the Black Death was God's punishment for humanity's wickedness
The chief ambition of the Venetian city-state in the 14th century was
to create a maritime commercial empire throughout the Mediterranean and Black seas
Vauban's main reason for writing the description of peasant life above was
to explain the importance of the state of the plight of the peasants
The wealth of the northern Italian cities that funded the Renaissance was gained mostly from
trade
The English Peasants' Revolt of 1381
was caused by the rising economic expectations of ordinary people
Money was made from the slave trade
was invested by the rising middle class in plantations and factories
Joseph II's conversion of peasant labor obligations to cash payments
was opposed by both nobles and peasants
At the Congress of Vienna, the victorious allies
were guided by the principle of the balance of power
The argument made in the second excerpt (Wollstonecraft Vindications of the Rights of Woman) challenged the opinions found in the first excerpt (Rousseau Emile) by suggesting that
women are just as capable as men of rational thought and intellectual pursuit
In terms of gender relations, Renaissance humanists argued that
women's sphere of activity was private and domestic
The description of women's work in the excerpt above (Project of a 10th Royal) shows that
women's work was productive and necessary to family