Developmental Psychology Test 2

According to Albert Bandura, which of the following statements is most likely to be endorsed by students with high self-efficacy? A) "I think I am better than everyone else." B) "I wish I could perform well in sports." C) "I will not be able to do well at this activity." D) "I know that I will be able to achieve the objective in this class."

"I know that I will be able to achieve the objective in this class."

Most people who suffer from organic intellectual disability have IQs between A) 0 to 50. B) 0 to 75. C) 0 to 90. D) 100 and above.

0 to 50.

In a single act of unprotected sex with an infected partner, a teenage girl has a ________ percent risk of getting HIV. A) 1 B) 10 C) 25 D) 50

1

At about ________ years of age and older, children show autonomous morality. A) 7 B) 4 C) 10 D) 5

10

Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, which appears during middle and late childhood, is called A) industry versus inferiority. B) trust versus mistrust. C) integrity versus despair. D) autonomy versus shame and doubt.

industry versus inferiority.

Based on the 2009 Kaiser Family Foundation survey, adding up the daily media use figures to obtain weekly media use leads to the staggering levels of more than ________ hours a week of media use by 11- to 14-year-olds. A) 60 B) 20 C) 40 D) 100

60

According to Piaget's theory, from ________ years of age, children are in a transition showing some features of the first stage of moral reasoning and some features of the second stage, autonomous morality. A) 7 to 10 B) 4 to 7 C) 10 to 12 D) 1 to 4

7 to 10

By the time children are 11 years old, their vocabulary has increased to approximately A) 10,000 words. B) 200,000 words. C) 40,000 words. D) 100,000 words.

40,000 words.

Kimberly is 7 years old. She asks her mother to buy her clothes at the start of the new academic year. However, her mother tells her that she won't buy too many clothes now as Kimberly will grow them out soon. She expects Kimberly, on an average, to gain ________ pounds per year during middle and late childhood. A) 1 to 2 B) 2 to 3 C) 5 to 7 D) 7 to 10

5 to 7

Based on the 2009 Kaiser Family Foundation survey, adding up the daily media use figures to obtain weekly media use leads to almost ________ hours a week by 15- to 18-year-olds. A) 75 B) 68 C) 56 D) 84

56

Bernice is raised by two lesbian mothers, whereas Jessica is raised by a heterosexual couple. According to research, it is most likely that A) Bernice is more popular than Jessica, whereas Jessica is more psychologically adjusted than Bernice. B) Bernice and Jessica are the same with regard to popularity and mental health. C) Bernice will have a homosexual orientation; Jessica will have a heterosexual orientation. D) both will grow up and marry men, but Bernice is more likely to get divorced.

Bernice and Jessica are the same with regard to popularity and mental health.

________ thinking characterizes the kind of thinking that is required on conventional tests of intelligence. A) Convergent B) Creative C) Divergent D) Abstract

Convergent

Steur, Applefield, and Smith conducted an experiment where preschool children were randomly assigned to two groups. One group watched cartoons containing violence, and the other group watched cartoons with the violence removed. During a free-play session, the children who watched the cartoons containing violence showed more aggression than children who watched the nonviolent cartoons. What conclusion was drawn from this study? A) Preschool children are naturally more aggressive than older children. B) Violent TV cartoons caused the increased aggression in the children in this investigation. C) The cause of aggression cannot be determined since aggression is caused by so many other factors. D) Exposure to TV violence caused the aggression in the children in this investigation.

Exposure to TV violence caused the aggression in the children in this investigation.

________ involves a sense of one's own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female. A) Gender role B) Gender typing C) Gender identity D) Gender labeling

Gender identity

Which of the following statements is true of the consequences of low self-esteem in children? A) It makes children prone to both prosocial and antisocial actions. B) It has been implicated in overweight and obesity, anxiety, depression, suicide, and delinquency. C) It often translates into an arrogant, grandiose, and unwarranted sense of superiority over others. D) It reflects accurate perceptions of one's self that often match reality.

It has been implicated in overweight and obesity, anxiety, depression, suicide, and delinquency.

In the context of prosocial behavior, which of the following statements is true of perspective taking? A) It improves children's likelihood of understanding and sympathizing with others when they are distressed or in need. B) It makes children become less skeptical of others' claims. C) It is likely to make children engage in more aggressive and oppositional behavior. D) It plays a minimal role in determining whether children develop prosocial attitudes and behavior.

It improves children's likelihood of understanding and sympathizing with others when they are distressed or in need.

In the context of the types of children's play, which of the following is most likely a characteristic of constructive play? A) It involves deriving pleasure from exercising sensorimotor schemes. B) It increases in the preschool years as symbolic play increases and sensorimotor play decreases. C) It involves interaction with peers. D) It leads to children transforming objects and acting toward them as if they were other objects.

It increases in the preschool years as symbolic play increases and sensorimotor play decreases.

Identify a characteristic of autobiographical memory. A) It pertains to information acquired during adolescence rather than childhood. B) It allows people to do routine work without requiring conscious thought. C) It involves memory of significant events and experiences in one's life. D) It refers to information that is retained for up to 30 seconds if it is not rehearsed.

It involves memory of significant events and experiences in one's life.

Which of the following is the correct definition of intellectual disability? A) It is a condition of limited mental ability in which the individual (1) has a moderately low IQ, usually above 50 on a traditional intelligence test; (2) has slight trouble adjusting to the demands of everyday life; and (3) first displays these characteristics by age 25. B) It is a condition of limited mental ability in which the individual (1) has a low IQ, usually above 70 on a traditional intelligence test; (2) has little or no trouble adjusting to the demands of a competitive environment; and (3) first displays these characteristics by age 5. C) It is a condition of limited mental ability in which the individual (1) has a low IQ, usually below 50 on a traditional intelligence test; (2) has a lot of difficulty adapting to the demands of a competitive environment; and (3) first exhibits these characteristics by age 25. D) It is a condition of limited mental ability in which the individual (1) has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test; (2) has difficulty adapting to the demands of everyday life; and (3) first exhibits these characteristics by age 18.

It is a condition of limited mental ability in which the individual (1) has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test; (2) has difficulty adapting to the demands of everyday life; and (3) first exhibits these characteristics by age 18.

According to Albert Bandura, which of the following statements is true of self-efficacy? A) It is a critical factor in whether or not students achieve. B) It is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts. C) It is linked to developmental advances in the brain's prefrontal cortex. D) It refers to global evaluations of the self.

It is a critical factor in whether or not students achieve.

Leilani is in a class where the teacher emphasizes learning through things such as drama productions, team activities, and a variety of other activities. The class works in cooperative groups for history reports and science projects. Identify the teaching style that Leilani's teacher is utilizing.

Jigsaw classroom

Identify the theorist who along with her colleagues conducted extensive research on adolescent sleep patterns and found that when given the opportunity, adolescents will sleep an average of 9 hours and 25 minutes a night.

Mary Carskadon

Nina is reading an article about the major problems that affect most adolescents. She is aware that drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, sexual problems, and school-related problems are the four most common issues that affect most adolescents. She learns from the article that several research studies have been conducted to understand the effects of these issues on adolescents. Which of the following research findings would most likely be included in the article? A) As many as 50 percent of adolescents in the United States have been estimated to engage in all four of the problem behaviors common in adolescents. B) Adolescents most at risk typically suffer from more than one of the four problem behaviors. C) Research studies confirm that the four problem behaviors in adolescence are seldom related. D) It is estimated that the percentage of high-risk youth who engage in two or three of the four main problem behaviors has decreased over the years.

Adolescents most at risk typically suffer from more than one of the four problem behaviors.

In which of the following groups is death through homicide especially common in adolescence? A) African American males B) Latino males C) Non-Latino White American males D) Asian American males

African American males

Aiden is 18 years old. He has always found it harder to cope with his studies than his siblings do. He is always the last to finish any assignment or task in class. In a recent IQ test, his IQ score was 60. Which of the following is true of Aiden? A) Aiden is gifted. B) Aiden has an intellectual disability. C) Aiden is an introvert. D) Aiden has dyslexia.

Aiden has an intellectual disability.

Identify the social cognitive theorist who stated that self-efficacy is a critical factor in whether or not students achieve.

Albert Bandura

Which of the following statements is true about second-language learning? A) For adolescents and adults, new vocabulary is easier to learn than new sounds or new grammar. B) Children's ability to pronounce words with a native-like accent in a second language typically increases with age. C) Sensitive periods for learning a second language are constant across different language systems. D) Adults tend to learn a second language slower than children, but their final level of secondlanguage attainment is higher.

For adolescents and adults, new vocabulary is easier to learn than new sounds or new grammar.

Which of the following is a more accurate vision of adolescence? A) For most individuals, adolescence is a time of evaluation, decision making, commitment, and carving out a place in the world. B) For most individuals, adolescence is a time of rebellion, crisis, pathology, and deviance. C) Most adolescents have a brush with juvenile delinquency. D) Few adolescents contribute positively to their communities and make a successful transition through adolescence.

For most individuals, adolescence is a time of evaluation, decision making, commitment, and carving out a place in the world.

Who created the concept of intelligence quotient? A) Alfred Binet B) William Stern C) David Wechsler D) Robert J. Sternberg

William Stern

________ is a mental "workbench" where individuals manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending written and spoken language.

Working memory

The leading cause of death in young children in 2015 in the United States was A) heart disease. B) malnutrition. C) accidents. D) domestic violence.

accidents.

Cultural changes that occur when one culture comes in contact with another are referred to as A) affiliation. B) acculturation. C) accommodation. D) adaptation.

acculturation.

Identity ________ is the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment. A) diffusion B) foreclosure C) moratorium D) achievement

achievement

Compared with novices, experts have A) poorer overall memory regardless of their area of expertise. B) acquired extensive knowledge about a particular content area. C) less experience in their area of expertise. D) lower levels of motivation.

acquired extensive knowledge about a particular content area.

Studies by Powers and Dodd in 2017 and Powers and Howley in 2018 show that a child's life should center around ________. A) meals B) activities C) discipline D) education

activities

The event that comes closest to being a culture-wide rite of passage in the United States is A) a birthday party. B) getting a driver's license. C) a school graduation ceremony. D) joining a college fraternity.

a school graduation ceremony

As opposed to the trend in young children, teenagers typically prefer to have A) a large group of friends, some of whom are especially intimate. B) several friends but only one "best" friend. C) friends that are of the same sex. D) a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and intimate.

a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and intimate.

Based on the results of the national surveys conducted in 2009 that were funded by the Kaiser Family Foundation, identify a true statement about media use and screen time in adolescents' lives. A) Eight- to eleven-year-olds used media an average of 8 hours and 40 minutes a day. B) The largest increases in media use in early adolescence involved listening to music. C) Adolescents seldom engage in media multitasking. D) Media use jumps more than 3 hours in early adolescence.

Media use jumps more than 3 hours in early adolescence.

Identify the peer status held by children who are infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by peers.

Rejected children

Irene is a 3-year-old girl. Her father takes her to a nearby park in the evening. In the context of the development of gross motor skills in children her age, identify an activity that Irene is mostly likely to do at the park. A) She will hop and jump just for the sheer delight of performing these activities. B) She will scramble over low jungle gyms to display her athletic prowess. C) She will perform hair-raising stunts on all climbing objects. D) She will run hard and enjoy races with her father and other children.

She will hop and jump just for the sheer delight of performing these activities.

What is the term for a ceremony or ritual that marks an individual's transition from one status to another?

Rite of passage

Baku is a local guide living and working in Kenya. While explaining some of the local cultures and practices to a group of tourists, he tells that some tribes have customs that relate to rites of passage. A tourist asks Baku about the importance of rites of passage. Which of the following statements would most likely be Baku's response? A) Rites of passage mostly focus on severing ties with adolescents' native culture. B) Rites of passage mostly focus on the initiation of adolescents into a nuclear family. C) Rites of passage mostly focus on the reaffirmation of adolescents' connection with the immediate family. D) Rites of passage mostly focus on the transition of adolescents to adult status.

Rites of passage mostly focus on the transition of adolescents to adult status.

Identify the theorist who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence.

Robert J. Sternberg

Name the researcher who showed that when a child's attention to relevant aspects of the conservation task is improved, the child is more likely to conserve.

Rochel Gelman

What is the term for the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes?

Self-efficacy

________ is also called self-worth or self-image. A) Self-control B) Self-esteem C) Self-efficacy D) Self-concept

Self-esteem

________ refers to global evaluations of the self. A) Self-control B) Self-concept C) Self-esteem D) Self-awareness

Self-esteem

Which of the following statements is true of the development of self-understanding in children? A) Self-understanding becomes more complex in middle and late childhood. B) From 8 to 11 years of age, self-understanding is focused on the description of physical characteristics. C) During the elementary school years, children are less likely to recognize social aspects of the self. D) Children's self-understanding in the elementary school years includes distinguishing themselves from others in absolute terms.

Self-understanding becomes more complex in middle and late childhood.

________ learning is a form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community. A) Service B) Social C) Collaborative D) Cooperative

Service

What is the term for a form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community?

Service learning

Three-year-old Sharon can solve 4-piece jigsaw puzzles on her own but needs her parents' help to solve 6-piece jigsaw puzzles. Which of the following represents the upper limit of Sharon's zone of proximal development (ZPD) for solving such puzzles? A) Sharon moving on to 10-piece puzzles B) Sharon solving 6-piece puzzles with her parents' help C) Sharon helping her two-year-old brother solve 4-piece puzzles D) Sharon mastering 4-piece puzzles

Sharon solving 6-piece puzzles with her parents' help

Misha is a first-generation immigrant in the United States. In the context of cultural and ethnic identity, which of the following statements is most likely to be true about her identity? A) She is unlikely to change her identity much and may or may not develop a new identity. B) She thinks of herself as an American because she was granted citizenship at birth. C) She is least likely to be secure with her identity. D) She is likely to change her identity tremendously.

She is unlikely to change her identity much and may or may not develop a new identity.

Maggie is 14 years old and has not yet matured physically. According to recent research, which of the following will most likely occur by the time Maggie reaches tenth grade? A) She will be more satisfied with her figure than early-maturing girls. B) She will be less satisfied with her figure than early-maturing girls. C) She will be more likely to have an eating disorder than early-maturing girls. D) She will be more likely to drop out of school than early-maturing girls

She will be more satisfied with her figure than early-maturing girls.

Unlike anorexics, individuals who have been diagnosed with bulimia nervosa typically A) have a positive body image. B) go on an eating binge and then purge. C) find it easier to restrict food intake. D) lack a fear of becoming overweight.

go on an eating binge and then purge.

According to a study conducted by Glei (1999), in a single act of unprotected sex with an infected partner, a teenage girl has the greatest chance of acquiring A) genital warts. B) genital herpes. C) gonorrhea. D) chlamydia.

gonorrhea.

When 4- and 5-year-olds scramble over jungle gyms and race their friends, they demonstrate their A) cognitive skills. B) fine harboring skills. C) gross motor skills. D) reflective skills.

gross motor skills.

Carol Dweck (2006) concluded that individuals have one of two mindsets, namely fixed mindset and ________ mindset. A) variable B) growth C) open D) apathetic

growth

Individuals with a(n) ________ mindset believe their qualities can change and improve through their own effort A) variable B) apathetic C) open D) growth

growth

Which of the following is typically the last male pubertal characteristic to occur? A) the first ejaculation B) voice changes C) increased penis and testicle size D) growth of facial hair

growth of facial hair

Ethnic ________ is an enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership. A) gloss B) awareness C) identity D) pride

identity

Nancy was not able to decide whether she should major in music or take up an undergraduate program in engineering. After significant exploration of both options, she finally chose the latter, with a minor in music. Identify Nancy's status of identity. A) identity diffusion B) identity foreclosure C) identity moratorium D) identity achievement

identity achievement

Mindy wants to pursue a career in the aeronautical industry. She wants to become either an engineer or a pilot. After discussing with her parents, she decides to become an aeronautical engineer. In this scenario, in which Mindy's crisis of identity development is resolved and in which she has made a commitment, she is most likely in the status of identity referred to as A) identity achievement. B) identity foreclosure. C) identity moratorium. D) identity diffusion.

identity achievement.

Adolescents who do not successfully resolve their identity crisis suffer from what Erikson calls ________. A) identity diffusion B) unresolved identity C) identity confusion D) identity moratorium

identity confusion

Identify the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments. A) identity crisis B) identity diffusion C) identity foreclosure D) identity achievement

identity diffusion

According to Baumrind, a parent who is highly involved with his/her children but places few demands or controls on them is displaying a(n) ________ parenting style. A) authoritarian B) authoritative C) indulgent D) neglectful

indulgent

Sullivan argued that the need for ________ intensifies during early adolescence, motivating teenagers to seek out close friends. A) respect B) compatibility C) intimacy D) similarity

intimacy

Which of the following is a type of intelligence identified by Howard Gardner? A) intrapersonal B) analytical C) practical D) creative

intrapersonal

Leah, a 6-year-old girl, is a fussy eater. She avoids eating dark green vegetables and meat. She only prefers junk food. She feels weak, becomes tired easily, and shows signs of chronic fatigue. It can be said that Leah is showing symptoms of A) lactose intolerance. B) binge eating disorder. C) iron deficiency anemia. D) alopecia areata.

iron deficiency anemia.

Unlike the constructivist approach to instruction, the direct instruction approach A) is a structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by high teacher expectations for students' progress. B) is a learner-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from a teacher. C) emphasizes active learning and adequately challenges children to think in critical and creative ways. D) is characterized by maximum time spent by students on nonacademic tasks.

is a structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by high teacher expectations for students' progress.

In the context of birth order, research indicates that firstborn children are ________ than later-born children. A) more rebellious B) less self-controlled C) less helpful D) more adult-oriented

more adult-oriented

Ethan is a gifted 14-year-old boy who has an excellent academic record. He has always scored higher than his classmates in Math and can do computations much faster than any of his classmates. Seeing his potential, his teachers encouraged him to compete in interstate Math tests. He has won several scholarships through these competitions. He recently took an IQ test and found that his score of 140 was much higher than the scores of his classmates. In the light of the findings from Lewis Terman's study of high IQ children, it is likely that Ethan is A) socially awkward. B) maladjusted. C) more mature than others his own age. D) emotionally insecure.

more mature than others his own age.

Studies support the conclusion that gifted people tend to be A) less mature than others, have fewer emotional problems than others, and grow up in a positive family climate. B) more mature than others, have fewer emotional problems than others, and grow up in a positive family climate. C) less mature than others, have more emotional problems than others, and grow up in a negative family climate. D) more mature than others, have more emotional problems than others, and grow up in a negative family climate.

more mature than others, have fewer emotional problems than others, and grow up in a positive family climate.

If intelligence is assumed to be normally distributed, which of the following would you expect to find in the overall population? A) more people of high intelligence than of low intelligence B) more people of moderate intelligence than of high or low intelligence C) more people of high intelligence than of moderate or low intelligence D) more people of low intelligence than of moderate or high intelligence

more people of moderate intelligence than of high or low intelligence

In the Berkeley Longitudinal Study some years ago, early-maturing boys perceived themselves ________ than did their late-maturing counterparts. When the late-maturing boys were in their thirties, however, they had developed a ________ than the early-maturing boys had. A) as an anomaly; stronger feeling of inadequacy B) more positively; stronger sense of identity C) as misfits; more negative self-image D) more negatively; deeper sense of regret

more positively; stronger sense of identity

Pointing to a tree, young Leo says, "Bird flied away." Leo's interesting but incorrect use of "-ed" in "flied" shows that he is trying to learn the ________ rules of language. A) phonological B) morphological C) pragmatic D) syntactic

morphological

The majority of unintentional injuries in adolescence involve A) motor vehicle accidents. B) firearms. C) homicide. D) sports-related injuries.

motor vehicle accidents.

The idea that gifted children are maladjusted is a ________, as Lewis Terman found when he conducted an extensive study of 1,500 children whose Stanford-Binet IQs averaged ________. A) reality; 75 B) reality; 150 C) myth; 75 D) myth; 150

myth; 150

Six-year-old Gina has a body mass index (BMI) at the 95th percentile. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018), she is A) obese. B) overweight. C) at risk of being overweight. D) not at risk of being overweight.

overweight.

According to the old model of parent-adolescent relationships, ________. A) parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence B) parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe in most families C) parents serve as important support systems while adolescents explore a wider, more complex social world D) the everyday negotiations and minor disputes are normal

parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence

According to Jean Piaget, parent-child relations are less likely to advance moral reasoning than peer relations because A) parents are inconsistent in delivering the consequences for broken rules. B) peers are less likely to allow negotiation and reasoning about broken rules. C) parents often hand down rules in an authoritarian way. D) peer groups immediately mete out punishments for rule breaking.

parents often hand down rules in an authoritarian way.

It is considered difficult to create culture-fair intelligence tests because they A) predominantly test the nonverbal skills of the test taker. B) consider the values that are common to all test takers. C) reflect the cultures of some test takers more than others. D) use only standardized test items familiar to all test takers.

reflect the cultures of some test takers more than others.

Anthony is rarely nominated as someone's best friend. He is actively disliked by many children in his class. In the context of peer statuses, Anthony would be classified as a(n) ________ child. A) controversial B) rejected C) neglected D) average

rejected

Most of Blanca's classmates call her a "bully," and many say that they "don't like her at all." Only few children consider her to be a friend. Which of the following is Blanca's probable peer status? A) popular B) neglected C) rejected D) controversial

rejected

Joseph Allen and his colleagues found that adolescents who were securely attached to their parents at 14 years of age were more likely at 21 years of age to report A) feeling uncomfortable in other intimate relationships. B) continuing financial dependence on their parents. C) relationship competence and fewer problematic behaviors. D) conflict in the relationship with their parents.

relationship competence and fewer problematic behaviors.

Children who have reached the concrete operational stage are capable of ________, which is the ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension, such as length. A) centration B) seriation C) reversibility D) classification

seriation

Luis is able to organize coins in a row from the largest in size to the smallest. His newfound ability is called A) centration. B) seriation. C) reversibility. D) classification.

seriation.

In relation to the cognitive development theory, Piaget proposed that the concrete operational stage lasts from approximately ________ years of age. A) three to five B) five to seven C) seven to eleven D) ten to thirteen

seven to eleven

Richard believes he is gay. This orientation is part of Richard's ________ identity. A) relationship B) intellectual C) sexual D) ethnic

sexual

Nine-year-old Tadako's uncle has been taking pictures of her naked body and selling them on the Internet. This constitutes A) verbal abuse. B) sexual abuse. C) child neglect. D) physical abuse.

sexual abuse.

Research with the memory-span task suggests that A) short-term memory increases during early childhood. B) long-term memory reaches maturation by early childhood. C) memory span depends on one's ethnic origin. D) heredity is one of the major factors affecting memory.

short-term memory increases during early childhood.

Which of the following functions of friendship involves providing interesting information, excitement, and amusement? A) physical support B) stimulation C) social comparison D) ego support

stimulation

Which of the following is the third-leading cause of death in 10- to 19-year-olds today in the United States? A) homicide B) suicide C) motor vehicle accidents D) infectious diseases

suicide

According to Freud, the moral element of personality is called the A) id. B) superid. C) ego. D) superego

superego.

According to Freud, to reduce anxiety, avoid punishment, and maintain parental affection, children identify with parents, internalizing their standards of right and wrong, thus forming the A) alter ego. B) ego. C) superego. D) id.

superego.

Brian is 2.5 years old. He dwells in his own imaginary world and represents objects that are not present. He often scribbles patterns on walls that represent cloud, trees, birds, and so on. Brian's behavior indicates that he is in Piaget's ________ of cognitive development. A) symbolic function substage B) intuitive thought substage C) concrete operational stage D) formal operational stage

symbolic function substage

3-year-old Zelda always asks questions like "Where Daddy is going?" and "What Mommy is doing?" This indicates that she is yet to learn the auxiliary-inversion rule and to apply the rules of A) pragmatics. B) morphology. C) syntax. D) phonology.

syntax.

Identity development A) is a single, neat process. B) takes place in bits and pieces. C) happens cataclysmically. D) involves making decisions once and for all.

takes place in bits and pieces.

Children between the ages of 4 and 12 usually prefer to play in groups that are made up of A) mixed ages. B) the same sex as theirs. C) both boys and girls. D) children from their own socioeconomic status.

the same sex as theirs.

Around the age of ________, children already show a preference to spend time with samesex playmates. A) three B) one C) two D) one and a half

three

A recent study revealed that peak thickness of the cerebral cortex occurs ________ in children with ADHD than in children without ADHD. A) in adulthood B) in infancy C) three years later D) two years earlier

three years later

Identify a characteristic of persons suffering from anorexia nervosa. A) weight below 85 percent of what is considered normal for their age and height B) an intense fear of losing weight that does not decrease with weight gain C) unconcerned about how others perceive them D) consistently follow a binge-and-purge pattern

weight below 85 percent of what is considered normal for their age and height

Mary Carskadon and her colleagues' research on adolescent sleep patterns found that A) when given the opportunity, adolescents will sleep an average of 9 hours and 25 minutes a night. B) adolescents' biological clocks undergo a shift as they get older so that older adolescents start to feel sleepy an hour earlier than younger adolescents. C) younger adolescents tend to be sleepier during the day than older adolescents. D) increased sleepiness in adolescents during the day was primarily due to academic work or social pressures.

when given the opportunity, adolescents will sleep an average of 9 hours and 25 minutes a night.

The ________-language approach stresses that reading instruction should parallel a child's natural language learning. A) assisted B) remedial C) complex D) whole

whole

At Jackson Elementary, children are taught to read by making them learn to recognize entire words and sentences and to use the context of the words that are given in the text to guess their meaning. Their reading material consists of stories, poems, newspapers, and magazines. This school is using the ________ approach to reading instruction. A) assisted-language B) remedial-language C) phonics D) whole-language

whole-language

In which parenting style do parents show pleasure and support in response to children's constructive behavior? A) authoritarian parenting B) authoritative parenting C) indulgent parenting D) neglectful parenting

authoritative parenting

Juan and his little sister, Anne, are each given a large cookie. Their mother breaks Anne's cookie into four pieces to enable her to eat it easily. Juan immediately begins to cry and says that it is not fair that his sister got more cookies than him. Juan is showing a lack of A) constancy. B) conservation. C) intuition. D) symbolic function.

conservation.

When no evidence of organic brain damage can be found, cases are labeled ________ intellectual disability. Individuals with this type of disability have IQs between 55 and 70. A) pseudo-social B) moderate C) cultural-familial D) severe

cultural-familial

Psychologists suspect that ________ often results from growing up in below-average intellectual environment. A) cultural-familial intellectual disability B) metabolic syndrome C) Asperger syndrome D) transitivity

cultural-familial intellectual disability

The Reggio Emilia approach is a(n) A) nutrition program for young children. B) educational program for young children. C) program for training kindergarten and elementary school teachers. D) parenting education program.

educational program for young children.

Which of the following functions of friendship involves providing encouragement and feedback, thus allowing children to maintain an impression of themselves as competent, attractive, and worthwhile individuals? A) physical support B) affection and intimacy C) social comparison D) ego support

ego support

Kristi works in a day-care center. She notices that Pablo, a 4-year-old boy, often indulges in private speech when doing any activity on his own. She has heard him talking to himself when solving puzzles. Kristi believes in Piaget's theory of cognitive development in children. After seeing Pablo's behavior, Kristi is likely to assume that Pablo's usage of private speech is A) egocentric. B) mature. C) an important tool of thought. D) a means of guiding one's behavior.

egocentric.

According to David Elkind, personal fable and imaginary audience are parts of adolescent A) co-rumination. B) expression. C) egocentrism. D) solipsism.

egocentrism.

The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective is known as A) animism. B) empathy. C) egocentrism. D) symbolism.

egocentrism.

Wendy, a 4-year-old girl, decides to gift her father a teddy bear on his birthday because she likes teddy bears. She asks her elder brother to help her wrap the gift. She does not consider the fact that her father may not like the gift or have no use for it. In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, this scenario illustrates A) animism. B) egocentrism. C) decentration. D) conservation.

egocentrism.

Howard Gardner suggests that there are ________ types of intelligence. A) four B) six C) eight D) eleven

eight

At which grade level does conformity to peers peak? A) sixth and seventh grades B) eighth and ninth grades C) tenth and eleventh grades D) the twelfth grade

eighth and ninth grades

If the word "win" is on a list of words a child is asked to remember, the child might think of the last time he won a pony race with a friend. This is an example of A) rehearsal. B) organization. C) inclusion. D) elaboration.

elaboration.

The children of ________ parents are better at soothing themselves when they get upset, are more effective in regulating their negative affect, focus their attention better, and have fewer behavior problems than the children of emotion-dismissing parents. A) emotion-coaching B) emotion-facilitator C) emotion-encouraging D) emotion-independent

emotion-coaching

Brianna is extremely upset because she got scolded by her teacher. Her mother decides to facilitate an open discussion about what happened and why Brianna is upset to help her figure out how to deal with the negative emotions. Her mother's approach of talking to Brianna about her emotions indicates that Brianna's mother is a(n) ________. A) emotion-dismissing parent B) authoritarian parent C) emotion-coaching parent D) indulgent parent

emotion-coaching parent

Which of the following hormones is associated with breast, uterine, and skeletal development in girls? A) adrenaline B) estradiol C) somatostatin D) testosterone

estradiol

A review of the height and weight of children around the world concluded that there are A) congenital differences. B) ethnic differences among them. C) no visible differences. D) cases of hyperthyroidism

ethnic differences among them.

What are the two most important contributors to height differences among children all over the world? A) nationality and culture B) education and exercise C) prenatal care and emotional challenges D) ethnic origin and nutrition

ethnic origin and nutrition

Reggie, a 16-year-old teenager, gets into a lot of arguments with his parents. Going by what is generally observed about parent-adolescent conflict, it is likely that most of the arguments center around A) whether Reggie uses drugs. B) Reggie's delinquent behavior. C) Reggie's alcoholism. D) everyday events of family life.

everyday events of family life.

According to McClelland and others (2017) and Schmitt and others (2017), ________ attention involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances. A) salient B) relevant C) executive D) sustained

executive

According to Benson and Sabbagh (2017), ________ describes several operations, such as inhibition and planning, that are important for flexible, future-oriented behavior and are also connected to theory of mind development. A) operational thought B) sustained attention C) executive function D) intuitive reasoning

executive function

Which of the following is an aspect of social-emotional learning that the Second Step program focuses on in pre-K? A) executive function skills B) problem-solving skills C) communication skills D) decision-making skills

executive function skills

According to Harry Stack Sullivan, if adolescents fail to develop close friendships, they A) experience loneliness and a reduced sense of self-worth. B) develop healthier self-esteem as adults than their peers. C) engage in less delinquent behavior. D) become more social as they grow older.

experience loneliness and a reduced sense of self-worth.

Four-year-old Becky has just hit her sister again. According to most developmental psychologists, Becky's mother should A) spank Becky; she is too young to understand reasoning. B) explain to Becky that "hitting hurts"; she is old enough to understand the consequences of her behavior for others. C) send Becky to bed without dinner; she is too young to understand reasoning. D) spank Becky; she is old enough to understand the consequences of her behavior and would expect to be punished accordingly.

explain to Becky that "hitting hurts"; she is old enough to understand the consequences of her behavior for others.

Which of the following is the term that most researchers use to describe crisis? A) foreclosure B) exploration C) moratorium D) commitment

exploration

Penny has been diagnosed with bulimia nervosa. It is most likely that she A) has a positive body image. B) also suffers from anorexia. C) is severely underweight. D) falls within a normal weight range.

falls within a normal weight range.

According to recent research, which of the following program types was linked to a reduction in delinquency? A) individual treatment B) restorative justice C) family therapy D) case management

family therapy

The 2009 Kaiser Family Foundation survey, which included more than 2,000 8- to 18-yearolds, documented that adolescent media use has ________ in the last decade. A) decreased significantly B) declined slightly C) increased dramatically D) stayed the same

increased dramatically

Eight-year-old Ella can use scissors to cut small paper dolls out of craft paper, something she could not do at age three. What best accounts for her improving dexterity? A) increased cortical thickening in the temporal lobe B) increased myelination of the central nervous system C) increased bone ossification D) increased muscle development

increased myelination of the central nervous system

The improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood is due to A) increased myelination of the central nervous system. B) advances in the prefrontal cortex. C) an increase in the neurotransmitter dopamine. D) a simultaneous process in which axons in the brain die, while dendrites in the brain grow and branch out.

increased myelination of the central nervous system.

Ms. Chang is trying to prepare her health class students for the onset of puberty. What should she tell the boys that they are likely to experience first? A) the first ejaculation B) voice changes C) increased penis and testicle size D) growth of facial hair

increased penis and testicle size

According to the advocates of state-mandated testing, which of the following results are believed to be positive outcomes of the testing? A) increased emphasis on the education of gifted students B) increased student performance and more time teaching subjects tested C) a holistic approach to testing a student's social skills, flexible thinking, and creativity D) integration of all learning styles and teaching styles into the curricula

increased student performance and more time teaching subjects tested

A(n) ________ is a written statement that spells out a program that is specifically tailored for a student with a disability. A) tailored education plan (TEP) B) individualized education plan (IEP) C) exclusive education plan (EEP) D) disabilities education plan (DEP)

individualized education plan (IEP)

In the context of statuses of identity, identity moratorium differs from identity diffusion in that in identity moratorium, ________: A) individuals have vaguely defined commitments or no commitments at all B) individuals have not yet experienced a crisis C) individuals have undergone a crisis D) individuals have not yet decided about occupational and ideological choices

individuals have vaguely defined commitments or no commitments at all

Karen believes that her qualities and learning abilities cannot change despite all her efforts. Therefore, she has decided not to try at all and let her grades plummet. In the context of Carol Dweck's description of mindsets, which of the following best describes Karen's mindset? A) variable mindset B) apathetic mindset C) fixed mindset D) growth mindset

fixed mindset

Debra is a very active child. She loves to tumble and show off. She always tries, what her parents consider, hair-raising stunts. She also loves running and believes she can run faster than her parents. This type of activity level and confidence is most characteristic of A) 1-year-olds. B) 2-year-olds. C) 3-year-olds. D) 5-year-olds.

5-year-olds.

The mean age at the beginning of the growth spurt in girls is ________. A) 6 B) 14 C) 12 D) 9

9

Which of the following is linked to the poor performance of American children in math and science as compared to Asian children? A) Asian teachers spend less time teaching math than American teachers do. B) Asian parents have much lower expectations for their children's education and achievement than American parents do. C) American parents are more likely to say that their children's math achievement is the consequence of effort and training. D) American parents are more likely to believe that their children's math achievement is due to innate ability.

American parents are more likely to believe that their children's math achievement is due to innate ability.

What is the term for an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation?

Anorexia nervosa

Which of the following statements about childhood obesity is true? A) Children who are overweight at age 3 are also at risk of being overweight at age 12. B) There is no indication that overweight children will become overweight adults. C) Obesity is not linked to type 2 (adult-onset) diabetes in children. D) Obesity actually leads to a decrease in hypertension levels in children when they are 5 years of age.

Children who are overweight at age 3 are also at risk of being overweight at age 12.

In the context of children's development, which of the following is true of children's friendships? A) Throughout childhood, friends are more dissimilar than similar in terms of sex. B) Friends usually have different achievement orientations. C) Children's friendships are typically characterized by similarity. D) Children's friendships are all typically alike.

Children's friendships are typically characterized by similarity.

Which of the following statements represents the current thinking among increasing number of experts in the field of reading? A) Direct instruction in the whole-language approach is a key aspect of learning to read. B) Direct instruction in phonics is a key aspect of learning to read. C) The whole-language approach and the phonics approach are equally effective in teaching children to read. D) The morphological approach has been shown to be the best way to teach reading.

Direct instruction in phonics is a key aspect of learning to read.

Identify the theorist who described three criteria that characterize gifted children, whether in art, music, or academic domains: precocity, marching to their own drummer, and a passion to master.

Ellen Winner

Tina is preparing a presentation on adolescent health in the 21st century. She decides to go through a few research studies and collate the findings in her presentation. Which of the following research findings will Tina most likely include in her presentation? A) More adolescents around the world are dying from acute infections than before. B) Many adolescent health-compromising behaviors, especially illicit drug use and unprotected sex, are decreasing in frequency. C) The rate of HIV infection in sub-Saharan countries has decreased marginally in recent years. D) Fewer adolescents around the world die from malnutrition now than in the past.

Fewer adolescents around the world die from malnutrition now than in the past.

The worldwide increase in intelligence test scores that has occurred over a short period of time has been called the ________ effect. A) Binet B) Goleman C) Flynn D) Wechsler

Flynn

Four-year-old Nathan is good at stacking blocks to make tall structures. However, he knocks them down occasionally. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this? A) His gross motor skills are underdeveloped. B) He tries to place each block perfectly on top of the other, upsetting those already stacked. C) His coordination skills are not developing normally for his age. D) He is showing signs of dyslexia.

He tries to place each block perfectly on top of the other, upsetting those already stacked.

Amber is given a Stanford-Binet intelligence test. Her mental age is determined to be 14, and her chronological age is 10. Which of the following is true of Amber? A) Her IQ score is 86. B) Her IQ score is about average. C) Her IQ score is below the majority of the population. D) Her IQ score is above the majority of the population.

Her IQ score is above the majority of the population.

Which of the following statements is true of short-term memory? A) One method of assessing short-term memory is the memory-span task. B) In short-term memory, individuals retain information for up to 5 minutes if there is no rehearsal of the information. C) Short-term memory involves memory of significant events and experiences in one's life. D) An aspect of short-term memory that has been extensively studied in research on children's development is autobiographical memory.

One method of assessing short-term memory is the memory-span task.

Violet is teaching her 6-year-old child to write sentences. She notices that, most of the time, if he can't spell a word, he makes up his own spelling. Which of the following approaches should she follow to make her son a competent writer over time? A) She should be overly concerned about how he forms letters and words and should send him for after-school coaching sessions. B) She should discourage him from writing so that he knows he must pay more attention. C) She should give him fewer writing opportunities and instructions so that he improves independently. D) She should encourage him to apply what he has learned in one paper to another paper.

She should encourage him to apply what he has learned in one paper to another paper.

In the context of domain theory, which of the following scenarios best represents social conventional reasoning? A) Sheila raising her hand before speaking in class B) Monica providing the airport staff with her passport before boarding her flight C) Damian undergoing a medical test before donating blood to another person D) Mathew punishing his son for lying

Sheila raising her hand before speaking in class

________ attention is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment. A) Salient B) Relevant C) Executive D) Sustained

Sustained

Identify the substage of preoperational thought in which a young child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present.

Symbolic function substage

Which of the following statements is true about ADHD in children? A) The sole cause of ADHD in children is damage to the brain during prenatal development. B) The number of children diagnosed and treated for ADHD has increased substantially in recent decades. C) Stimulant medication such as Ritalin is effective in improving the attention of children with ADHD to the levels seen in children without ADHD. D) Doctors recommend avoiding exercise in all forms for children with ADHD.

The number of children diagnosed and treated for ADHD has increased substantially in recent decades.

In the context of accountability from schools, which of the following is a criticism of statewide standardized testing in schools? A) Teachers spend less time teaching the subjects that are tested. B) Teachers end up spending far too much class time focusing on the development of thinking skills. C) Students feel pressurized to achieve high test scores as high expectations are placed on them. D) Using a single test as the sole indicator of students' progress and competence presents a very narrow view of students' skills.

Using a single test as the sole indicator of students' progress and competence presents a very narrow view of students' skills.

Tools of the Mind is a program that is grounded in ________ theory of cognitive development. A) Vygotsky's B) Erikson's C) Sternberg's D) Piaget's

Vygotsky's

Males report experiencing and expressing more ________ than do females. A) joy B) fear C) anger D) shame

anger

Piaget's preoperational stage is so named because he believed that children in this stage of development A) cannot yet perform reversible mental actions. B) cannot yet form stable concepts. C) are unable to reason. D) cannot operate electronic devices like televisions.

cannot yet perform reversible mental actions.

According to Erik Erikson, the great governor of initiative is A) conscience. B) independence. C) fear. D) obedience.

conscience.

Dan Olweus's bullying intervention program focuses on A) skill training victims of bullying in self-defense and assertion techniques. B) decreasing opportunities and rewards for bullying. C) moving victims of bullying to a different classroom where they feel safer. D) ostracizing bullies and empowering victims of bullying.

decreasing opportunities and rewards for bullying.

A girl's first menstruation is called ________. A) gonadarche B) spermarche C) menarche D) adrenarche

menarche

According to Gauvain (2016) and Holzman (2017), Vygotsky's view of the importance of ________ on children's development fits with the current belief that it is important to evaluate the contextual factors in learning. A) autonomy B) sociocultural influences C) the economic status of teachers D) scaffolding

sociocultural influences

Nurturing is a key aspect of ________, which emphasizes the education of the whole child and concern for his or her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development. A) the child-centered kindergarten B) the Montessori approach C) developmentally appropriate practice D) the Reggio Emilia approach

the child-centered kindergarten

The initial stage of the development of romantic relationships in adolescence is characterized by entry into romantic attractions and affiliations at about ________ years of age. A) 8 to 9 B) 11 to 13 C) 14 to 16 D) 17 to 19

11 to 13

According to the 2009 Kaiser Family Foundation survey, which of the following groups uses media for the longest time during a day? A) 11- to 14-year-olds B) 15- to 18-year-olds C) 8- to 11-year-olds D) 4- to 7-year-olds

11- to 14-year-olds

The peak rate of pubertal change occurs at ________ years for girls and ________ years for boys. A) 13; 14½ B) 12½; 11½ C) 11½; 13½ D) 10½; 13

11½; 13½

Sally's mental age is 12, but her chronological age is 10. Sally's IQ is ________. A) 200 B) 100 C) 80 D) 120

120

At approximately ________ years of age, two types of romantic involvement occur: casual dating and dating in groups. A) 8 to 9 B) 11 to 13 C) 14 to 16 D) 17 to 19

14 to 16

Early bloomers include A) 15 to 20 percent of 14- to 16-year-olds who say that they currently are in a romantic relationship. B) 10 percent of 17- to 19-year-olds who say that they have had no experience with romantic relationships. C) 15 to 20 percent of 11- to 13-year-olds who say that they currently are in a romantic relationship. D) 15 percent of 17- to 19-year-olds who report that they have not engaged in any romantic relationships that lasted more than four months.

15 to 20 percent of 11- to 13-year-olds who say that they currently are in a romantic relationship.

At ________ years of age, romantic relations are characterized by strong emotional bonds more closely resembling those in adult romantic relationships. A) 12 to 15 B) 11 to 13 C) 14 to 16 D) 17 to 19

17 to 19

Late bloomers comprise approximately 10 percent of ________ who say that they have had no experience with romantic relationships. A) 14- to 16-year-olds B) 17- to 19-year-olds C) 12- to 13-year-olds D) 15- to 16-year-olds

17- to 19-year-olds

Recently, four expert panels from Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States issued physical activity guidelines for young children that were quite similar (Pate & others, 2015). The guidelines recommend that young children engage in about ________ of physical activity per day total. A) half an hour B) 3 hours C) 15 minutes D) 4 hours

3 hours

From about ________ years of age, children display heteronomous morality. A) 1 to 3 B) 4 to 7 C) 10 to 12 D) 2 to 4

4 to 7

Sandra and Selena are both in high school. Sandra thinks that being a member of a crowd is more helpful in forming friendships than being a member of a clique, but Selena thinks otherwise. Which of the following statements most likely supports Selena's argument? A) A crowd is less personal than a clique. B) A clique contains more members than a crowd. C) Unlike the formation of a crowd, the formation of a clique is based on reputation. D) Unlike in a clique, the members of a crowd spend a lot of time together.

A crowd is less personal than a clique.

Damon's teachers frequently complain that he disrupts his kindergarten class by fidgeting and moving about all the time. He does not pay any attention to what is being taught in class and behaves impulsively. Considering the presence of the tell-tale characteristics of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, Damon's pediatrician diagnosed him with ________ and put him on a combination of Ritalin and behavior therapy. A) ADHD B) OCD C) PTSD D) EMDR

ADHD

________ is a disability in which children consistently show inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity over a period of time. Some children show a combination of these symptoms. A) ADHD B) OCD C) PTSD D) EMDR

ADHD

Which of the following statements is true about learning disability? A) Girls are more likely to be referred by teachers for treatment because of troublesome behavior. B) About three times as many boys as girls are classified as having a learning disability. C) Girls have a greater biological vulnerability than boys to be diagnosed with a learning disability. D) Learning disabilities reside in a single, specific brain location in all individuals.

About three times as many boys as girls are classified as having a learning disability.

Which theorist proposed that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of men and women in societies where women have less power and status than men and control fewer resources?

Alice Eagly

Amanda's mother suffers from anorexia nervosa. Which of the following statements about Amanda is most likely true? A) Amanda is highly likely to have a more positive body image. B) Amanda is at risk of developing anorexia nervosa herself. C) Amanda is more likely to have healthy eating habits. D) Amanda is not at risk for anorexia nervosa because of increased awareness.

Amanda is at risk of developing anorexia nervosa herself.

________ refers to a lack of menstruation in girls who have reached puberty. A) Amenorrhea B) Anemia C) Menarche D) Anorexia

Amenorrhea

In the context of adolescent sexuality, identify a true statement about developing a sexual identity. A) All gays and lesbians quietly struggle with same-sex attractions in childhood. B) An adolescent's sexual identity involves styles of behavior and an indication of sexual orientation. C) The majority of sexual minority adolescents have incompetent and unsuccessful paths of development through adolescence. D) Adolescents with opposite-sex attractions never experience any degree of same-sex attractions.

An adolescent's sexual identity involves styles of behavior and an indication of sexual orientation.

In the context of how parents talk with their children about emotions, which approach is taken by parents who monitor their children's emotions, view their children's negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, and assist them in labeling their emotions?

An emotion-coaching approach

Which of the following scenarios best represents Lev Vygotsky's view of mental and behavioral development? A) A teacher assigns challenging tasks that students must complete on their own. B) An instructor helps students with laboratory work showing them how to do things the students cannot do yet. C) A teacher waits patiently for students to come up with good answers and assesses their learning capabilities. D) An instructor systematically offers standardized tests to students to evaluate their mental abilities on varying subjects.

An instructor helps students with laboratory work showing them how to do things the students cannot do yet.

Anne, a 10-year-old girl, has been diagnosed with ADHD. Which of the following scenarios would have most likely caused this disability? A) Anne had a high birth weight. B) Anne has poor discipline at home. C) Anne was a victim of verbal and physical abuse during her childhood. D) Anne's mother smoked cigarettes and consumed alcohol frequently while pregnant.

Anne's mother smoked cigarettes and consumed alcohol frequently while pregnant.

Which of the following is a dissimilarity between those diagnosed with anorexia nervosa and those suffering from bulimia nervosa? A) Anorexics have difficulty controlling their emotions, but bulimics do not. B) Anorexics fall within a normal weight range, but bulimics are underweight. C) Anorexics have a positive body image, but bulimics do not. D) Anorexics control their weight by restricting food intake, but most bulimics cannot.

Anorexics control their weight by restricting food intake, but most bulimics cannot.

Which of the following statements is true of the developmental changes in parent-child relationships? A) As children move into the middle and late childhood years, parents spend considerably less time with them. B) Parents play a minimal role in supporting children's academic achievement in middle and late childhood. C) Fathers are more likely than mothers to engage in a managerial role in parenting. D) Family management practices are positively related to school-related problems.

As children move into the middle and late childhood years, parents spend considerably less time with them.

________ is a relatively mild autism spectrum disorder in which the child has relatively good verbal language skills, milder nonverbal language problems, and a restricted range of interests and relationships. A) Asperger syndrome B) Fragile X syndrome C) Down syndrome D) ICF syndrome

Asperger syndrome

Identify the disability in which individuals consistently show problems in one or more of these areas: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD

________ is a severe developmental disorder that has its onset in the first three years of life and includes deficiencies in social relationships, abnormalities in communication, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior. A) Asperger syndrome B) ADHD C) Autistic disorder D) ICF syndrome

Autistic disorder

Why do more researchers think that birth-order influences on child development have been emphasized too strongly? A) There are no clear patterns of birth-order influences on personality. B) With continued study on birth-order influences, the findings are bound to create self-fulfilling prophecies that will perpetuate birth order. C) The patterns of birth-order influences that scientists describe are largely speculation and are not based on evidence. D) Birth order by itself shows limited ability to predict behavior when all the factors that influence behavior are considered.

Birth order by itself shows limited ability to predict behavior when all the factors that influence behavior are considered.

Dana and Delma are discussing gender and the identification of learning disabilities. Dana believes that there is evidence that supports that gender does play a role in identifying learning disabilities, whereas Delma opposes this view. Which of the following statements, if true, would support Dana's view? A) Boys have a greater biological vulnerability for learning disabilities than girls. B) Girls are more likely to be referred by teachers for treatment than boys. C) Girls' education is given priority in schools and homes. D) Learning disabilities are more difficult to detect in boys than in girls.

Boys have a greater biological vulnerability for learning disabilities than girls.

Which of the following statements about brain development and early childhood is true? A) The development that occurs inside the brain ends at the onset of adolescence. B) By the time a child is 3 years of age, the brain is 25 percent of its adult size. C) By age 6, the brain has reached about 95 percent of its adult size. D) The brain of a five-year-old is 60 percent the size of an adult brain.

By age 6, the brain has reached about 95 percent of its adult size.

Identify the theorist who criticized Kohlberg's theory of moral development and argued that it reflects a gender bias. He or she proposed an alternative perspective that emphasizes connectedness with others.

Carol Gilligan

Which of the following best describes the relation between centration and conservation? A) Conservation requires centration. B) Centration is due to the lack of conservation. C) Centration is evidenced in young children's lack of conservation. D) Conservation is independent of centration.

Centration is evidenced in young children's lack of conservation.

Which researcher, in 2003, suggested that adolescents have difficulty controlling their emotions because their prefrontal cortex has not yet fully developed?

Charles Nelson

Eight-year-old Trey stands in front of a group of kids and says, "I am smart." Which of the following is the most plausible reaction to this incident? A) Children 6 years of age are more likely to reject Trey's self-report. B) Children 9 years of age are more likely to reject Trey's self-report. C) Children 5-6 years of age are more likely to reject Trey's self-report. D) Children 10-11 years of age are more likely to accept Trey's self-report.

Children 9 years of age are more likely to reject Trey's self-report

Identify the theorist who distinguished between convergent thinking and divergent thinking.

J. P. Guilford

Which of the following statements about parental smoking is true? A) Children are at risk for health problems when they live in homes in which a parent smokes. B) Most children and adolescents in the United States are exposed to tobacco smoke in their homes. C) Children exposed to tobacco smoke in their homes are not more likely to develop asthma than children in nonsmoking families. D) Parental smoking is the leading cause of death in young children in the United States.

Children are at risk for health problems when they live in homes in which a parent smokes.

Which of the following statements is true of children's self-esteem? A) Children have the highest self-esteem when they perform competently in domains that are important to them. B) Self-esteem decreases when children face a problem and try to cope with it. C) Self-esteem increases when children avoid a problem. D) The straightforward teaching of real skills to children often results in decreased achievement and, thus, in diminished self-esteem.

Children have the highest self-esteem when they perform competently in domains that are important to them.

Which of the following statements is true of peer groups and peer interactions in middle and late childhood? A) Children in middle and late childhood spend approximately thirty percent of their time with peers. B) The size of the peer group decreases with the age of the child. C) Children under twelve years of age prefer mixed-sex peer groups to same-sex peer groups. D) As children move through middle and late childhood, peer interaction is more closely supervised by adults.

Children in middle and late childhood spend approximately thirty percent of their time with peers.

According to Harris, Golinkoff, and Hirsh-Pasek (2011), which of the following is a key principle in young children's vocabulary development? A) Children learn words best when grammar and vocabulary are given less emphasis. B) Children learn the words they hear most often when interacting with their parents, teachers, siblings, and peers. C) Children learn words more effectively when they are passive, rather than active, learners. D) Children learn new words more effectively when new words are encountered as isolated facts rather than in integrated contexts.

Children learn the words they hear most often when interacting with their parents, teachers, siblings, and peers.

Which statement best summarizes Daniel Berlyne's views about children's play? A) Play is important for developing motor skills and coordination. B) Play is important only because it occupies children during times when they are not learning more important things. C) Children use play to digest past experiences and to derive meaning from what has happened to them. D) Children use play to explore new things to satisfy their natural curiosity about the world.

Children use play to explore new things to satisfy their natural curiosity about the world.

Which of the following statements about children who are bilingual is true? A) Children who are bilingual have a larger vocabulary in each language than children who are monolingual. B) Children who are bilingual are better at analytical reasoning than children who are monolingual. C) Children who are bilingual are less conscious of the structure of spoken language than children who are monolingual. D) Children who are bilingual have lower cognitive flexibility than children who are monolingual.

Children who are bilingual are better at analytical reasoning than children who are monolingual.

In the context of the developmental changes in emotions during the middle and late childhood years, who among the following children most likely exhibits the ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions? A) Chris who has learned to tone down his anger when one of his classmates irritates him B) Lila who is aware that her sadness today is influenced by her friend moving to another town last week C) Damian who realizes that achieving something might involve both anxiety and joy D) Broderick who feels sympathy for a distressed person and experiences vicariously the sadness the distressed person is feeling

Chris who has learned to tone down his anger when one of his classmates irritates him

What term is used to describe a small group that ranges from 2 to about 12 individuals, averages about 5 to 6 individuals, and can form because adolescents engage in similar activities?

Clique

Which of the following statements is true about the timing of identity development? A) In their last couple of years in college, individuals are more likely to be categorized as identity diffused. B) College upperclassmen are more likely to be identity achieved than college freshmen or high school students. C) By the time adolescents reach college, they would have committed to their religious and political identities. D) A higher percentage of high school students are identity achieved when compared to college upperclassmen.

College upperclassmen are more likely to be identity achieved than college freshmen or high school students.

What term is used to describe a personal investment in identity?

Commitment

_____ reflects an individual's personal investment in identity. A) Commitment B) Collaboration C) Calling D) Conscientiousness

Commitment

________ refers to an internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves an integration of all three components of moral development, namely moral thought, feeling, and behavior. A) Ethics B) Protocol C) Constitution D) Conscience

Conscience

What term is used to describe an adolescent group structure, usually formed based on reputation, where members may or may not spend time together?

Crowd

According to meta-analyses, which of the following statements is true of traditional bullying and cyberbullying? A) Traditional bullying occurs twice as much as cyberbullying does. B) Cyberbullying is more strongly associated with suicidal ideation than traditional bullying is. C) Those who engage in cyberbullying are unlikely to engage in traditional bullying. D) Adolescents experiencing social and emotional difficulties are more likely to be traditionally bullied than to be cyberbullied.

Cyberbullying is more strongly associated with suicidal ideation than traditional bullying is.

Identify the theorist who suggested that adolescent egocentrism is characterized by "the imaginary audience" and the "personal fable."

David Elkind

________ is based on knowledge of the typical progress of a child within an age span as well as the uniqueness of the child. A) The child-centered kindergarten B) Developmentally appropriate practice C) The Montessori approach D) The success-oriented approach

Developmentally appropriate practice

Which theorist proposed the four classifications of parenting involving combinations of acceptance and responsiveness on one hand and demand and control on the other?

Diana Baumrind

What is the term for a structured, teacher-centered approach to instruction that is oriented toward the goal of maximizing student learning time?

Direct instruction approach

Which of the following is a strategy for improving children's memory skills? A) Avoid repetition of the same instructional information. B) Embed memory-relevant language when instructing children. C) Motivate children to remember material by memorizing it. D) Discourage children from engaging in mental imagery.

Embed memory-relevant language when instructing children.

________ especially plays a key role in children's ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others. It is an important component of executive function. A) Moral integrity B) Emotion regulation C) Moral development D) Independence

Emotion regulation

________ parents interact with their children in a less rejecting manner, use more scaffolding and praise, and are more nurturant than are emotion-dismissing parents. A) Emotion-dismissing B) Emotion-facilitator C) Emotion-coaching D) Emotion-encouraging

Emotion-coaching

Identify the psychosocial theorist who proposed that there are eight stages of human development. The fourth stage, industry versus inferiority, appears during middle and late childhood.

Erik Erikson

Which theorist stated that the psychological stage of childhood was "initiative versus guilt"?

Erik Erikson

________ refers to an umbrella-like concept that consists of a number of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain's prefrontal cortex, which play a role in managing thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and self-control. A) Executive attention B) Executive function C) Prefrontal control D) Prefrontal inhibition

Executive function

In the context of emotional and personality development, identify a true statement about perspective taking. A) Executive function is at work in perspective taking. B) Children decrease their perspective taking in middle and late childhood. C) Perspective taking refers to global evaluations of the self. D) Perspective taking hinders children's likelihood of understanding and sympathizing with others.

Executive function is at work in perspective taking.

________ is a process that helps to explain how young children learn the connection between a word and its referent so quickly. A) Vertical thinking B) Centration C) Fast mapping D) Conservation

Fast mapping

According to a research review by Bronstein (2006), which of the following statements is true of parental influences on children's gender development? A) Mothers socialize their sons to be more obedient and responsible than their daughters. B) Mothers place more restrictions on sons' autonomy than on daughters'. C) Fathers engage in more activities with their daughters than with their sons. D) Fathers put more effort to promote sons' intellectual development than daughters'.

Fathers put more effort to promote sons' intellectual development than daughters'.

Which of the following statements is true about depression in adolescents? A) Females tend to ruminate in their depressed mood and amplify it; hence, they are more likely to develop depression than are males. B) Puberty occurs earlier for males than for females; hence, males are more likely to develop depression than are females. C) Males face more discrimination than females do; hence, males are more likely to develop depression than are females. D) Females' self-images, especially their body images, are more positive than males'; hence, females are less likely to develop depression than males.

Females tend to ruminate in their depressed mood and amplify it; hence, they are more likely to develop depression than are males.

Which of the following statements is true of bullying in the social context of a peer group? A) Frequent bullying is linked to high social status as indexed by perceived popularity in the peer group. B) Bullies are usually rejected by their peer group. C) Classmates of bullying victims are usually unaware of bullying incidents. D) Bullies avoid tormenting victims in front of their peers.

Frequent bullying is linked to high social status as indexed by perceived popularity in the peer group.

In the context of children's friendships, which of the following represents the function of social comparison served by friendship? A) Friendship provides children with interesting information, excitement, and amusement. B) Friendship provides information about where a child stands vis-à-vis others and whether the child is doing okay. C) Friendship provides resources and assistance. D) Friendship provides children with a warm, close, and trusting relationship with another individual.

Friendship provides information about where a child stands vis-à-vis others and whether the child is doing okay.

Which theory states that memory is best understood by considering two types of memory representation: verbatim memory trace and gist?

Fuzzy trace theory

Which famous theorist, in 1904, proposed that adolescence is a turbulent time of "stormand-stress"?

G. Stanley Hall

Which theorist proposed the "storm-and-stress" view that adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings? A) Anna Freud B) Jean Piaget C) G. Stanley Hall D) Daniel Offer

G. Stanley Hall

Which of the following statements about the trend in cross-cultural gender differences in sexual expression is true? A) Gender differences in sexual expression are minor, especially in Latin America and Southeast Asia. B) Gender differences in sexual expression and educational opportunities appear to be narrowing over time. C) In India, there are far more restrictions on the sexual activities of men than on those of women. D) In Arab countries, both adolescent males and females encounter the same amount of restriction on sexual activities.

Gender differences in sexual expression and educational opportunities appear to be narrowing over time.

According to research studies by Maccoby (1998, 2002), which of the following statements is true of how boys and girls interact in same-sex groups? A) Girls are more likely to act in a reciprocal manner. B) Boys are more likely to avoid rough-and-tumble play. C) Girls are more likely to engage in ego display. D) Boys are more likely to engage in collaborative discourse.

Girls are more likely to act in a reciprocal manner.

This person is considered the most influential theorist to discuss the importance of adolescent friendships. He argued that the need for intimacy intensifies during early adolescence, motivating teenagers to seek out close friends. Identify the individual

Harry Stack Sullivan

________, the most influential theorist to discuss the importance of adolescent friendships, proposed that friends become increasingly important in meeting social needs in adolescence. A) Erik Erikson B) Harry Stack Sullivan C) Jean Piaget D) James Marcia

Harry Stack Sullivan

According to Jean Piaget, which is the first stage of moral development in which children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world?

Heteronomous morality

________ are the second leading cause of death in adolescence. A) Motor vehicle accidents B) Suicides C) Homicides D) Chronic diseases

Homicides

________ are powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream. A) Carbohydrates B) Phospholipids C) Neurotransmitters D) Hormones

Hormones

Which of the following statements about IQ or intelligence is true? A) Modifications in environment have no impact on one's IQ score. B) Schooling has been shown to have no influence on intelligence. C) The conception of intelligence is the same across cultures. D) IQ scores have been rapidly increasing around the world.

IQ scores have been rapidly increasing around the world.

What term is used to describe the self-portrait composed of many pieces?

Identity

Which identity status is characterized by both the lack of crisis and the lack of commitment to a self-identity?

Identity diffusion

________ is the status of identity of an individual in which crisis and commitment are both absent and the individual is undecided about or shows little interest in occupational and ideological choices. A) Identity diffusion B) Identity foreclosure C) Identity moratorium D) Identity achievement

Identity diffusion

Which of the following statements is true about identity development? A) Synthesizing the identity components is a single, neat process in normal individuals. B) Decisions about identity may take time, but once they are made, they are set for life. C) Identity development occurs in a single, one-step process. D) Identity encompasses an individual's personality characteristics.

Identity encompasses an individual's personality characteristics.

What is the term for the belief, reflecting adolescents' egocentrism, that others are as interested in them as they themselves are, as well as attention-getting behavior—attempts to be noticed, visible, and "on stage"?

Imaginary audience

With reference to cross-cultural comparisons, which of the following statements about adolescent pregnancies in the United States is true? A) In 2015, the U.S birth rate for 15- to 19-year old girls was the lowest rate ever recorded. B) The U.S. adolescent pregnancy rate is much lower than that in the Netherlands. C) Adolescents in the United States are more sexually active than adolescents in the Netherlands. D) The U.S. adolescent birth rate increased significantly from 2007 to 2009.

In 2015, the U.S birth rate for 15- to 19-year old girls was the lowest rate ever recorded.

Which of the following statements is true of Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development? A) In this stage, a child can perform operations independently without adult supervision. B) In this stage, children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings. C) This stage lasts from approximately 3 months to 2 years of age. D) This stage involves the ability to use deductive reasoning.

In this stage, children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings.

In the context of the types of children's play, identify a true statement about pretense play. A) In this type of play, children transform the physical environment into a symbol. B) This type of play often appears at about 7 months of age. C) In this type of play, children refuse to share their pretend play with peers. D) In this type of play, children transform people and act toward them as if they were other people.

In this type of play, children transform the physical environment into a symbol.

Which of the following statements is true of children with cultural-familial intellectual disability? A) Individuals with this type of disability have IQs between 55 and 70. B) Individuals with this type of disability are highly insensitive to what is expected of them. C) Individuals with this type of disability often need intangible rewards—praise rather than candy. D) Individuals with this type of disability can often be identified easily in schools, where they excel in academics.

Individuals with this type of disability have IQs between 55 and 70.

Which of the following statements is true of giftedness? A) Signs of high ability of an individual in a particular area do not manifest themselves at a very young age. B) Deliberate practice is not required of individuals who become experts in a particular domain. C) Individuals with world-class status in the arts, mathematics, science, and sports all report strong family support. D) Individuals who are highly gifted are typically gifted in many domains.

Individuals with world-class status in the arts, mathematics, science, and sports all report strong family support.

________ is characterized by self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts. A) Ego support B) Intimacy in friendships C) Physical support D) Social comparison

Intimacy in friendships

Identify a true statement about anorexia nervosa. A) It is about 10 times more likely to occur in females than in males. B) It occurs when an individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge pattern. C) It is difficult to detect as anorexics fall within a normal weight range. D) It begins in late adolescence or early adulthood.

It is about 10 times more likely to occur in females than in males.

In the context of emotional and personality development in middle and late childhood, which of the following is true of self-regulation? A) Low self-regulation is linked to a narrowing gap in low-socioeconomic-status children's emotional problems. B) High self-regulation is linked to higher levels of deviant behavior. C) It leads to decreased social competence and achievement. D) It is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts.

It is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts.

Identify a true statement about service learning. A) It becomes ineffective when students are given some degree of choice in the service activities in which they participate. B) It aims at making adolescents more self-centered. C) It is effective when it provides students opportunities to reflect about their participation. D) It limits the amount of time students spend volunteering.

It is effective when it provides students opportunities to reflect about their participation.

In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, identify a true statement about pragmatics. A) It refers to relating a word to its referent quickly. B) It is the awareness that changing an object's appearance does not change its basic properties. C) It refers to focusing one's attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others. D) It is the appropriate use of language in different contexts.

It is the appropriate use of language in different contexts.

In the context of emotional and personality development, which of the following is true of perspective taking? A) It is the social cognitive process involved in assuming the viewpoint of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings. B) It is referred to as the global evaluative dimension of the self. C) It is referred to as the domain-specific evaluation of the self. D) It is the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.

It is the social cognitive process involved in assuming the viewpoint of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings.

Which of the following is a criticism of the Montessori approach? A) It lays a lot of emphasis on social interaction. B) It does not employ self-corrective materials. C) It lays a lot of emphasis on imaginative play. D) It neglects children's socioemotional development.

It neglects children's socioemotional development.

Which Eriksonian researcher proposed that Erikson's theory of identity development contains four statuses of identity, or ways of resolving the identity crisis?

James Marcia

________ proposed that around 7 years of age, children enter the concrete operational stage of cognitive development. A) Jean Piaget B) Lawrence Kohlberg C) Albert Bandura D) Erik Erikson

Jean Piaget

Developmental psychologists describe Jennifer as an emotion-dismissing parent to her son. Which of the following actions is Jennifer most likely to display? A) Jennifer will praise her son when he performs a task well. B) Jennifer will try to change her son's negative emotions. C) Jennifer will use scaffolding to interact with her son. D) Jennifer will assist her son in labeling emotions.

Jennifer will try to change her son's negative emotions.

Jerome, 6, and Hani, 10, get up early on Saturday morning to make "breakfast in bed" for their mother. While reaching for the bed tray in the back of the hall cabinet, they accidentally break their mother's favorite porcelain doll. Jerome knows that he's going to get into "big trouble." Hani tells him not to worry and that their mom would understand that it was an accident. In what stage would Jean Piaget categorize the moral reasoning of Jerome and Hani? A) Jerome—autonomous morality; Hani—heteronomous morality B) Jerome—heteronomous morality; Hani—autonomous morality C) Jerome—universal law morality; Hani—context-specific morality D) Jerome—context-specific morality; Hani—universal law morality

Jerome—heteronomous morality; Hani—autonomous morality

Which leading theorist on sibling relationships described the three important characteristics of sibling relationships as emotional quality, familiarity and intimacy, and variation?

Judy Dunn

What is the term for an adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal?

Juvenile delinquent

The floods in the Midwest left 40,000 people homeless, and Keith's family is one of the families affected by the disaster. He is trying to help his son, Judd, cope with the tragedy. In this scenario, which of the following is a recommendation that Keith should follow to help Judd cope with the stress? A) Keith should allow Judd to retell the details of the event and be patient in listening to him. B) Keith should discourage Judd from talking about disturbing feelings related to the event. C) Keith should allow Judd to watch repeated news footage of the tragedy. D) Keith should encourage discussion of the event with others in front of Judd.

Keith should allow Judd to retell the details of the event and be patient in listening to him.

Kevin is just learning to walk. He can take a few steps by himself if he uses both hands to hold on to a piece of furniture for support. He can walk to the middle of a room only if one of his parents holds his hands. Which of the following represents the lower limit of Kevin's zone of proximal development (ZPD) for walking? A) Kevin learning to run after he has mastered walking by himself B) Kevin going back to crawling when he becomes frustrated trying to walk by himself C) Kevin walking alone by holding on to a piece of furniture with his hands D) Kevin learning to walk by holding his parents' hands

Kevin walking alone by holding on to a piece of furniture with his hands

Which of the following statements is true of the criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development? A) Kohlberg's theory stresses that moral thoughts are essentially unimportant in children's moral development. B) Kohlberg's approach misses or misconstrues some important moral concepts in specific cultures. C) Kohlberg's theory puts relationships and concern for others above abstract principles. D) Kohlberg's approach emphasizes that morality begins with rapid evaluative judgments of others.

Kohlberg's approach misses or misconstrues some important moral concepts in specific cultures.

Which of the following statements reflects Carol Gilligan's criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development? A) Kohlberg's theory is based on a male norm that puts abstract principles above relationships and concern for others. B) Kohlberg's theory sees an individual as a product of a family process and as dependent on the process to make moral decisions. C) Kohlberg's theory does not capture much of the moral reasoning voiced in various cultures around the world. D) Kohlberg's theory places too much emphasis on moral behavior and not enough emphasis on moral thought.

Kohlberg's theory is based on a male norm that puts abstract principles above relationships and concern for others.

Identify a true statement about Carol Gilligan's criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development. A) Kohlberg's theory puts too much emphasis on interpersonal communication. B) Kohlberg's theory views people in terms of their connectedness with others. C) Kohlberg's theory takes a care perspective with regard to moral development. D) Kohlberg's theory puts justice at the heart of morality.

Kohlberg's theory puts justice at the heart of morality.

Name the cognitive theorist who emphasized the social contexts of learning and the construction of knowledge through social interaction.

Lev Vygotsky

Manfred is the father of a 16-year-old boy. He notices that his son heads over to the other side of town after getting back from school to meet some friends who are older than him. Manfred also notices that the frequency of these meetings has increased over time. Manfred is now worried about his son hanging out with these older individuals. According to research studies, which of the following is most likely to be an outcome of Manfred's son's interactions with the older individuals? A) Manfred's son will show higher levels of academic achievement. B) Manfred's son will successfully transition to adulthood. C) Manfred's son is more likely to engage in delinquency and early sexual behavior. D) Manfred's son is more likely to avoid risky sexual behavior and substance abuse.

Manfred's son is more likely to engage in delinquency and early sexual behavior.

Name the Italian physician-turned-educator who at the beginning of the twentieth century crafted a revolutionary approach to young children's education. In this approach, children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities.

Maria Montessori

Maribel works as a housekeeper at a hotel. She has no autonomy in her work, works long hours, and feels quite stressed by her job. Kim is a lawyer who works long hours but has control over her work and a great office environment. Ann Crouter would say that A) Kim's children are likely to experience less effective parenting than Maribel's children. B) Maribel's children are likely to experience less effective parenting than Kim's children. C) both Maribel's and Kim's children are likely to do poorly in school. D) neither Maribel's nor Kim's children will be negatively affected by their mothers' jobs.

Maribel's children are likely to experience less effective parenting than Kim's children.

Mark is a 14-year-old teenager who lives with his parents. Over the last 2 years, Mark and his parents have been in arguments almost every day. These arguments are usually about Mark watching too much TV, not cleaning his room, or not helping with daily chores in the house. Mark always finds excuses to avoid doing any chores. At times, the arguments get heated quickly, and as a result, Mark gets grounded for a few days. In view of these intense parentadolescent conflicts between Mark and his parents and the research studies conducted in similar fields, which of the following is most likely to occur? A) Mark will move out of the house. B) Mark will show significant improvement in academics. C) Mark will have better career and financial competence in the future. D) Mark will start attending religious services regularly.

Mark will move out of the house.

Identify a true statement about sexual maturation and weight changes that occur during puberty. A) Growth of facial hair is the first male pubertal characteristic to develop. B) Appearance of hair in the armpits is the first physical change in girls. C) By the end of adolescence, most girls will be taller than boys. D) Marked weight gains coincide with the onset of puberty.

Marked weight gains coincide with the onset of puberty

What according to Carol Dweck is the term for a cognitive view that individuals develop for themselves?

Mindset

What is the term for a girl's first menstruation?

Menarche

Which of the following statements about the timing and variations in puberty is true? A) Two boys of the same chronological age will generally complete the pubertal sequence at the same time. B) Menarche is considered within the normal range for girls if it appears between the ages of 9 and 15. C) Genes have little to do with when and how puberty develops. D) Weight of an individual is unrelated to pubertal onset.

Menarche is considered within the normal range for girls if it appears between the ages of 9 and 15.

________ involves knowing about knowing. A) Cognition B) Brainstorming C) Metacognition D) Metadata

Metacognition

________ refers to being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life's everyday activities and tasks. A) Mindlessness B) Mindfulness C) Elasticity D) Creativity

Mindfulness

In a survey, participants were asked whether buying a stolen television is morally right. More than 80 percent of the respondents said that it is morally wrong. However, 50 percent of the respondents admitted that they would buy the television if guaranteed that they would not be caught. In the context of the scenario, which of the following statements would most likely serve as a criticism for Lawrence Kohlberg's theory on moral development? A) As people age, their moral reasoning is increasingly based on the application of standards set by others. B) Moral thinking is an intuitive gut reaction. C) Purchasing stolen property is an accepted social convention. D) Moral reasoning can sometimes be a shelter for immoral behavior.

Moral reasoning can sometimes be a shelter for immoral behavior.

Which of the following is true of children in divorced families? A) Most children in divorced families have a harder time adjusting than those from nondivorced families. B) Divorces inevitably impair children's ability to adapt to difficulties in their lives. C) Competent children cannot be raised in single-parent families. D) Children in divorced families are no more likely than children in nondivorced families to have academic problems.

Most children in divorced families have a harder time adjusting than those from nondivorced families.

Which of the following statements is true of stepfamilies? A) Most stepfamilies are preceded by divorce rather than death of a spouse. B) Stepfamilies include far more infants or preschool children than elementary and secondary school children. C) The histories and multiple relationships involved in stepfamilies make adjustment between the couples simpler. D) In stepmother families, the mother typically has custody of the children and remarries, introducing a stepfather into her children's lives.

Most stepfamilies are preceded by divorce rather than death of a spouse.

________ involves an increase in the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system during brain development in children between the ages of 3 and 5. A) Centration B) Myelination C) Tropism D) Neurogenesis

Myelination

________ is a process by which the nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells. A) Centration B) Myelination C) Tropism D) Neurogenesis

Myelination

According to Freud, preschool boys develop a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent in a process called the A) Oedipus complex. B) Electra complex. C) Pygmalion effect. D) Golem effect.

Oedipus complex.

Which of the following is true of bullying? A) One of the most effective interventions focuses on reducing opportunities and rewards for bullying. B) Frequent bullying is linked to low social status as indexed by perceived popularity in the peer group. C) A recent meta-analysis indicates that positive parenting behavior is related to a greater likelihood of becoming a victim of bullying at school. D) Children who are bullied are more likely to have low grades and to smoke cigarettes and drink alcohol.

One of the most effective interventions focuses on reducing opportunities and rewards for bullying.

Which of the following statements is true of the timing of adolescent sexual behavior in the United States? A) Oral sex is a common occurrence among American adolescents. B) African Americans are likely to engage in sexual behaviors later than other ethnic groups. C) Asian Americans are likely to engage in sexual behaviors earlier than other ethnic groups. D) The majority of Americans report having their first sexual intercourse before the age of 10.

Oral sex is a common occurrence among American adolescents.

Which of the following is true about childhood maltreatment? A) Two-thirds of parents who are abused go on to abuse their own children. B) Childhood maltreatment can be caused by a single factor. C) Violence on television does not impact the violence we see in families. D) Parenting stress, substance abuse, social isolation, single parenting, and socioeconomic difficulties all may contribute to childhood maltreatment.

Parenting stress, substance abuse, social isolation, single parenting, and socioeconomic difficulties all may contribute to childhood maltreatment.

Which of the following does the new model of parent-adolescent relationships emphasize? A) Parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems during adolescence. B) Parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence. C) The everyday conflicts that characterize parent-adolescent relationships have a detrimental effect on adolescent development. D) As adolescents mature, they move into a world of autonomy apart from parents.

Parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems during adolescence.

Which of the following is a recommendation offered by Eva Pomerantz for parents who want to increase the motivation of their children and adolescents to do well in school? A) Parents should realize that children's and adolescents' abilities are not fixed and can change. B) Parents should avoid getting involved in their children's and adolescents' academic life often. C) Parents should understand that all children and adolescents are similar. D) Parents should follow an authoritarian style of parenting to produce emotional stability in their children and adolescents.

Parents should realize that children's and adolescents' abilities are not fixed and can change.

Meghan is a 5-year-old girl. Her mother is teaching her to pronounce words. She shows Meghan the word and the image associated with the word and then says the word out loud while stressing certain parts of the word. What is this approach known as?

Phonics approach

Derek, a 4-year-old boy, is curious by nature and exhausts his parents with "why" questions. However, he is not able to comprehend ideas. His imagination does not resemble reality. Whenever he sees a rainbow, he believes that a fairy has painted it with watercolors. In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, this scenario illustrates A) Piaget's sensorimotor stage. B) Piaget's intuitive thought substage. C) the overjustification effect. D) the misinformation effect.

Piaget's intuitive thought substage.

Identify the third level of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning. At this (the highest) level, morality is more internal.

Postconventional reasoning

________ play, which can be engaged in throughout life, involves the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports. A) Pretense B) Practice C) Social D) Sensorimotor

Practice

In the context of the types of children's play, identify a true statement about practice play. A) Practice play primarily involves social interactions with peers. B) Practice play is confined to infancy as children learn to transform objects. C) Practice play occurs when a child transforms the physical environment into a symbol. D) Practice play can be engaged in throughout life.

Practice play can be engaged in throughout life.

Priscilla is in the eighth grade. Every day after school, she hangs out with her friends from her class who are popular. She is very fond of them and wants to become popular like them. Her friends have recently started shoplifting at departmental stores. According to research studies on the effect of peer pressure on conformity, which of the following is Priscilla most likely to do? A) Priscilla will use her moral reasoning to determine if the behavior should be copied or not. B) Priscilla will reject the behavior of her peers. C) Priscilla will go along with her friends to engage in the antisocial behavior. D) Priscilla will report the behavior to her friends' parents.

Priscilla will go along with her friends to engage in the antisocial behavior.

Karla is a single mother of a 5-year-old son. She works in a bakery on a meager salary. Recently, she found out about a government-funded program that provides children from lowincome families with the opportunity to acquire the skills important for success in school. The program aims to improve substandard education and alleviate poverty. Karla decides to apply for the program. The program being referred to in this scenario is A) the child-centered kindergarten B) the Montessori program C) Big Brothers Big Sisters of America D) Project Head Start

Project Head Start

In 1965, the federal government began an effort to break the cycle of poverty and substandard education for young children in the United States through A) the Maria Montessori Program. B) the Emancipation Undertaking. C) the Reggio Emilia Project. D) Project Head Start.

Project Head Start.

George wants to ensure that his sons become competent decision makers. Which of the following is a strategy you would suggest for improving their decision making? A) Provide more opportunities for them to engage in role playing and peer group problem solving. B) Encourage the presence of peers in risk-taking situations. C) Supply contexts where substances and other temptations are readily available, testing their willingness to make risky decisions. D) Keep them in a sequestered environment where they will not have to face decision making in real-world contexts.

Provide more opportunities for them to engage in role playing and peer group problem solving.

Which term refers to the "gap" between childhood security and adult autonomy where society leaves adolescents free to "try out" many different identities?

Psychosocial moratorium

What is the term used to refer to a brain-neuroendocrine process occurring primarily in early adolescence that provides stimulation for the rapid physical changes that take place during this period of development?

Puberty

Sammy, a 9-year-old girl, is overweight. She is constantly teased and tormented by other children in school. Her parents try to cheer her up by telling her that they were also overweight when they were young and even now they are overweight but they don't worry about what others say about them. Based on the given information, which of the following is the primary cause for Sammy being overweight? A) Sammy spends most of her day playing on her computer. B) Sammy's meal times are irregular. C) Sammy does not exercise as regularly as her parents. D) Sammy's parents are overweight.

Sammy's parents are overweight.

________ develops more rapidly during early childhood, and ________ develops more rapidly during middle and late childhood. A) Long-term memory; short-term memory B) Short-term memory; long-term memory C) Knowledge; expertise D) Expertise; knowledge

Short-term memory; long-term memory

Which theorist suggested that children internalize their parents' standards of right and wrong in order to reduce anxiety and avoid punishment?

Sigmund Freud

Which of the following statements about dating in gay and lesbian youth is true? A) Sexual minority youth seldom date other-sex peers to disguise their sexual orientation from others. B) Most gay and lesbian youth seldom have same-sex sexual experience. C) Gay and lesbian youth do not get emotionally affected by the breakup of a same-sex relationship they were involved in. D) Some gay and lesbian youth continue to have a same-sex orientation while others have a primarily heterosexual orientation.

Some gay and lesbian youth continue to have a same-sex orientation while others have a primarily heterosexual orientation.

During a workshop for mothers, one of the topics of discussion was the increasing use of cell phones and other gadgets by children. During the session, the speaker requested parents to monitor their children's screen time and stressed the importance of exercise in a child's physical development. She requested parents to exercise more often so that their children would be encouraged to spend less time with their gadgets and more time involved in physical activities. Which of the following statements explains why the speaker put forth this request? A) Studies show that screen time is associated with higher levels of language skills and cognitive control. B) Studies show that a higher level of screen time increases the risk of obesity for low- and highactivity children. C) Studies show that screen time is linked with high activity and stable sleep patterns in children. D) Studies show that screen time is associated with higher connectivity between brain regions.

Studies show that a higher level of screen time increases the risk of obesity for low- and high- activity children.

Sita is a girl who lives in India; Suki is a girl who lives in Japan. They both have two older brothers. According to research, who is most likely to have better access to education? A) Sita B) Suki C) They both have a poor chance at receiving an education. D) They both have an equally good chance at receiving an education.

Suki

A cross-cultural comparison of 21 countries done by Sedgh and others (2015) showed that ________ had the lowest adolescent pregnancy rate among 15- to 19-year-olds. A) the United States B) Switzerland C) Japan D) the United Kingdom

Switzerland

The largest increases in media use in early adolescence are for A) electronic books and DVDs. B) listening to music on MP3 players. C) chatting with friends on cell phones. D) TV and video games.

TV and video games.

According to Carol Dweck, which of the following is true of a growth mindset? A) Children with a growth mindset believe that their qualities cannot change. B) Students from lower-income families are more likely to have a growth mindset than their counterparts from wealthier families. C) Recent research indicates that many parents and teachers with growth mindsets always instill them in children and adolescents. D) Teachers can increase adolescents' growth mindset by functioning as a partner with them in the learning process.

Teachers can increase adolescents' growth mindset by functioning as a partner with them in the learning process.

Which of the following is true of schools in low-income areas? A) They have higher attendance compared with schools in high-income areas. B) Federal and state governments actively participate in the facilitation and assessment of the curricula. C) They have very high graduation rates. D) Teaching is more likely to encourage rote learning.

Teaching is more likely to encourage rote learning.

Which of the following is true of Lev Vygotsky's educational applications? A) IQ should be assessed to test a child's learning capabilities. B) A child should learn on his or her own to realize his or her capabilities. C) A child's use of private speech reflects immaturity and egocentrism. D) Teaching should begin toward the upper limit of a child's zone of proximal development.

Teaching should begin toward the upper limit of a child's zone of proximal development.

Terence has a learning disability that involves difficulty in math computation. This disability is also known as developmental arithmetic disorder. On the other hand, Mindy, his classmate, finds it extremely challenging to read or spell simple words. Based on the given information, which of the following statements is true? A) Both Terence and Mindy have ADHD. B) Terence has dysgraphia, whereas Mindy has dyscalculia. C) Terence has ADHD, whereas Mindy has dysgraphia. D) Terence has dyscalculia, whereas Mindy has dyslexia.

Terence has dyscalculia, whereas Mindy has dyslexia.

________ is a hormone associated in boys with genital development, increased height, and deepening of the voice. A) Testosterone B) Estrogen C) Estradiol D) Progestin

Testosterone

________ is a philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities. A) The child-centered kindergarten B) The Montessori approach C) Developmentally appropriate practice D) Developmentally inappropriate practice

The Montessori approach

Which theory states that children's gender development occurs through observing and imitating what other people say and do and through being rewarded and punished for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior?

The Social cognitive theory of gender

Which of the following statements is true of pubertal growth spurt? A) The growth spurt occurs approximately 2 years earlier for girls than for boys. B) The mean age at the beginning of the growth spurt in girls is 11. C) The peak rate of pubertal change occurs at 11½ years for boys. D) During their growth spurt, girls increase in height about 4 inches per year.

The growth spurt occurs approximately 2 years earlier for girls than for boys.

Which of the following statements is true about the characteristics of a clique? A) It is formed solely because adolescents engage in diverse activities. B) The average number of people in a clique is eight to ten. C) The members of a clique are usually of the same sex. D) It is less personal than a crowd.

The members of a clique are usually of the same sex.

Which of the following is true of how parents' work affects the development of their children? A) The nature of parents' work has more influence on children's development than whether a parent works outside the home. B) Children of working mothers are less likely to develop a secure attachment to their parents. C) Children (especially girls) of working mothers engage in more gender stereotyping. D) Whether one or both parents work outside the home is critical to children's development.

The nature of parents' work has more influence on children's development than whether a parent works outside the home.

Miley, a 13-year-old girl, belongs to a caring and supportive family. Her parents often encourage her to take calculated risks and support her in every right decision that she makes in the social world. They give her advice on how to prepare for the transition from childhood dependency to adult indepe

The new model of parent-adolescent relationshi

Which of the following is true of the characteristics of sibling relationships as described by Judy Dunn? A) There is no observable variation in sibling relationships. B) Most siblings report that they do not really know each other very well. C) There is considerable variation in sibling relationships. D) Most children have predominantly negative feelings toward their siblings.

There is considerable variation in sibling relationships.

Which of the following statements represents a criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development? A) Kohlberg's theory is based on the prevention of suffering of others. B) Compassion is given too much importance in Kohlberg's theory. C) There is too much emphasis on moral thought and not enough emphasis on moral behavior. D) There is no emphasis on the need for justice in matters of morality.

There is too much emphasis on moral thought and not enough emphasis on moral behavior.

Identify a true statement about schools in low-income areas. A) They are less likely to have young teachers with less experience. B) They are less likely to encourage rote learning. C) They are likely to have more students with low achievement test scores. D) They are likely to be conducive to effective learning.

They are likely to have more students with low achievement test scores.

According to John Coie, which of the following is a reason why aggressive, peer-rejected boys have problems in social relationships? A) They are more impulsive and have problems sustaining attention. B) They are less emotionally reactive. C) They receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers. D) They are unappreciated by their parents and teachers.

They are more impulsive and have problems sustaining attention.

In the context of developmental changes in parent-child relationships, which of the following is true of family management practices? A) They are positively related to students' grades. B) They are positively related to school-related problems. C) They are negatively related to students' self-responsibility. D) Fathers are more likely than mothers to engage in a managerial role in parenting.

They are positively related to students' grades.

Identify the similarity between those diagnosed with anorexia nervosa and those suffering from bulimia nervosa. A) They are unconcerned about their weight. B) They are severely underweight. C) They have a distorted body image. D) They maintain a healthy, well-balanced diet.

They have a distorted body image.

According to the new model of parent-adolescent relationships, which of the following is a benefit of everyday negotiations and minor disputes? A) They teach adolescents that their parents are not perfect. B) They help adolescents become more autonomous. C) They help adolescents accept parental control over their lives. D) They teach parents how to exert more control over the lives of adolescents.

They help adolescents become more autonomous.

In the context of Diana Baumrind's parenting styles, which of the following is a characteristic of parents following an indulgent parenting style? A) They let their children do what they want. B) They are uninvolved in their children's lives. C) They allow little verbal exchange and place firm limits on their children. D) They show pleasure in response to their children's constructive behavior.

They let their children do what they want.

Many of today's children grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance. What could be a possible consequence of this practice? A) They tend to undervalue the rewards that aggression can bring. B) The increased self-esteem produces better school performance. C) They are increasingly prone to develop antisocial actions. D) They may have difficulty handling competition and criticism.

They may have difficulty handling competition and criticism.

Which of the following is true of Dale Schunk's findings about students with high self-efficacy? A) They are less likely than students with low self-efficacy to expend effort on learning tasks. B) They have an "I cannot" attitude and frequently experience helplessness. C) They persist longer at learning tasks than students with low self-efficacy. D) They avoid learning tasks, especially those that are challenging.

They persist longer at learning tasks than students with low self-efficacy.

Which of the following is true of Head Start programs? A) They provide for low-income families. B) They focus on children of a particular ethnic origin. C) They have a negative effect on young children's language development. D) They are funded by private corporate sectors.

They provide for low-income families.

Toby is three years old. His parents are concerned because he always runs and jumps around. He cannot sit still. Even when watching his favorite cartoon on TV, he fidgets and wiggles. It is especially frustrating for his parents when Toby does not sit still through dinner. Which of the following should Toby's parents do? A) They should have him tested for attention deficit disorder. B) They should enroll him in a behavior modification program. C) They should provide structured and cognitively challenging activities for Toby to develop his attention span. D) They should avoid panicking as Toby's behavior is normal for kids in his age group.

They should avoid panicking as Toby's behavior is normal for kids in his age group.

How can rejected children be trained to interact more effectively with their peers? A) They should be kept isolated from their peers to prevent aggressive outbursts. B) They should be taught to more accurately assess whether the intentions of their peers are negative. C) They should be taught to stay away from their peers in order to prevent confrontations. D) They should be subjected to corporal punishment whenever they exhibit aggressive behavior toward their peers.

They should be taught to more accurately assess whether the intentions of their peers are negative.

In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of moral development, which of the following is a characteristic of children showing heteronomous morality? A) They believe intentions are more important than consequences when judging behavior. B) They think of justice as an unchangeable property of the world. C) They are nonbelievers of the concept of immanent justice. D) They are aware that rules and laws are created by people.

They think of justice as an unchangeable property of the world.

Which of the following is most likely to be true of adolescent mothers? A) They interact more effectively with infants than do adult mothers. B) Their daughters are at a decreased risk for teenage childbearing. C) They were not good students before they became pregnant. D) Latina and African American adolescent girls who have a child are less likely to have a second child than are non-Latina White adolescent girls.

They were not good students before they became pregnant.

Nicole, a 3-year-old girl, goes to a school that follows the Montessori approach to education. Which of the following are Nicole's teachers likely to follow? A) They will make all the decisions for her. B) They will show her how to perform intellectual activities. C) They will act as a director rather than a facilitator. D) They will ensure that Nicole indulges in the activities that they desire.

They will show her how to perform intellectual activities.

Which of the following describes the findings of a U.S. survey of adolescent sleep patterns conducted by the National Sleep Foundation (2006)? A) The majority of adolescents sleep an average of 9 hours and 25 minutes on school nights. B) Those adolescents who got inadequate sleep of 8 hours or less during school nights were more likely to drink caffeinated beverages than their counterparts who got optimal sleep of 9 or more hours. C) Adolescents engage in four electronic activities or sometimes simultaneously use multiple devices after 9 p.m. D) Adolescents who got inadequate sleep were no more likely to be in a depressed mood than those who got adequate sleep.

Those adolescents who got inadequate sleep of 8 hours or less during school nights were more likely to drink caffeinated beverages than their counterparts who got optimal sleep of 9 or more hours.

Which of the following describes Lev Vygotsky's belief about the development of thought and language? A) Thought and language are merged early in development and later separate. B) Thought depends on language, and they are merged throughout development. C) Thought and language initially develop independently of each other and then merge. D) Thought and language are two separate functions that remain independent throughout development.

Thought and language initially develop independently of each other and then merge.

In the context of children's development, identify a true statement about friendship. A) Like adult friendships, children's friendships are characterized by dissimilarity. B) Throughout childhood, friends are more similar than dissimilar in terms of age, sex, race, and many other factors. C) Friends often have dissimilar attitudes toward school and educational aspirations. D) It is often developmentally beneficial to have coercive and conflict-ridden friendships.

Throughout childhood, friends are more similar than dissimilar in terms of age, sex, race, and many other factors.

Who among the following five-year-olds is most likely to be the tallest? A) Timothy who is a White, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, later-born boy B) Tina who is a White, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, firstborn girl C) Tyrone who is an African American, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, firstborn boy. D) Tucker who is an African American, rural, lower-socioeconomic-status, later-born boy.

Tyrone who is an African American, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, firstborn boy.

Identify a true statement about the criticism of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation. A) Under the NCLB legislation, teachers end up spending far too much class time focusing on the development of thinking skills. B) The tests used as part of NCLB do not create high expectations for all students. C) Under the NCLB legislation, gifted students might be neglected in an effort to raise the achievement level of students who are not doing well. D) The NCLB legislation has neglected identification of poorly performing schools, teachers, and administrators.

Under the NCLB legislation, gifted students might be neglected in an effort to raise the achievement level of students who are not doing well.

Which of the following was cited by Zigler and his colleagues supporting universal preschool in the United States? A) It is more important to improve preschool education for young children who are disadvantaged rather than funding preschool education for all four-year-old children. B) The quality of inner-city schools has often been found to be questionable. C) Research has proven that the gains attributed to preschool and kindergarten education are often overstated. D) Universal preschool would bring cost savings on the order of billions of dollars because of a diminished need for remedial and justice services

Universal preschool would bring cost savings on the order of billions of dollars because of a diminished need for remedial and justice services.

Which of the following is an important distinction between a psychiatrist and a psychologist? A) Unlike a psychiatrist, a psychologist cannot prescribe medication. B) Unlike a psychiatrist, a psychologist has a medical degree. C) Unlike a psychiatrist, a psychologist has an undergraduate degree. D) Unlike a psychiatrist, a psychologist must spend 3 to 4 years as a resident physician.

Unlike a psychiatrist, a psychologist cannot prescribe medication.

Which of the following is a criticism of Vygotsky's theory? A) Vygotsky was specific about age-related changes and generalized all individuals. B) Vygotsky overemphasized the role of language in thinking. C) Vygotsky particularly described how changes in socioemotional capabilities contribute to cognitive development, which is highly subjective. D) Vygotsky laid no emphasis on guidance, which plays an important role in learning.

Vygotsky overemphasized the role of language in thinking.

The ________ not only provide an overall IQ score but also yield several composite indexes that allow the examiner to quickly determine the areas in which a child is strong or weak. A) Wechsler scales B) Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scales C) Stanford-Binet tests D) Apgar Scales

Wechsler scales

Why is it challenging for parents to discuss emotional topics with their young children? A) Young children often avoid upsetting topics by changing the topic, pushing away, or running away. B) They don't want to know what upsets their child. C) They are afraid they can't comfort their child. D) They struggle with their own emotions and change the topic.

Young children often avoid upsetting topics by changing the topic, pushing away, or running away.

Which of the following did Vygotsky call the "buds" or "flowers" of development? A) tasks a child can accomplish independently B) intuitive thinking and rational thinking C) a child's cognitive skills that are in the process of maturing D) a child's gross motor skills that are fully developed

a child's cognitive skills that are in the process of maturing

The most effective way to treat adolescent depression is A) through antidepressant medication such as Prozac. B) not with medication but through cognitive behavior therapy. C) a combination of psychoanalysis and family treatment. D) a combination of drug therapy and cognitive behavior therapy.

a combination of drug therapy and cognitive behavior therapy.

Jana's doctor is treating her for ADHD. Which of the following treatment plans would her doctor most likely recommend to achieve better results? A) a combination of stimulant medication and sedatives B) primarily stimulant medication C) primarily behavior management D) a combination of stimulant medication and behavior management

a combination of stimulant medication and behavior management

Which of the following is one of the main characteristics of people suffering from anorexia nervosa? A) higher than average body weight B) higher than average height C) a distorted image of their body shape D) a constant need to consume food

a distorted image of their body shape

Organic intellectual disability is caused by A) a genetic disorder or brain damage. B) being raised by poorly educated parents. C) an impoverished intellectual environment. D) traumatic experiences in early childhood.

a genetic disorder or brain damage.

Who among the following is most likely to be rejected by peers based on conformation to gender roles? A) a little girl in boy's clothing B) a little boy playing with a doll C) a little boy playing with a toy truck D) a little girl carrying a baseball mitt

a little boy playing with a doll

Ellen Winner described three criteria that characterize gifted children. Which of the following is one of these criteria? A) mindfulness B) self-confidence C) easily bored D) a passion to master

a passion to master

Paul is a gifted pianist. He was always highly motivated to learn and become an artist of consummate skill. According to his mother, Paul always showed an intense and obsessive interest in learning the instrument. He was always self-motivated and never needed to be "pushed" by his parents. What characteristic, as described by Ellen Winner, of gifted children is Paul exhibiting? A) precocity B) a passion to master C) marching to their own drummer D) vehemence

a passion to master

Which of the following terms refers to a heightened self-consciousness of adolescents? A) mirror complex B) service learning C) hypothetical-deductive reasoning D) adolescent egocentrism

adolescent egocentrism

The Education for All Handicapped Children Act, enacted in 1975, required that A) all students with disabilities be brought into mainstream schools. B) parents of children with disabilities provide homeschooling for their children. C) all students with disabilities be given a free, appropriate public education. D) a standard curriculum be provided for students with and without disabilities.

all students with disabilities be given a free, appropriate public education.

In the context of child maltreatment, which of the following would most likely constitute child neglect? A) beating a child B) allowing chronic truancy C) commercial exploitation of a child D) fondling a child's genitals

allowing chronic truancy

Which of the following is one of the main characteristics of people suffering from anorexia nervosa? A) precocious puberty in girls B) amenorrhea in girls who have reached puberty C) body weight that falls in the 98th percentile of the BMI scale D) binge eating followed by purging

amenorrhea in girls who have reached puberty

For Vygotsky, private speech is ________. A) immature B) a tool used by children to regulate the behavior of others C) an important tool of thought during the early childhood years D) egocentric

an important tool of thought during the early childhood years

Mental age (MA) is A) the age that an individual mentally identifies himself at. B) the age at which an individual attains cognitive maturity. C) an individual's level of mental development relative to others. D) an individual's age at the time of peak cortical thickness.

an individual's level of mental development relative to others.

Which of the following characterizes a person suffering from anorexia nervosa? A) a relentless pursuit of weight gain through binge eating B) a positive image of the body shape C) an intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss D) a high level of self-efficacy

an intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss

"My computer does not like me. It keeps eating my pictures," says three-year-old Kimberly. This is an example of A) animism. B) intuitive thinking. C) conservation. D) egocentrism.

animism.

Olivia, 3-year-old girl, loves to play with her toy train. She names it Max and takes it with her everywhere. One day, while drinking milk, she spills the milk on the floor. To avoid being scolded, Olivia tells her mother that Max has spilled the milk. Another day, she blames Max for soiling her dress. In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, this scenario illustrates the concept of A) egocentrism. B) conservation. C) animism. D) centration.

animism.

Katie weighs less than 85 percent of what is considered normal for her age and height. Yet, she sees herself as too fat and starves to become thinner. Katie most likely suffers from A) anorexia nervosa. B) bulimia nervosa. C) binge eating disorder. D) body dysmorphic disorder.

anorexia nervosa.

According to Howard Gardner's theories, who among the following would need to have good spatial abilities to be successful? A) journalists and authors B) theologians and psychologists C) botanists and landscapers D) architects and sailors

architects and sailors

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) A) are rarely transmitted through oral sex. B) can be prevented by contraceptive pills or implants. C) rarely occur in U.S. adolescents. D) are contracted primarily through sexual contact.

are contracted primarily through sexual contact.

Scientists have discovered that there ________ the brains of children in the 3- to 15-year age range. A) are dramatic changes in local patterns within B) are phenomenal increases in the overall size of C) are insignificant anatomical changes in D) are hardly any internal metamorphisms within

are dramatic changes in local patterns within

Popular children A) are infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers. B) are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers. C) receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers. D) are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers.

are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers.

In contrast to lower-socioeconomic status parents, higher-socioeconomic status parents A) are less directive and more conversational with their children. B) are more concerned that their children conform to society's expectations. C) use physical punishment more in disciplining their children. D) create a home atmosphere with an authoritarian style of parenting.

are less directive and more conversational with their children.

A number of leading experts on adolescent sexuality conclude that abstinence-only programs A) are less effective at reducing the risk of adolescent pregnancy than sex-education programs. B) prevent adolescent pregnancies better than sex-education programs emphasizing contraceptive knowledge. C) are more effective at reducing the risk of sexually transmitted infections than sex-education programs. D) provide useful knowledge about safe sex to sexually active adolescents.

are less effective at reducing the risk of adolescent pregnancy than sex-education programs.

Twice each month, Gini helps to serve dinner at the "Community Table," a program that assists homeless people in the town. She brings her two children, aged nine and eleven, with her and talks to them about the need to share time, food, and kindness with others who are less fortunate. Social cognitive theorists would say that Gini's children A) are likely to develop moral behavior that includes helping others. B) are not likely to be impacted by this as their moral behavior is modeled on peers, not parents. C) will not benefit from these experiences until they are teens. D) will fail to model their behavior to their mother's unless they see some reward in it.

are likely to develop moral behavior that includes helping others.

In the context of Diana Baumrind's parenting styles, children of authoritative parents differ from children of authoritarian parents in that children of authoritative parents A) cope poorly with stress. B) are more anxious about comparing themselves to others. C) are more achievement-oriented. D) are more likely to be overweight or obese.

are more achievement-oriented.

Children with high self-esteem typically A) become bullies as they grow up. B) are prone to both prosocial and antisocial actions. C) tend to be insecurely attached to their parents. D) have low initiative, which produces uniquely positive outcomes.

are prone to both prosocial and antisocial actions.

In the context of reducing adolescent pregnancy, several recent research reviews (Denford & others, 2017; Jaramillo & others, 2017; Santelli & others, 2017) have concluded that abstinenceonly programs A) are more likely to reduce the risk of adolescent pregnancy than sex education. B) are unable to delay the initiation of sexual intercourse. C) reduce human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) behaviors. D) result in an increase in the incidence of sexual intercourse.

are unable to delay the initiation of sexual intercourse.

The old model of parent-adolescent relationships suggested that A) routine negotiations and minor disputes can serve the developmental function of helping adolescents make the transition from childhood dependency to adult independence. B) in most families, parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe. C) parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems while adolescents explore a wider and more complex social world. D) as adolescents mature, they detach themselves from parents and move into a world of autonomy apart from parents.

as adolescents mature, they detach themselves from parents and move into a world of autonomy apart from parents.

In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, Vygotsky argued that ________. A) formal, standardized tests are the best way to assess children's learning B) assessment should focus on determining a child's zone of proximal development C) educators should focus on abstract presentations of material D) teaching should begin toward the lower limit of the zone of proximal development

assessment should focus on determining a child's zone of proximal development

In the context of expressing emotions, at what age does self-awareness occur? A) at 1 to 2 months of age B) at 3 to 6 months of age C) at 9 to 12 months of age D) at 15 to 18 months of age

at 15 to 18 months of age

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018), a person with a body mass index (BMI) at the 90th percentile is A) obese. B) overweight. C) at risk of being overweight. D) underweight.

at risk of being overweight.

According to Rochel Gelman, ________ is especially important in explaining conservation. A) the age of a child B) heredity C) attention D) intuition

attention

A parent who uses a restrictive, punitive style to control the behavior of his or her children is a(n) A) authoritarian parent. B) authoritative parent. C) indulgent parent. D) neglectful parent.

authoritarian parent

Juan, a father of two children, tells his children, "In my house, my word is the law." He spanks his children frequently when they do not follow his rules. His children are fearful of Juan and try their best to avoid him when he is around. In the context of Diana Baumrind's parenting styles, Juan is best classified as a(n) A) authoritarian parent. B) authoritative parent. C) indulgent parent. D) neglectful parent.

authoritarian parent.

Lucy frequently spanks her children, enforces rigid household rules, and exhibits rage toward them when those rules are broken. Her children are unhappy and have weak communication skills. Lucy also pressurizes them to eat when they are already full. In the context of Diana Baumrind's parenting styles, Lucy is most likely a(n) A) authoritarian parent. B) authoritative parent. C) indulgent parent. D) neglectful parent.

authoritarian parent.

Suzie, aged three, must eat everything on her plate at dinner. When she does not, her father punishes her by sending her to bed without dinner the next day. Suzie also has strict schedules for playing, watching television, and studying, and any disobedience leads to spanking and punishment. Suzie's father is most likely a(n) A) authoritarian parent. B) authoritative parent. C) indulgent parent. D) neglectful parent.

authoritarian parent.

Which parenting style is demanding and controlling while also being rejecting and unresponsive? A) authoritarian parenting B) indulgent parenting C) authoritative parenting D) neglectful parenting

authoritarian parenting

One study found that low rates of delinquency from 14 to 23 years of age were associated with a(n) ________ parenting style. A) neglectful B) indulgent C) authoritative D) authoritarian

authoritative

Recent research revealed that ________ parenting was linked to lower adolescent alcohol consumption and cigarette use. A) authoritarian B) authoritative C) neglectful D) indulgent

authoritative

A parent who encourages his or her children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions is a(n) A) authoritarian parent. B) authoritative parent. C) indulgent parent. D) neglectful parent.

authoritative parent.

Logan is a warm and loving parent, but he also has high expectations of his kids. As Logan encourages independent and age-appropriate behavior from his children, Baumrind would classify him as a(n) A) authoritarian parent. B) authoritative parent. C) indulgent parent. D) neglectful parent.

authoritative parent.

Ursula can set her own schedules for playtime and for studying. Her mother drives her to her ballet classes and soccer practice. However, Ursula needs to keep her grades up and must go to bed early on most weeknights. Ursula's mom is most likely a(n) A) authoritarian parent. B) authoritative parent. C) indulgent parent. D) neglectful parent.

authoritative parent.

Misha was sent to his room for hitting his baby sister. Later, his mother talks to him about why he cannot treat his sister this way and about other, more acceptable ways for him to express his anger. Which parenting style does this exemplify? A) authoritarian parenting B) authoritative parenting C) indulgent parenting D) neglectful parenting

authoritative parenting

Which parenting style is demanding and controlling while also being accepting and responsive? A) authoritarian parenting B) indulgent parenting C) authoritative parenting D) neglectful parenting

authoritative parenting

Three-year-old Jared was taken to the doctor by his parents who were concerned by his seeming lack of attachment to those around him. Jared hardly spoke a word to his parents and would not respond when his parents called out to him. His parents arranged play dates with other children his age so that Jared could mingle with other kids and play with them. However, Jared would instead go to a corner and spend all day preoccupied with bouncing his ball. After a thorough investigation, his pediatrician diagnosed him with A) fragile X syndrome. B) ADHD. C) autistic disorder. D) ICF syndrome.

autistic disorder.

Dante is a 10-year-old boy who likes to play soccer during recess. One day, a friend teaches him a different set of rules about the game. Dante accepts the rules and now plays soccer in a new way. Dante is in which stage of moral development? A) autonomous morality B) heteronomous morality C) basic morality D) extended morality

autonomous morality

Sandra is informed by a pediatrician that her four-year-old son, Manuel, has gained six pounds over the last one year. Sandra should A) be alarmed because Manuel has gained a lot of weight. B) be concerned because Manuel has gained less weight. C) be positive and change Manuel's diet. D) be content that this is normal for Manuel's age.

be content that this is normal for Manuel's age.

Stella has involved, responsive parents who support her in her choices as long as she adheres to certain basic rules that they have set for her, like keeping up her grades and coming home in time for dinner on weekdays. Thus, Stella's relationship with her parents is characterized by a high level of trust, acceptance, and quality. Research indicates that Stella would A) be unwilling to disclose her activities to her parents. B) be concerned about parental disapproval and thus more likely to lie to her parents. C) be likely to share information about her whereabouts, friends, and activities. D) be likely to experience problems in adolescent adjustment.

be likely to share information about her whereabouts, friends, and activities.

Which of the following is a school-related reason for leaving school? A) poor economic condition B) pregnancy C) being expelled D) marriage

being expelled

Which of the following types of bullying is experienced more frequently by boys than girls? A) subject of sexual comments or gestures B) subject of rumors C) belittled about religion or race D) belittled about looks or speech

belittled about religion or race

Peer competence in middle and late childhood has been linked to A) better satisfaction in marriage in early adulthood. B) less depression in middle adulthood. C) better job performance in middle adulthood. D) better relationships with coworkers in early adulthood.

better relationships with coworkers in early adulthood.

Irene, a 16-year-old girl, is a first-generation immigrant whose parents came to the United States from Ukraine when she was just a baby. Irene enjoys many of the same things that her American friends do but respects her culture's traditions and speaks to her parents in their native language. Irene seems to have formed a(n) ________ identity. A) additive B) bicultural C) multiplicative D) culturally confused

bicultural

Most adolescents from ethnic minority groups develop a(n) ________ identity. A) bicultural B) additive C) multiplicative D) monocultural

bicultural

Colin does not get good grades on standardized tests and does not seem to be making an effort to improve his grades. He is more interested in martial arts and has earned a black belt in this field. In the context of Gardner's theories, Colin has ________. A) spatial skills B) intrapersonal skills C) bodily-kinesthetic skills D) naturalist skills

bodily-kinesthetic skills

Which of the following determines the categories for obesity, overweight, and at risk of being overweight? A) weight B) average calories consumed daily C) waist-to-hip ratio D) body mass index

body mass index

In the context of the size of same-sex groups of children, from about 5 years of age onward A) boys are more likely to associate together in larger clusters than girls are. B) girls are more likely to engage in rough-and-tumble play than boys. C) girls are more likely to participate in organized group games than boys are. D) boys are more likely than girls to play in dyads or triads.

boys are more likely to associate together in larger clusters than girls are.

What causes autism spectrum disorders? A) improper family socialization B) brain dysfunction with abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitters C) damage to the prefrontal cortex of the brain D) childhood immunizations

brain dysfunction with abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitters

Dalia tends to go on eating binges and then purges by self-inducing vomiting or using a laxative. Which of the following conditions does Dalia suffer from? A) hypochondria B) anemia C) anorexia nervosa D) bulimia nervosa

bulimia nervosa

Jordan is very afraid of gaining weight, but she cannot control her eating habits. She has been making up for her eating binges by vomiting immediately after a meal or by purging with laxatives. This pattern of behavior has been occurring thrice a week for the past four months. Jordan is most likely suffering from A) anorexia nervosa. B) bulimia nervosa. C) binge eating disorder. D) rumination disorder.

bulimia nervosa.

In contrast with Kohlberg's theory, Gilligan argues for a(n) ________ perspective, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others. A) justice B) care C) nonegocentric D) egocentric

care

Which of the following is mainly driving the increased media use by adolescents? A) newspapers B) radio C) cell phones D) internet cafés

cell phones

In Piaget's theory, failing the conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates A) that a child is at the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development. B) that a child is unable to think fluidly. C) centration. D) rational thought.

centration

Diego is 3 years old. His mother pours him and his elder sister orange juice. Because his mother does not have two glasses of the same size, she pours his sister the juice in a taller glass than his. Though both glasses have the same amount of juice, Diego starts to cry because he think his sister has more juice. In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, this scenario illustrates the concept of A) egocentrism. B) centration. C) animism. D) imitation.

centration.

According to Gauvain and Perez, which of the following factors can enhance the effectiveness of the zone of proximal development? A) ambivalent attachment B) absolute emotion control C) child compliance D) maternal strictness

child compliance

The public and many professionals use the term child abuse to refer to both abuse and neglect; developmentalists increasingly use the term A) child neglect. B) child maltreatment. C) child battery. D) child assault.

child maltreatment.

Damian's parents fail to provide for his basic needs; he is often unfed and dirty when he gets to school. This constitutes A) physical abuse. B) mental injury. C) child neglect. D) child inattention.

child neglect.

Research has shown that infants born to adolescent mothers are more likely to have A) high birth weight. B) Down syndrome. C) childhood illnesses. D) type II diabetes.

childhood illnesses.

Russell conducts an experiment to study children's theory of mind. He selects participants and divides them into two groups. The first group consists of 3-year-olds, whereas the second group consists of 5-year-olds. Russell takes a box of crayons and places candies in them. He opens the box and shows it to both groups. Next, he asks the first group what a child who has never seen the box will think is actually inside the box. The group replies, "Candies!" To the same question, the second group replies, "Crayons!" This scenario illustrates that A) children refer to cognitive states earlier than they refer to desires. B) 3-year-old children have a deepening appreciation of the mind. C) 5-year-old children believe that people's behaviors necessarily reflect their thoughts and feelings. D) children younger than 4 years old do not understand that it is possible to have a false belief.

children younger than 4 years old do not understand that it is possible to have a false belief.

Meghan and her group of five girls are all enthusiastic gymnasts. They hang out together after school and go to the mall on weekends. They are all of the same age and have similar tastes in music and food and, as a result, enjoy each other's company. Which of the following terms best describes this type of group? A) clique B) crowd C) mob D) horde

clique

In the context of theories of cognitive development, unlike Vygotsky, Piaget believed that ________. A) children construct knowledge through social interaction B) education plays a central role in helping children learn the tools of culture C) language plays a powerful role in shaping thought D) cognition primarily directs language

cognition primarily directs language

In terms of self-understanding, children in late childhood are more likely than children in early childhood to A) compare themselves with others. B) refrain from social comparison. C) use physical characteristics to describe themselves. D) use outer states to describe themselves.

compare themselves with others

Which of the following should be minimized in order to improve the eating behavior of children? A) competing activities B) a predictable schedule C) parents eating healthy food D) making mealtimes pleasant occasions

competing activities

Erica, who has two children, marries Wayne. Wayne has a daughter from his previous marriage. After the union, their family will be considered a ________ stepfamily. A) complex B) segregated C) simple D) mixed

complex

A child is presented with two identical balls of clay. The experimenter rolls one ball into a long, thin shape; the other remains in its original ball form. The child is then asked if there is more clay in the ball or in the long, thin piece of clay. If the child answers the problem correctly but cannot use abstract reasoning yet, the child most likely is in which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory? A) sensorimotor stage B) preoperational stage C) formal operational stage D) concrete operational stage

concrete operational stage

Which of the following is the last stage of the development of romantic relationships in adolescence? A) consolidating dyadic romantic bonds B) entry into romantic attractions and affiliations C) dating in groups, reflecting embeddedness in the peer context D) exploring romantic relationships

consolidating dyadic romantic bonds

In the context of the types of children's play, which of the following is a form of play that occurs when children engage in the self-regulated creation of a product or a solution? A) constructive play B) games C) collective play D) social play

constructive play

The belief that children should be encouraged to explore their world and discover knowledge with the guidance and support of teachers is central to the ________ approach to learning. A) constructivist B) social cognitive C) direct instruction D) collaborative

constructivist

Which of the following is an example of a long-acting reversible contraception (LARC)? A) birth control pills B) condoms C) contraceptive implants D) progesterone injections

contraceptive implants

Anorexic people use food as a means of A) control. B) reward. C) punishment. D) gaining popularity.

control.

In the context of the five peer statuses distinguished by developmentalists, ________ are frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked. A) controversial children B) average children C) neglected children D) rejected children

controversial children

Tom and Katie have recently split up, but for the benefit of their child, they attempt to provide one another support in jointly raising their child. This is an example of A) joint parenting. B) cooperative parenting. C) collaborative parenting. D) coparenting.

coparenting.

Angie's mother allows her to schedule her study and relaxation time on her own and, in turn, expects Angie to continue doing well in school and to discuss her activities ahead of time. Her mother frequently checks on her school progress and talks to her about her problems and her social life. In this context, Angie's mother's approach to parent-child relationships is most likely to be a process of A) boundary ambiguity. B) latchkey control. C) unilateral control. D) coregulation.

coregulation.

Middle childhood is a period in which some control is transferred from parent to child. This process is gradual and produces A) deregulation. B) socioregulation. C) coregulation. D) bioregulation.

coregulation.

The ________, where fibers connect the brain's left and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence, and this improves adolescents' ability to process information. A) amygdala B) corpus callosum C) parietal lobe D) temporal lobe

corpus callosum

Emily has the ability to think about things in novel and unusual ways; this allows her to come up with unique solutions to problems. This ability is called ________ thinking. A) logical B) analytical C) critical D) creative

creative

James Marcia defines ________ as a period of identity development during which an individual is exploring alternatives. A) commitment B) calling C) conscientiousness D) crisis

crisis

When a person thinks reflectively and productively and evaluates evidence, he or she is engaging in A) critical thinking. B) metacognition. C) cognitive monitoring. D) control processes.

critical thinking.

Juliana is part of an online science group. Its members meet once every month to discuss the advancements in science and technology. During one of the meetings, she is introduced to several other members of the large online group. She finds these meetings interesting as she gets to meet people of different age groups and backgrounds. However, like the members of the group, she does not intend to spend much time with them or get to know them personally. Which of the following terms best describes this type of group? A) band B) crowd C) team D) squad

crowd

"Jocks" who are good at sports or "druggies" who take drugs are examples of A) cliques. B) teams. C) crowds. D) squads.

crowds

Lloyd Johnston and his colleagues at the Institute of Social Research at the University of Michigan monitored the drug use of America's high school seniors in a wide range of public and private high schools. They found that the percentage of illicit drug use A) declined in the late 1990s. B) was highest during the early 1990s. C) has been at the same level since 1990. D) increased significantly between 2000 and 2005.

declined in the late 1990s.

In the United States, the average age of menarche has ________ since the mid-nineteenth century. A) increased marginally B) declined significantly C) increased significantly D) not changed

declined significantly

In the last half of the twentieth century and the first several years of the twenty-first century, U.S. high school dropout rates A) increased. B) declined. C) remained unchanged. D) plateaued.

declined.

During elementary school years, head circumference and waist circumference A) increase in relation to body height. B) decrease in relation to body weight. C) increase in relation to body weight. D) decrease in relation to body height.

decrease in relation to body height.

Educational experts agree that students with a disability in reading or writing will do best in a ________ approach. A) direct instruction B) peer-led discussion C) constructivist D) group discussion

direct instruction

According to Sleet and Mercy, which of the following steps can be taken to enhance children's safety and prevent injury in the context of their family and home? A) actively surveilling environmental hazards B) promoting home/school partnerships C) developing social skills and the ability to regulate emotions D) displaying frequent parent protective behaviors

displaying frequent parent protective behaviors

"What would you do if you could be invisible for a day?" is an example of a question that has many possible answers and fosters ________ thinking. A) divergent B) convergent C) critical D) oblique

divergent

The type of thinking that produces many answers to the same question is called ________ thinking. This kind of thinking characterizes creativity. A) divergent B) convergent C) oblique D) finite

divergent

Quinn is asked "How many things can you do with a paper clip?" This kind of question, which can produce many different answers, is a test of ________.

divergent thinking

According to a research study by Kramer and Perozynski (1999), in families with two siblings 2 to 5 years of age, the most frequent parental reaction to verbal or physical sibling confrontations is to A) threaten the children. B) try to help the children. C) admonish the children. D) do nothing at all.

do nothing at all.

In general, conservation involves the ability to understand that changing an object's appearance A) does not change its basic properties. B) affects its inherent features. C) determines the total volume needed for a given task. D) must be considered before the characteristics of the object can be determined.

does not change its basic properties.

Gregory is undergoing pubertal changes. He has started using addictive drugs and has started taking an increasing number of risks. Which of the following neurotransmitters is most likely responsible for these developments? A) glycine B) histamine C) dopamine D) serotonin

dopamine

In a Tools of the Mind classroom, ________ has a central role. A) nutrition B) didactic lecture C) dramatic play D) abstract presentation

dramatic play

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017), which of the following was the most common cause of accidental death in young children in 2015 in the United States? A) drowning B) deformations C) homicide D) suffocation

drowning

Samuel is an 8-year-old boy. He has difficulty solving numerical problems. Hence, he is not able to solve any of the Math tests given by his teacher. His teacher gave him extra assignments and made him attend some remedial classes so that he can improve, but these did not help. His parents finally took him to a doctor, and the doctor diagnosed him with a learning disability called ________, or developmental arithmetic disorder. A) dyscalculia B) dysgraphia C) dyslexia D) dyspraxia

dyscalculia

Marshall is in the fourth grade. He finds it hard to keep up with his classmates' writing speed. His handwriting is illegible. Therefore, neither his teachers nor his parents can read his notes. He also makes numerous spelling errors because of his inability to match sounds and letters. Marshall likely suffers from ________. A) dyspraxia B) dysgraphia C) dyslexia D) dyscalculia

dysgraphia

Sandra is a nine-year-old girl. She was always the last student in class to finish assignments because she could only write slowly, and even then, her writing would be virtually illegible and riddled with spelling mistakes. Her teacher referred her to a psychologist who diagnosed her with a learning disability called A) ADHD. B) dysgraphia. C) ASD. D) dyscalculia.

dysgraphia.

Sabine is in the second grade. Compared to the other kids in her class, she finds it very challenging to read or spell simple words. Which of the following learning disabilities does Sabine suffer from? A) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) B) dysgraphia C) dyslexia D) dyscalculia

dyslexia

Tabitha has a learning disability that involves a severe impairment in her ability to read and spell. She most likely has ________.

dyslexia

Conflict with parents often escalates during A) early adolescence. B) middle adolescence. C) late adolescence. D) the college years.

early adolescence.

In the context of pubertal changes, preoccupation with body image is especially acute during A) early adolescence. B) late adolescence. C) young adulthood. D) late adulthood.

early adolescence.

Based on the age of onset, when is anorexia nervosa most likely to begin? A) childhood B) late adulthood C) emerging adulthood D) early to middle adolescent years

early to middle adolescent years

Anorexia nervosa is a(n) A) eating disorder that involves a binge-and-purge sequence on a regular basis. B) anxiety disorder whose chief symptom is an unrealistic fear of food. C) drug-induced reaction that produces tremors and vomiting. D) eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.

eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.

Barbara monitors her children's emotions. Her daughter is upset because she got reprimanded by her teacher. Barbara initially ignores her daughter's lamentations but then decides to try to change her daughter's emotions by saying that everyone gets reprimanded and that it is not a big deal. Barbara's approach of talking to her daughter about her negative emotions indicates that Barbara is a(n) ________. A) indulgent parent B) emotion-dismissing parent C) emotion-coaching parent D) authoritarian parent

emotion-dismissing parent

Marjorie's son places last in a running race in his school. This makes him upset. He comes home and tells his mother about the result of the competition. His mother initially ignores him thinking that he will stop thinking about the competition. Later, when she sees that her son is still upset, she tries to distract him from the negative emotion by trying to change it. Marjorie's way of talking to her son about his negative emotions indicates that Marjorie is a(n) ________. A) emotion-coaching parent B) authoritarian parent C) emotion-dismissing parent D) indulgent parent

emotion-dismissing parent

Eight-year-old Sara's mom has repeatedly called her fat and worthless, which has caused Sara to become withdrawn at home and in school. These actions are best characterized as A) child neglect. B) sexual abuse. C) emotional abuse. D) child assault.

emotional abuse.

From the following options, identify the disorder that consists of serious, persistent problems involving relationships, aggression, depression, and fears associated with personal or school matters, as well as other inappropriate socioemotional characteristics. Approximately eight percent of children who have a disability and require an individualized education plan fall into this classification. A) autism B) ADHD C) emotional and behavioral disorders D) learning disorders

emotional and behavioral disorders

Which of the following terms refers to responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings? A) anxiety B) empathy C) coaching D) modeling

empathy

When her mother asks Selena why she feels so sad, Selena says it is because her best friend just lost her puppy. Selena is exhibiting A) guilt. B) empathy. C) correspondence. D) lack of perspective taking.

empathy.

Karius, a school teacher, is an advocate of the constructivist approach to instruction. Given this information, it can be said that Karius is most likely to A) encourage children to work with each other in their efforts to know and understand. B) simply pour information into children's minds. C) encourage children to rotely memorize irrelevant as well as relevant information. D) direct and control children and also encourage them to spend maximum time on academic tasks.

encourage children to work with each other in their efforts to know and understand.

For most people, puberty A) is the same as adolescence. B) ends long before adolescence does. C) occurs in a single, sudden event. D) has an easily identifiable beginning and ending.

ends long before adolescence does.

A teacher uses pictures to teach her students about a particular concept. She is confident that doing so will help the children remember the concept easily. Identify the strategy that the teacher is using to improve her students' memory. A) encouraging elaboration B) engaging in mental imagery C) motivating students to remember the concept by understanding it rather than memorizing it D) repeating the concept multiple times

engaging in mental imagery

By the end of early childhood, girls have more ________ tissue than boys. A) fatty B) muscle C) epithelial D) nervous

fatty

Across childhood and adolescence, research suggests that A) females engage in more prosocial behavior than males do. B) males engage in more prosocial behavior than females do. C) girls are likely to be more aggressive than boys. D) boys are better at reading and writing than girls.

females engage in more prosocial behavior than males do.

Conflicts arise between parents and adolescents because A) few parents anticipate how strongly their adolescent will push for autonomy and responsibility. B) while parents want autonomy, adolescents want a connection. C) parents want their adolescents to push the boundaries, while adolescents want to maintain the status quo. D) parents want to relinquish all of their control over their adolescent.

few parents anticipate how strongly their adolescent will push for autonomy and responsibility.

Identity ________ is the status of individuals who have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis. A) foreclosure B) moratorium C) achievement D) diffusion

foreclosure

Ramon's parents have decided that he will enroll in a liberal arts course in the state college near their hometown. Ramon has not really thought much about this decision himself, and he will most likely follow their advice. James Marcia would classify Ramon's identity status as identity A) diffusion. B) foreclosure. C) moratorium. D) achievement.

foreclosure

The status of identity ________ occurs most often when parents hand down commitments to their adolescents, usually in an authoritarian way, before adolescents have had a chance to explore different approaches, ideologies, and vocations on their own. A) achievement B) moratorium C) foreclosure D) diffusion

foreclosure

According to Jean Piaget, around age 11, the fourth stage of cognitive development, the ________ stage, begins. A) concrete operational B) formal operational C) postoperational D) passive operational

formal operational

During the beginning of the ________ stage, when assimilation dominates, an adolescent's thoughts are full of idealism and possibilities. A) formal operational B) preconventional reasoning C) concrete operational D) conventional reasoning

formal operational

In Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the ________ stage is proposed to be the fourth and final stage. A) concrete operational B) passive operational C) preconventional reasoning D) formal operational

formal operational

The abstract quality of thinking during the ________ stage is evident in an adolescent's verbal problem-solving ability. A) passive operational B) concrete operational C) formal operational D) conventional reasoning

formal operational

Juanita, a Latino girl, is entering adolescence, and her mother wants to keep her from risky sexual behavior. According to research, her mother should A) engage in a lower level of parental monitoring. B) avoid emphasizing the need for academic excellence. C) foster a close and supportive relationship with Juanita. D) keep Juanita away from adolescent males until she reaches an appropriate age.

foster a close and supportive relationship with Juanita.

Which of the following is a concern related to U.S. high school education? A) high expectations for success B) high standards for learning C) fostering of passivity in students D) too much variety in the pathways students can take

fostering of passivity in students

Eriksonian researcher James Marcia reasons that Erikson's theory of identity development contains ________ of identity, or ways of resolving an identity crisis. A) five stages B) four statuses C) five statuses D) six stages

four statuses

Researchers have found that in children from 3 to 6 years of age the most rapid growth takes place in the ________ lobe areas of the brain. A) temporal B) parietal C) frontal D) occipital

frontal

Which of the following refers to activities engaged A) symbolic play B) role-play C) constructive play D) games

games

Meena is a 3-year-old. She is aware that she is a girl and understands and accepts being a female. This indicates that Meena is conscious of her ________. A) gender neutrality B) gender identity C) ethnicity D) socioeconomic status

gender identity

Which of the following fuels gender typing? A) gender schema B) gender identity C) gender bias D) gender mismatch

gender schema

Tamara often tells her daughter that a well-adjusted girl is supposed to be dependent, nurturing, and uninterested in power. She also believes that girls should learn to cook and take care of the household. Tamara's notion reflects A) gender stereotypes. B) gender constancies. C) gender identities. D) gender schemas.

gender stereotypes.

Children with superior talent for something are called A) gifted. B) creative. C) perspicacious. D) sagacious.

gifted.

Fiona, a ten-year-old girl, is an outstanding flautist and has an IQ of 140. Fiona is A) an anomaly. B) gifted. C) sagacious. D) maladjusted.

gifted.

At some point during the early elementary school years, children begin to use ________ more and, according to fuzzy trace theory, this contributes to the improved memory and reasoning of older children. A) verbatim traces B) elaboration C) verbal traces D) gist

gist

Martha is suffering from bulimia nervosa, whereas Jane has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. The difference between them is that Martha A) will eventually recover from the disorder. B) is likely to be highly perfectionistic. C) has an eating disorder. D) has her weight within a normal range.

has her weight within a normal range.

The overwhelming majority of children from gay or lesbian families A) are also homosexual. B) have a heterosexual orientation. C) are likely to be bisexual. D) grow up confused about their sexual orientation.

have a heterosexual orientation.

According to various research studies, early-maturing girls are more likely to ________ than late-maturing girls. A) have younger friends B) be taller and thinner C) graduate from high school D) have an eating disorder

have an eating disorder

Bill wants to know how he can prevent his adolescent son from becoming a drug addict. You would suggest that Bill A) have family dinners most nights of the week. B) discourage his son from making more friends at school. C) engage in less parental monitoring and control. D) cease to emphasize educational success.

have family dinners most nights of the week.

In the context of working parents, a consistent finding is that in contrast to children whose mothers are not employed outside the home, children of working mothers A) have more egalitarian views of gender. B) engage in more gender stereotyping. C) are more stressed and demanding. D) enjoy more free time.

have more egalitarian views of gender.

A study of tenth-graders revealed that A) the number of romantic experiences reported had no link with the levels of social acceptance experienced by adolescents. B) having more romantic experience was linked to a higher level of substance use and delinquency. C) co-rumination and romantic involvement predicted a decrease in depressive symptoms. D) having no experience of romantic relationships is a consistent predictor of depression and deviant behavior.

having more romantic experience was linked to a higher level of substance use and delinquency.

18-month-old Alan hates spinach but says, "Yum!" when he sees his mother eating her favorite spinach casserole. This indicates that A) he will also like spinach when he grows up. B) he recognizes that someone else may have different desires from his own. C) he has started to recognize false beliefs. D) he has started to understand that people can have ambivalent feelings.

he recognizes that someone else may have different desires from his own.

Fred and Wayne are 4-year-olds. When they are together, they often wrestle, run, race, push, and shove each other. Although their activities often aggravate their parents, these activities will A) help the boys develop their gross motor skills. B) stop when their brains become better myelinated. C) be temporary as they will not be friends for long. D) help the boys overcome narcolepsy.

help the boys develop their gross motor skills.

Six-year-old Shirley, a witness to a robbery, was asked to testify at a trial. The defense argued that her testimony could be invalid because A) at her age, she has no long-term memories. B) her memories are highly susceptible to suggestion. C) she is more likely to embellish her memories. D) children cannot recall details of events sequentially.

her memories are highly susceptible to suggestion.

Ben, a 12-year-old, judges the rightness or goodness of behavior by considering its consequences, not the intentions of the actor. In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of moral development, Ben will most likely be classified as a(n) A) autonomous moralist. B) heteronomous moralist. C) pragmatist. D) authoritarian.

heteronomous moralist.

Julie believes that Jason's accidental act of breaking 12 plates is worse than Peter intentionally breaking two plates. Julie can be best described as a(n) A) moral autonomist. B) gender-typed individual. C) empathic thinker. D) heteronomous moralist.

heteronomous moralist.

Katrina, a 6-year-old, becomes extremely upset when her brother tries to change the rules of their game and yells, "You can't do that! You can't change rules!" Which of the following types of moral reasoning is Katrina exhibiting? A) autonomous morality B) heteronomous morality C) peer-negotiated morality D) immanent justice morality

heteronomous morality

Which of the following is the first stage of Piaget's theory of moral development? A) autonomous morality B) initiative versus guilt C) heteronomous morality D) autonomy versus shame and doubt

heteronomous morality

Susan, a 5-year-old, thinks of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people. In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of moral development, Susan is most likely in the stage of moral reasoning known as A) heteronomous morality. B) empathy. C) autonomous morality. D) sympathy.

heteronomous morality.

Students with ________ endorse such statements as "I know that I will be able to learn the material in this class" and "I expect to be able to do well at this activity." A) high self-efficacy B) high self-esteem C) low self-efficacy D) low self-esteem

high self-efficacy

According to a study conducted by Glei (1999), in a single act of unprotected sex with an infected partner, a teenage girl is least likely to contract A) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). B) genital herpes. C) genital warts. D) human papillomavirus (HPV).

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

In the formal operational stage, adolescents begin to think more as a scientist thinks, devising plans to solve problems and systematically testing solutions. This type of problem solving requires ________. A) trial-and-error reasoning B) hypothetical-deductive reasoning C) concrete operational reasoning D) preconventional reasoning

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Shane's family wants him to decide on the career that he wants to pursue. His parents are doctors and would prefer that he study medicine. However, Shane does not seem very keen on deciding on his career at the moment. In this scenario, which of the following statuses of identity is Shane experiencing? A) identity moratorium B) identity achievement C) identity foreclosure D) identity diffusion

identity diffusion

Arthur's parents own a home appliances business. His parents along with his three older brothers manage the business together. They want Arthur to help with the business once he graduates. Arthur has agreed to join the family business without putting much thought into this decision. In this scenario, Arthur is in the status of identity referred to as A) identity achievement. B) identity foreclosure. C) identity moratorium. D) identity diffusion.

identity foreclosure.

Nicola is under pressure from her family to decide on the course that she wants to study. She is interested in studying engineering but is not able to select the branch of engineering she wants to study. Her brothers are software engineers, and she feels that studying software engineering may be the right choice for her. However, she also seems interested in electrical engineering. In this scenario, Nicola is in the status of identity referred to as A) identity confusion. B) identity stagnation. C) identity diffusion. D) identity moratorium.

identity moratorium

Which of the following is the identity status in which a crisis is present but commitment is absent? A) identity diffusion B) identity foreclosure C) identity moratorium D) identity achievement

identity moratorium

According to Erik Erikson, during the ________ stage, adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life. A) autonomy versus shame and doubt B) identity versus identity confusion C) initiative versus guilt D) intimacy versus isolation

identity versus identity confusion

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following developmental stages is experienced by an individual during adolescence? A) autonomy versus shame and doubt B) intimacy versus isolation C) initiative versus guilt D) identity versus identity confusion

identity versus identity confusion

Which of the following is Erikson's fifth developmental stage? A) identity versus identity confusion B) autonomy versus shame and doubt C) initiative versus guilt D) intimacy versus isolation

identity versus identity confusion

The ________ is adolescents' belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are, as well as attention-getting behavior—attempts to be noticed, visible, and "on stage." A) personal fable B) stage fear C) imaginary audience D) collective myth

imaginary audience

Maria believes that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of moral development, this scenario indicates that Maria believes in the concept of A) immanent justice. B) restorative justice. C) reciprocal socialization. D) egocentrism.

immanent justice.

The average U.S. high school dropout rates mask some very high dropout rates A) in high-income areas of the suburbs. B) among adolescents in the 13- to 15-year age group. C) among Asian American adolescents. D) in low-income areas of inner cities.

in low-income areas of inner cities.

The new model of parent-adolescent relationships emphasizes that A) parents should take an authoritarian approach to control the lives of adolescents. B) parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence. C) in most families, parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe. D) even minor parent-adolescent conflicts are not normal and should be avoided as much as possible.

in most families, parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe.

Jacob is a third grader and has a disability that has caused him to be separated from his peers during the school day. Recently, Jacob was moved to the regular third-grade classroom. This is an instance of A) transforming. B) transitioning. C) incorporation. D) inclusion.

inclusion.

Josh's mother makes his favorite food—burgers, fries, and pizza—every night for dinner. His mother lets Josh play as much as he wants to and study only when he feels like it and imposes no fixed bedtime. Josh's mom is most likely a(n) A) authoritarian parent. B) authoritative parent. C) indulgent parent. D) neglectful parent.

indulgent parent.

Which parenting style is undemanding and uncontrolling but is also accepting and responsive? A) authoritarian parenting B) indulgent parenting C) authoritative parenting D) neglectful parenting

indulgent parenting

Which parenting style leads to egocentric, domineering, and noncompliant behavior in children? A) authoritarian parenting B) authoritative parenting C) indulgent parenting D) neglectful parenting

indulgent parenting

Julio, a 12-year-old, cannot get his science project to work. In fact, it seems to him that nothing he makes ever works properly. In the context of Erik Erikson's eight stages of human development, Julio is at risk for developing a sense of A) stagnation. B) inferiority. C) shame and doubt. D) identity diffusion.

inferiority.

According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is A) initiative versus guilt. B) autonomy versus shame and doubt. C) industry versus inferiority. D) trust versus mistrust.

initiative versus guilt.

Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory and Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence are examples of the idea that A) intelligence is a general ability. B) there are three types of intelligence. C) intelligence consists of a number of specific abilities. D) culture plays an important role in the development of intelligence.

intelligence consists of a number of specific abilities.

If we look at Madeline's mental age and divide it by her chronological age and then multiply it by 100, we are calculating her ________.

intelligence quotient (IQ)

A person's mental age divided by chronological age (CA) and multiplied by 100 would indicate that person's A) emotional quotient. B) intelligence quotient. C) level of mental development relative to others. D) cognitive maturity.

intelligence quotient.

If a community wants to develop programs to help at-risk youths, an important component to include in the program would be A) intensive individualized attention. B) strong academic support. C) community role models. D) tactics to "scare teens straight."

intensive individualized attention.

Jackie, a 15-year-old girl, has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. It is most likely that Jackie A) sets very low standards for herself. B) is not very concerned about how others perceive her. C) is competitive and high-achieving. D) is an African American from a low-income family.

is competitive and high-achieving.

Fourteen-year-old Kent recently received his blood test results. The test results indicate an eighteenfold increase in testosterone levels and a twofold increase in estradiol levels over the past few years. It appears that Kent A) is experiencing normal changes during puberty. B) will be put on hormone therapy to correct the significant imbalances in hormonal levels. C) has abnormal levels of male sex hormones. D) has abnormal levels of female sex hormones.

is experiencing normal changes during puberty.

Sergio's mental age is eight, but his chronological age is nine. We would say that Sergio's IQ A) is 100. B) is more than 100. C) is less than 100. D) cannot be determined from the information provided.

is less than 100.

A learning disability A) resides in a single, specific brain location. B) is primarily the result of inadequate intellectual functioning. C) does not involve understanding or using spoken languages. D) is not primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities.

is not primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities

Sadie has a learning disability and is being educated in the least restrictive environment possible. This means that Sadie A) is given great freedom and few rules. B) is placed in as regular a classroom as possible. C) has significant input into the development of her educational goals. D) spends part of her time in a regular classroom and part of her time in a special education classroom.

is placed in as regular a classroom as possible.

In contrast to Piaget's views, the development of formal operational thinking A) does not occur during adolescence. B) is promoted by education in the logic of science and mathematics. C) is unaffected by the influence of culture and education. D) is commonly seen among all American adults.

is promoted by education in the logic of science and mathematics.

Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky considered play to be valuable because A) it helps children release tension. B) it advances children's cognitive development. C) it helps children satisfy their need for mastery over their environment. D) it allows children to interact with their peers.

it advances children's cognitive development.

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson considered play to be valuable because A) it helps a child master anxieties and conflicts. B) it advances a child's cognitive development. C) it helps children satisfy their need for mastery over their environment. D) it allows children to interact with their peers.

it helps a child master anxieties and conflicts.

Critics of universal preschool education say that A) quality preschools prepare children for school readiness and academic success. B) it is more important to improve preschool education for young children who are disadvantaged than to fund preschool education for all 4-year-old children. C) preschool programs decrease the likelihood that once children go to elementary and secondary school they will be retained in a grade or drop out of school. D) there is a lot of pressure on young children to achieve, and universal preschool education does not provide any opportunities to actively construct knowledge.

it is more important to improve preschool education for young children who are disadvantaged than to fund preschool education for all 4-year-old children.

With regard to morality, Nasrin believes that the focus should be on abstract principles rather than on relationships and concern for others. Therefore, she has a(n) ________ perspective on morality. A) prosocial B) care C) justice D) unconventional

justice

The four problems that affect most adolescents are drug abuse, sexual problems, school related problems, and A) career choice dilemmas. B) juvenile delinquency. C) peer-related problems. D) family problems.

juvenile delinquency.

Mark is a 15-year-old boy who lives with his foster parents. He regularly gets into fights and arguments with his friends and family and is usually ignored by them. He starts to take drugs to cope with his loneliness and starts abusing drugs. He breaks into an elderly couple's house and steals money to buy drugs. In this scenario, Mark will most likely be labeled as a(n) A) embezzler. B) hacker. C) juvenile delinquent. D) cyber bully.

juvenile delinquent

Bulimia nervosa typically begins in A) late adulthood. B) childhood. C) late adolescence or early adulthood. D) early to mid-adolescence.

late adolescence or early adulthood.

In the context of the development of romantic relationships in adolescence, ________ comprise 17- to 19-year-olds who either say that they have had no experience with romantic relationships or say that they have not engaged in any romantic relationships that lasted more than 4 months.

late bloomers

Michael Pressley believes that the key to education is helping students to A) develop social skills. B) learn creativity. C) learn a repertoire of problem-solving strategies. D) distinguish between convergent and divergent thinking.

learn a repertoire of problem-solving strategies.

Which of the following is a key developmental task as children move toward autonomy? A) regulating to have complete control over their own lives B) learning to relate to adults outside the family on a regular basis C) learning to live with deprivation of privileges D) exercising supervision and control of younger siblings

learning to relate to adults outside the family on a regular basis

The ________ is a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated. A) ideal learning environment (ILE) B) special learning environment (SLE) C) least discriminating environment (LDE) D) least restrictive environment (LRE)

least restrictive environment (LRE)

The concept that a child with a disability must be educated in a setting that is as similar as possible to settings of children who do not have disabilities is called ________.

least restrictive environment (LRE)

Four-year-old Michelle talks to herself frequently. She does this especially when she is trying to solve a difficult problem. Lev Vygotsky would say that Michelle is A) engaging in egocentric and immature thinking. B) likely to be socially competent. C) functioning at the upper limit of her zone of proximal development (ZPD). D) engaging in scaffolding.

likely to be socially competent.

Nathan Brody and many other researchers have observed that people who excel at one type of intellectual task are A) likely to underperform in other tasks. B) evidence that multiple-intelligence approaches are correct. C) proof that intelligence is a number of specific abilities. D) likely to excel at other tasks, too.

likely to excel at other tasks, too.

In which of the following locations in sub-Saharan Africa are rites of passage prevalent? A) locations where the influence of industrialized culture is high B) locations where Western culture is readily accepted C) locations where social structure is present but not adhered to D) locations where formal education is not readily available

locations where formal education is not readily available

Students with ________ for learning may avoid many learning tasks, especially those that are challenging. A) high self-efficacy B) diffused self-concept C) low self-efficacy D) low self-awareness

low self-efficacy

Executive function involves ________. A) managing one's thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and self-control B) learning difficult tasks with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children C) focusing attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others D) building memories of significant events and experiences in one's life

managing one's thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and self-control

Dylan does his homework in front of the television while listening to music on his iPod and also simultaneously text messaging his friends. These actions are collectively known as A) media multitasking. B) simulcasting. C) surfing. D) media conferencing.

media multitasking.

Irene conducts a laboratory experiment to test the memory of children. She rapidly reads out a list of colors to three children aged 4, 6, and 13 years. The children are then asked to repeat the names of the colors. Irene notices that the 6-year-old and the 13-year-old are able to recall more colors than the 4-year-old. This experiment illustrates that A) younger children tend to rehearse information more than older children do. B) short-term memory decreases during late childhood. C) information is retained in short-term memory for a long period without rehearsal. D) memory span varies from one individual to another.

memory span varies from one individual to another.

Knowledge about memory is known as A) metamemory. B) working memory. C) implicit memory. D) metadata.

metamemory

Megan, who is eight years old, has a test tomorrow. "It's an easy test," she tells her mother. "I just have to recognize a bunch of stuff on a chart. I finished studying for it yesterday. I know that I'll remember everything I need to know." Megan is exhibiting her A) brainstorming ability. B) creative thinking. C) metamemory. D) metadata.

metamemory.

Children's sharing comes to reflect a more complex sense of what is just and right during A) middle and late infancy. B) late infancy. C) middle and late childhood. D) early adolescence.

middle and late childhood.

Most anorexic individuals are young adult females from A) middle- and upper-income families. B) poor and working-class families. C) Asian American and African American families. D) families with low achievement demands.

middle- and upper-income families.

The theory of ________ refers to awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others. A) self-awareness B) recognition C) mind D) consciousness

mind

Carol Dweck defines the cognitive view individuals develop for themselves as A) self-efficacy. B) metacognition. C) mindset. D) mind map.

mindset.

Older children, who are ________, recognize that punishment occurs only if someone witnesses the wrongdoing and that even then, punishment is not inevitable. A) moral autonomists B) empathic thinkers C) gender-typed D) heteronomous thinkers

moral autonomists

Which of the following involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people? A) immanent justice B) superego C) moral development D) pragmatism

moral development

Which of the following aspects of moral development most likely involves anxiety and guilt? A) moral reasoning B) moral thoughts C) moral behavior D) moral feelings

moral feelings

Benjamin, a student, sits at the back of the classroom. Only few children in the class know his name. He does not have any best friends, but he is not disliked by his classmates. Which of the following is Benjamin's probable peer status? A) popular B) neglected C) rejected D) controversial

neglected

Gavin is rarely nominated as a best friend, but his peers don't dislike him. In the context of peer statuses, Gavin would be classified as a(n) ________ child. A) controversial B) rejected C) neglected D) average

neglected

According to developmentalists, which of the following is a peer status among children? A) gifted children B) neglected children C) homeschooled children D) conforming children

neglected children

According to Baumrind, a parent who is uninvolved in a child's life, showing neither responsiveness nor control, is displaying a(n) ________ parenting style. A) authoritarian B) authoritative C) indulgent D) neglectful

neglectful

Bernard brought home his report card and placed it on the television set. Bernard told his dad that he was required to take the card back to school tomorrow with the signature of one of his parents. Bernard's dad told him to move out of the way as he could not see the television set. The next morning, Bernard found his report card where he had left it the previous day and it was unsigned. He signed his dad's name and put it in his backpack. Bernard's dad is most likely a(n) A) authoritarian parent. B) authoritative parent. C) indulgent parent. D) neglectful parent.

neglectful parent.

Which parenting style could lead to social incompetence, truancy, and delinquency in children? A) authoritarian parenting B) authoritative parenting C) indulgent parenting D) neglectful parenting

neglectful parenting

Which parenting style is undemanding and uncontrolling but also rejecting and unresponsive? A) authoritarian parenting B) indulgent parenting C) authoritative parenting D) neglectful parenting

neglectful parenting

According to a national survey, ________ boys exercised the most, ________ girls the least. A) Latino; Latina B) African American; non-Latino White C) Latino; African American and Asian D) non-Latino White; African American and Latino

non-Latino White; African American and Latino

Laurie Kramer, who has conducted a number of research studies on siblings, says that A) it is best to not intervene in sibling conflict and to allow the siblings to work it out on their own. B) it is best to let sibling conflicts escalate so that children learn coping strategies to handle anger and disagreement with peers. C) intervening and helping children resolve sibling conflict are not good strategies. D) not intervening and letting sibling conflict escalate are not good strategies.

not intervening and letting sibling conflict escalate are not good strategies.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018) has established categories for weight that are determined by body mass index. Children and adolescents at or above the 97th percentile are classified as ________. A) obese B) overweight C) at risk of being overweight D) severely malnourished

obese

In the context of domain theory, moral rules are widely accepted, somewhat impersonal, and A) arbitrary. B) obligatory. C) only applicable to certain individuals. D) subject to change by social consensus.

obligatory.

According to Vygotsky, which of the following educational strategies should be incorporated in classrooms? A) making each child responsible for his or her work without relying on peers or teachers for support B) formal, standardized tests to assess children's learning C) discouraging distractions like self-talk or private talk D) offering just enough assistance to a child to accomplish a task

offering just enough assistance to a child to accomplish a task

Several research studies were conducted by Mary Carskadon and her colleagues on the sleep patterns of U.S. adolescents. They concluded from the studies that A) when given the opportunity, adolescents will sleep an average of 7 hours a night. B) older adolescents tend to be sleepier during the day than younger adolescents. C) early school starting times are conducive to the sleep patterns of older adolescents but not to those of younger adolescents. D) adolescents being sleepy during the day was a result of academic work and social pressures.

older adolescents tend to be sleepier during the day than younger adolescents.

In a study comparing the memory spans of preschool and elementary school children, the latter group consistently scored better. This apparent increase in memory span with age could be explained partly by how A) peer groups play a part in short-term memory. B) older children rehearse the digits from their tests more than younger children do. C) elementary schools practice scaffolding. D) memory-span tests are not always an accurate measure of short-term memory.

older children rehearse the digits from their tests more than younger children do.

According to Feeney, Moravcik, and Nolte (2019), Follari (2019), and Gestwicki (2017), competent early childhood programs should focus A) on cognitive development and socioemotional development. B) exclusively on cognitive development. C) on preoperational skills. D) on academics alone.

on cognitive development and socioemotional development.

Only ________ of stepfamily couples stay remarried. A) one-fourth B) one-third C) one-half D) three-fourths

one-third

Kohlberg emphasized perspective taking and ________ as critical aspects of the social stimulation that challenges children to change their moral reasoning. A) sibling interaction B) peer interaction C) parental influence D) teacher influence

peer interaction

Children begin to understand three mental states from 18 months to 3 years of age. According to Pratt and Bryant, a child realizes that looking leads to knowing what's inside a container by 3 years of age. This mental state of the child is known as ________. A) suspicion B) emotion C) desire D) perception

perception

"I know I can handle the car at high speeds much better than others can," says 18-year-old Jake. This reflects the tendency of adolescents to engage in the ________ aspect of adolescent egocentrism. A) personal fable B) collective myth C) imaginary audience D) perspective taking

personal fable

Leila, a 14-year-old girl, feels that nobody understands her, especially her parents and teachers. Leila's feelings reflect the ________ aspect of an adolescent's egocentrism. A) personal fable B) imaginary audience C) self-fulfilling prophecy D) collective myth

personal fable

The ________ is the part of adolescent egocentrism involving a sense of uniqueness and invincibility. A) personal fable B) self-fulfilling prophecy C) imaginary audience D) collective myth

personal fable

Holly is quiet and introverted. She feels stressed whenever she has to interact with a lot of people. She keeps mostly to herself and seldom speaks up in class. She never socializes or attends parties. Which of the following terms best describes this aspect of Holly's identity? A) ethnicity B) personality C) achievement D) intellect

personality

The ability to discern another's inner psychological state is known as A) correspondence. B) congruence. C) perspective taking. D) nurturance.

perspective taking.

Alberta is a school teacher who introduces children to reading by teaching them a rhyme that goes "A for apple, A says ah, B for ball, B says buh," and so on. This exemplifies the ________ approach to reading instruction. A) whole-language B) phonics C) information-processing D) analytic

phonics

The ________ approach to reading instruction emphasizes the teaching of basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds. A) whole-language B) phonics C) balanced-instruction D) morphological

phonics

Punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, and shaking a child constitute A) verbal abuse. B) sexual abuse. C) child neglect. D) physical abuse.

physical abuse.

An individual's body image encompasses his or her A) sexual identity. B) personality. C) relationship identity. D) physical identity.

physical identity

Which of the following functions of friendship involves providing resources and assistance? A) physical support B) affection and intimacy C) ego support D) social comparison

physical support

Jim, a 3-year-old boy, gets a box of colorful blocks as a birthday gift from his uncle. He is excited to see the gift and demands to play with the blocks immediately. In the context of physical and cognitive development in early childhood, when playing with the blocks, Jim is most likely to A) place each block on top of the other with intense concentration. B) stack each block on top of the other in a completely straight line. C) find it impossible to pick up the blocks. D) juggle all the blocks perfectly.

place each block on top of the other with intense concentration.

Which of the following is a strategy for improving relationships among ethnically diverse students in schools? A) reducing bias by refraining from displaying images of children from diverse ethnic and cultural groups in classrooms B) avoiding sharing one's worries, successes, failures, coping strategies, interests, and other personal information with people of other ethnicities C) placing students from different cultural backgrounds in a cooperative group in which they have to construct different parts of a project to reach a common goal D) encouraging students to look at others as members of a homogeneous group rather than as individuals

placing students from different cultural backgrounds in a cooperative group in which they have to construct different parts of a project to reach a common goal

When experimenters ask children to judge whether two complex pictures are the same, preschool children tend to use a haphazard comparison strategy, not examining all of the details before making a judgment. The children exhibit a lack of A) conservation. B) attention to the salient. C) centration. D) planfulness.

planfulness.

In the context of peer statuses, ________ children give out reinforcements, listen carefully, maintain open lines of communication with peers, are happy, control their negative emotions, act like themselves, show enthusiasm and concern for others, and are self-confident without being conceited. A) rejected B) controversial C) average D) popular

popular

A person who is arrested for stealing company documents says, "Yes, I did steal the documents, and I am willing to go to jail for it. These documents prove that the company was engaging in a cover-up of the unsafe properties of its chemical. I think the public has a right to know about it." Lawrence Kohlberg would classify this person as using ________ reasoning. A) conventional B) unconventional C) preconventional D) postconventional

postconventional

Tapi believes that all human beings have certain inalienable rights that need to be protected. She believes that the current law in her country that prohibits interracial marriage is unfair and should be changed. In the context of Kohlberg's levels of moral thinking, which of the following describes Tapi's level of moral reasoning? A) postconventional B) conventional C) preconventional D) universal

postconventional

When asked why she participated with other students in a protest against the treatment of women on her university campus, Kai says that all human beings should have equal rights. According to Kai, the university has rules that are unfair to women; and she is morally against such discriminatory practices. Kai is likely operating at the ________ reasoning level of A) postconventional B) conventional C) unconventional D) preconventional

postconventional

Many of the deaths of young children around the world could be prevented by reductions in A) nutrition. B) sanitation. C) poverty. D) education.

poverty.

Although Casey scores only about average on standardized intelligence tests, she is streetsmart and has excellent social skills and good common sense. Given a problem, Casey will try her best to arrive at a solution. Most of her friends and family appreciate this about her as she seems to be able to find ways to get things done on her own. In the context of Sternberg's theories, she has ________ intelligence. A) spatial B) practical C) analytical D) interpersonal

practical

Which of the following is a type of intelligence identified in Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence? A) cultural intelligence B) practical intelligence C) spatial intelligence D) verbal intelligence

practical intelligence

In the context of language development, the process through which children make progress in understanding how to use language in culturally appropriate ways is called ________.

pragmatics

Five-year-old Donna uses shorter, simpler sentences when talking to her baby brother. She speaks in a very informal way with her friends and uses a more formal language with her father's friends. Donna is demonstrating her grasp of A) pragmatics. B) morphology. C) syntax. D) phonology.

pragmatics.

According to Ellen Winner, which of the following refers to a characteristic displayed by gifted children who begin to master an area earlier than their peers? A) marching to their own drummer B) maladjustment C) precocity D) a passion to master

precocity

Megan bases her moral decisions on fear of punishment. In the context of Kohlberg's levels of moral thinking, Megan is currently in the ________ reasoning level of moral thinking. A) preconventional B) conventional C) interconventional D) postconventional

preconventional

Advances in the ________ of the brain are linked to children's ________. A) parietal lobe; peripheral vision B) occipital lobe; improved spatial skills C) prefrontal cortex; improved attention, reasoning, and cognitive control D) temporal lobe; hand-eye coordination and pincer grasp

prefrontal cortex; improved attention, reasoning, and cognitive control

The double disadvantage suffered by ethnic minority adolescents includes A) the lack of clear rites of passage. B) diversity and difference. C) prejudice and poverty. D) hostility and assimilation.

prejudice and poverty

Six-year-old Patricia loves to draw pictures and describe them. Her ideas are more balanced now than earlier. She has started to analyze and understand things. However, she is egocentric and holds, what her parents describe as, "magical beliefs." Patricia is in Piaget's ________ stage of development. A) sensorimotor B) concrete operational C) formal operational D) preoperational

preoperational

Lawrence Kohlberg studied moral development by A) identifying the personality type related to high and low self-esteem in children. B) presenting children with a series of stories in which characters face moral dilemmas. C) observing children interact with each other when they were in conflict. D) interviewing families about how they have taught moral principles to their children.

presenting children with a series of stories in which characters face moral dilemmas.

The second substage of preoperational thought, occurring between approximately 4 and 7 years of age, is characterized by the use of A) reversible mental actions. B) egocentric views. C) primitive reasoning. D) symbolic thought.

primitive reasoning.

Three-year-old Amy looks at her grandmother's collection of glass animals and says, "Those are a 'no-no'. Do not touch." It appears that Amy is using ________ to regulate her own behavior. A) mindstream B) intuitive reasoning C) private speech D) symbolic function

private speech

Natalie is 4 years old. When she buttons her shirt, she talks to herself and describes the steps. This helps her in self-regulating and guiding her behavior. In the context of cognitive and physical development in early childhood, this scenario illustrates the concept of A) centration. B) belief perseverance. C) avolition. D) private speech.

private speech.

Nicola tries to take steps to avert potential misbehavior by her children before it takes place. The moment she sees that her 4-year-old daughter is going to have a meltdown, she distracts her with her favorite activity. She has regular talks with her ten-year-old son wherein she tries to impart her cherished values to him and indicates what is expected of him as he grows older. Nicola is A) being overly cautious in her parenting approach. B) being too authoritative in her approach to her children's moral development. C) acting as moral police to her children and may have a detrimental effect on their moral development. D) proactive in her approach to her children's moral development.

proactive in her approach to her children's moral development.

A meta-analysis of studies in 14 countries by Mares and Pan (2013) found that children's shows such as Sesame Street A) produced positive outcomes in the area of social reasoning. B) were detrimental to children learning positive social interchange. C) were good electronic babysitters but not good at teaching any skills. D) led to negative attitudes toward outgroups.

produced positive outcomes in the area of social reasoning.

In terms of ________ behavior, taking another's perspective improves children's likelihood of understanding and sympathizing with others when they are distressed or in need. A) aggressive B) antisocial C) atypical D) prosocial

prosocial

Rites of passage A) are nonexistent in the United States. B) are on the increase in several African countries that are influenced by Western culture. C) provide a forceful and discontinuous entry into the adult world. D) to adulthood usually involve a reaffirmation of the individual's connection with the immediate family.

provide a forceful and discontinuous entry into the adult world.

Which of the following is most likely a function that a child's peer group performs which is difficult for a sibling to do? A) having a same-sex friend B) getting a chance to share intimate feelings C) providing comparison on how the child compares with other children of the same age D) giving a view of what the world looks like from another person's perspective

providing comparison on how the child compares with other children of the same age

Identify a strategy that can help prevent students from dropping out of school. A) enrolling the students only in a community-based education and reducing parental monitoring B) providing early intervention for reading problems, tutoring, counseling, and mentoring C) facilitating and emphasizing peer learning D) using rotation model for the students in high school

providing early intervention for reading problems, tutoring, counseling, and mentoring

The ________ of gender stems from the view that a preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent. A) psychoanalytic theory B) social cognitive theory C) evolutionary psychology view D) social role theory

psychoanalytic theory

Mike is 14 years old. When asked what he wants to be when he grows up, he promptly replies that he wants to be a lawyer and begins to speak about a recent case and how well the lawyers handled the case. However, his mother casually mentions that Mike's interests change almost every few weeks and that she feels that Mike should attend some career guidance sessions to decide what he wants to become. In the context of Erik Erikson's fifth developmental stage, this period of Mike's life is referred to as a ________. A) sociological amnesty B) societal moratorium C) psychosocial moratorium D) behavioral reprieve

psychosocial moratorium

Which of the following terms did Erik Erikson use to describe the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy? A) psychosocial moratorium B) sociological amnesty C) societal moratorium D) behavioral reprieve

psychosocial moratorium

Which of the following terms did Erikson use to describe a period in which society leaves adolescents relatively free of responsibilities and free to try out different identities? A) sociological amnesty B) societal moratorium C) psychosocial moratorium D) behavioral reprieve

psychosocial moratorium

Puberty refers to a period of A) declining abstract thought and emotional maturation during late adolescence involving neural and synaptic development in the brain. B) declining gross motor development during late childhood due to the maturation of the temporal and parietal lobes. C) rapid psychological and emotional maturation that lasts through adolescence and is a product of enhanced cognitive development. D) rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occur primarily during early adolescence.

rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occur primarily during early adolescence.

Unlike nonaggressive children, when aggressive boys search for cues to determine a peer's intention, they respond more A) rapidly. B) efficiently. C) reflectively. D) thoughtfully.

rapidly.

Piaget called the second substage of the preoperational stage intuitive because children know something but know it without the use of ________. A) symbolic function B) primitive reasoning C) centration D) rational thinking

rational thinking.

Interventions with children who have a learning disability often focus on improving A) math ability. B) right and left brain functioning. C) writing skills. D) reading ability.

reading ability.

A police officer visits Timothy and Evelyn's class to discuss safety rules. To attract the children's attention, the officer brings colorful balloons and jars of bubbles for the children to blow. Later, Timothy tells his parents about all the safety rules discussed by the officer. Timothy obviously paid attention to what was A) salient. B) relevant. C) habituated. D) superfluous.

relevant.

Using rehearsal, we can keep information in short-term memory for a much longer period. In this context, rehearsal means A) preparing for a memory-span test. B) doing mental exercises daily to keep one's mind sharp. C) repeating information after it has been presented. D) taking regular memory-span tests.

repeating information after it has been presented.

Critics of universal preschool education argue that A) quality preschools prepare children for school readiness and academic success. B) research has not proven that nondisadvantaged children benefit from attending a preschool. C) the gains attributed to preschool and kindergarten education are often understated. D) quality preschool programs increase the likelihood that a child will drop out of school later.

research has not proven that nondisadvantaged children benefit from attending a preschool.

Carl's son has been diagnosed with a learning disability. Since then, Carl has spent a significant amount of time understanding the causes of his disability. He learns that even though several research studies have been conducted, the precise causes have not yet been determined. He comes across a research finding that indicates that it is unlikely that learning disabilities A) reside in a single, specific brain location. B) are due to problems in integrating information from multiple brain regions. C) are a result of subtle impairments in brain structures. D) occur as a result of subtle impairments in brain functions.

reside in a single, specific brain location.

A study by Paus and others (2007) found that the prefrontal cortex thickened and more brain connections formed when adolescents A) struggled for early independence. B) matured early. C) conformed to the ideal body image. D) resisted peer pressure.

resisted peer pressure.

Children who have reached the concrete operational stage are also capable of ________, which is the ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension (such as length).

seriation

A ________ is a ceremony or ritual that marks an individual's transition from one status to another and mostly focuses on the transition to adult status. A) rite of passage B) litmus test C) march of time D) communion

rite of passage

Shifu belongs to a tribe in which all the boys must swim across a particular river to mark their transition to adult status. A grand and elaborate ceremony is held in the tribe's village to signal the achievement of adult status. Which of the following terms best describes the ceremony? A) rite of passage B) litmus test C) march of time D) communion

rite of passage

Sets of expectations that prescribe how females and males should think, act, and feel are known as gender A) roles. B) identities. C) expectancies. D) rules.

roles.

A police officer visits Heather's class to discuss safety rules. To attract the children's attention, the officer brings colorful balloons and jars of bubbles. Later, Heather tells her parents all about the balloons and bubbles but cannot remember any of the safety rules the officer talked about. Heather obviously paid more attention to what was A) salient. B) relevant. C) habituated. D) intended.

salient

Over the past week, Walter has been learning to tie his shoelaces. Initially, his mother held his hands and worked his fingers through the process. Now that Walter is better at it, she only guides him verbally. This is an example of ________. A) how heredity shapes cognitive development B) intuitive reasoning C) scaffolding D) conservation

scaffolding

Which of the following refers to teachers' adjustment of their level of support and guidance to the level of the skills of their students? A) accommodation B) regulation C) scaffolding D) assimilation

scaffolding

Ted is in a Tools of the Mind classroom. His teacher guides him in planning his own message by drawing a line to stand for each word he says. Ted then repeats the message, pointing to each line as he says the word. Finally, he writes on the lines, trying to represent each word with some letters or symbols. This process is called A) model drawing. B) scaffolding writing. C) word visualizing. D) positive role-play.

scaffolding writing.

A ________ is a cognitive structure, a network of associations that guides an individual's perceptions. A) format B) schema C) subset D) system

schema

A gender ________ organizes the world in terms of female and male. A) role B) identity C) bias D) schema

schema

Bit by bit, children pick up what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture and develop gender ________ that shape how they perceive the world and what they remember. A) identities B) roles C) schemas D) types

schemas

Children are internally motivated to perceive the world and to act in accordance with their developing A) preferences. B) schemas. C) roles. D) orientations.

schemas.

The ability of preschool children to control and sustain their attention is related to A) school readiness and focus. B) the decreased likelihood of obesity. C) increased short-term memory capacity. D) an increase in implicit memory.

school readiness and focus.

Which of the following terms refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self? A) self-concept B) self-esteem C) self-awareness D) self-control

self-concept

When Robert says, "I have brown eyes and black hair," it reflects Robert's A) self-control. B) self-concept. C) self-efficacy. D) self-esteem.

self-concept.

Hans feels ashamed when his parents say, "You should feel bad about biting your sister!" To experience a ________ emotion like shame, Hans must be able to refer to himself as distinct from others. A) social B) self-conscious C) penitent D) sympathetic

self-conscious

The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes is called A) self-concept. B) self-confidence. C) self-efficacy. D) self-esteem.

self-efficacy.

Mary thinks that she is a good person. This observation reflects Mary's A) self-control. B) self-concept. C) self-efficacy. D) self-esteem.

self-esteem.

Darren is an active twelve-year-old boy. When his friend Simon cheats in a game, he tends to get irritated. However, Darren controls his anger and tries explaining to Simon why cheating is bad. Which developmental aspect is Darren displaying in his actions? A) low self-esteem B) self-regulation C) high self-esteem D) self-efficacy

self-regulation

In Erikson's portrait of early childhood, the young child clearly has begun to develop ________, which is the representation of self, the substance, and content of self-conceptions. A) self-control B) self-confidence C) self-understanding D) self-centeredness

self-understanding

In the context of the types of children's play, the play in which infants engage in exploratory and playful visual and motor transactions in the second quarter of the first year of life is known as A) practice play. B) sensorimotor play. C) social play. D) constructive play.

sensorimotor play.

Patsy is a 5-year-old girl. She participates in a laboratory experiment in which random alphabets are rapidly read out to her. After 20 seconds, she is asked to recall those alphabets. In the context of information processing, this experiment has been conducted to assess Patsy's A) command over syntax. B) pragmatics usage. C) short-term memory. D) interest in literature.

short-term memory.

It is common to hear children start using the word fair as a synonym for equal or same starting at around ________ years of age. A) four B) six C) eight D) ten

six

Adolescent use of alcohol has recently shown a(n) A) insignificant change. B) sizeable decline. C) mild increase. D) significant increase.

sizeable decline.

During early childhood, girls are ________ than boys. A) much lighter B) more muscular C) slightly smaller D) considerably taller

slightly smaller

The Carnegie Council evaluated U.S. middle schools and recommended that A) smaller "communities" or "houses" should be developed to lessen the impersonal nature of large middle schools. B) schools should increase the use of technology, computers, and skills that will be needed in the 21st century. C) schools should add more grade levels to encompass a wider age range to reflect differences in adolescent development. D) middle schools should be integrated with high schools so that younger adolescents can take advantage of having older adolescents as role models.

smaller "communities" or "houses" should be developed to lessen the impersonal nature of large middle schools.

An aggressive boy's interpretation of an encounter as hostile and his classmates' perception of his behavior as inappropriate are examples of ________ in behavior development. A) stereotyping B) cognitive dissonance C) cultural bias D) social cognition

social cognition

From a young age, Karen has always been praised by her parents for her feminine behavior. Her parents reward her behavior by saying such statements as "Karen, you look very pretty in your frock." Her brother, on the other hand, is reprimanded for playing with Karen's dolls. In the context of social influences on gender development, this scenario is in accordance with the ________ of gender. A) psychoanalytic theory B) social cognitive theory C) gender schema theory D) social role theory

social cognitive theory

Ten-year-old Jose finds that he needs to talk to Richard, his friend, in order to know whether his feelings about his own brothers and sisters are normal. Which friendship function does Richard provide in this case? A) companionship B) ego support C) social comparison D) intimacy/affection

social comparison

Fernando does not cut in line, raises his hand in class before talking, and stops his car at stop signs on the road. He focuses on rules that have been established by social consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system. Which of the following best describes A) prosocial reasoning B) social order reasoning C) social consensus reasoning D) social conventional reasoning

social conventional reasoning

The social role theory suggests that A) social hierarchy and division of labor are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing. B) the mother role and the father role are social constructions that have emerged from our evolutionary past. C) social roles are chosen, not determined. D) nature is the primary determinant of differences between the social labels that we call "gender."

social hierarchy and division of labor are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing.

Vygotsky believed that children construct knowledge through

social interaction.

Vygotsky believed that children construct knowledge through A) self-discovery. B) social interaction. C) the reorganization of existing knowledge. D) transforming previous knowledge.

social interaction.

The extent to which children are liked or disliked by their peer group is called their ________ status. A) psychometric B) socioeconomic C) popularity D) sociometric

sociometric

Broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about males and females, such as "boys play with trucks and girls play with dolls," are known as gender A) identities. B) constancies. C) stereotypes. D) roles.

stereotypes.

Johnny says he likes his best friend, Andy, because he is fun and talks about interesting things. Johnny also says that Andy encourages him to do his best and comforts him when he fails. Which of the following functions of children's friendships is Johnny most likely describing? A) stimulation and ego support B) companionship and social comparison C) physical support and intimacy/affection D) social comparison and intimacy/affection

stimulation and ego support

Before she started school in the United States, Mita, daughter of immigrant parents of Indian origin, used to speak only her native language, Hindi, fluently. She then learned to speak English in school and attained fluency in both Hindi and English. However, as she grew older, she started to feel ashamed of her roots and gave up speaking Hindi altogether. This phenomenon is called ________ bilingualism. A) subjective B) relapsed C) subtractive D) retractive

subtractive

According to a 2010 survey, which of the following is the main way that adolescents connect with their friends? A) phone calls B) instant messaging C) e-mail D) text messaging

text messaging

The psychoanalytic theory of gender stems from Freud's view that a preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent. Which of the following describes this condition in girls? A) the Galatea effect B) the Electra complex C) the Golem effect D) the Oedipus complex

the Electra complex

Dorothy is enrolled in a preschool where she spends much of her time in unstructured activities. She plays with the toys she chooses, and her teacher acts as a facilitator rather than a director. Which of the following approaches is Dorothy's preschool using? A) the kindergarten approach B) the Rogerian approach C) the Montessori approach D) the success-oriented approach

the Montessori approach

Which of the following can enhance a child's safety and reduce the likelihood of injury? A) decreasing home/school partnerships B) the absence of playground hazards C) the reduction of pool fencing D) reducing frequent parent protective behaviors

the absence of playground hazards

Donna is concerned about her adolescent daughter's tendency to flare-up at the mildest provocations. Donna says that her daughter refuses to see reason sometimes and is unable to exercise much self-control. As a specialist in the development of adolescents, you would tell Donna that her daughter's behavior could partly be explained by the biological reason that A) the prefrontal cortex—involved in reasoning and self-control—has developed fully by early adolescence. B) the corpus callosum, where fibers connect the brain's left and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence. C) by the end of adolescence, individuals have fewer, less selective, and less effective neuronal connections than they did as children. D) the amygdala—the seat of emotions such as anger—matures earlier than the prefrontal cortex in adolescents.

the amygdala—the seat of emotions such as anger—matures earlier than the prefrontal cortex in adolescents.

Which of the following approaches holds that the processes of reinforcement, punishment, and imitation explain the development of moral behavior? A) Freud's psychoanalytic approach B) the evolutionary psychology approach C) the behavioral and social cognitive approach D) the biological approach

the behavioral and social cognitive approach

According to Kenneth Dodge, aggressive boys are more likely to perceive another child's actions as hostile when A) their self-esteem is challenged. B) the child's intention is ambiguous. C) their aggressive responses can be exercised discreetly. D) the child presents himself or herself as a weak and gullible victim.

the child's intention is ambiguous.

Carl and Tulip are getting a divorce and want to know how they can best communicate the news to their young children. Ellen Galinsky and Judy David would suggest that A) the children be told that the support they receive from their parents is bound to change. B) it is best that only one parent be present while breaking the news. C) it is best that this painful matter should not be discussed repeatedly with the children. D) the children be told that they are not the cause of the separation.

the children be told that they are not the cause of the separation.

Two current controversies in early childhood education involve A) the curriculum and universal preschool education in the United States. B) the quality of inner-city schools and free education to all. C) the use of corporal punishment in schools and the use of uniforms. D) Christian holidays for all and boarding schools.

the curriculum and universal preschool education in the United States.

According to James Marcia, what determines an individual's identity status? A) the choices and alternatives he or she has access to B) the individual's socioeconomic and academic profile C) the existence or extent of his or her crisis or commitment D) the existence or extent of parental and social support

the existence or extent of his or her crisis or commitment

In general, in the United States, African American and Latino family orientations differ from White family orientations in that A) the nuclear family is less prominent in White families. B) the extended family plays a greater role in African American and Latino families. C) the emphasis in African American and Latino families is on individual self-reliance. D) the emphasis in White families is on family attachment and unity.

the extended family plays a greater role in African American and Latino families.

Research conducted by Ruth Chao suggests that A) the high control of Asian parents is best conceptualized as "training" and is distinct from the domineering control characteristic of an authoritarian style of parenting. B) "authoritarian" parenting is "authoritarian" parenting, whether the parent is Asian American, African American, or European American. C) contrary to stereotypes, Asian parents are indulgent and permissive. D) consistent with stereotypes, Asian parents are domineering and controlling and have rigid/unrealistic expectations for academic achievement in their children.

the high control of Asian parents is best conceptualized as "training" and is distinct from the domineering control characteristic of an authoritarian style of parenting.

Fifteen-year-old Juanita wants to skip school because she is having a bad hair day and is convinced that everybody will notice and think badly of her. Which aspect of adolescent egocentrism is Juanita experiencing? A) the personal fable B) the imaginary audience C) the fight-or-flight response D) the top-dog phenomenon

the imaginary audience

In the context of early childhood education, developmentally appropriate practice emphasizes A) the importance of creating settings that encourage active learning and reflect children's interests and capabilities. B) the education of the whole child and concern for his or her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development. C) the importance of giving children considerable freedom in choosing activities and allowing them to move from one activity to another as they desire. D) the content of learning rather than the process of learning.

the importance of creating settings that encourage active learning and reflect children's interests and capabilities

In moving from Piaget to Vygotsky, the conceptual shift is one from A) the individual to collaboration. B) collaboration to sociocultural activity. C) construction to discovery. D) socializing to operational thought.

the individual to collaboration.

Jean Berko's experiment involving "wugs" demonstrated that young children who took part in the experiment knew A) the phonological rules. B) the rules of syntax. C) the pragmatic rules. D) the morphological rules.

the morphological rules.

Piaget concluded that the changes in moral reasoning in children come about through A) authoritative parent-child relations. B) religious and social conditioning. C) the children's family experiences. D) the mutual give-and-take of peer relations.

the mutual give-and-take of peer relations.

Considering how early intervention programs to improve intellectual development have shown marked improvements in the IQ of participants, it can be inferred that the main reason children from low SES families earn lower scores on IQ tests is that A) the parents have difficulty providing an intellectually stimulating environment for their children. B) the genes for lower intelligence are passed down from the parents to the children. C) IQ tests are culture-fair tests. D) IQ tests fail to test for street-smarts and practical intelligence.

the parents have difficulty providing an intellectually stimulating environment for their children.

Louise is teaching her son to read by helping him sound out letters. She also plays a cartoon where the characters repeat the sounds of each letter. Watching her and the characters in the cartoon pronounce the letters, her son makes the effort to read aloud some of the letters. What approach is Louise using to teach her son? A) the whole-language approach B) the phonics approach C) the balanced-instruction approach D) the morphological approach

the phonics approach

The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is Vygotsky's term for A) a young adult's cognitive development achieved through interaction with children. B) the variety of work that a child can do with ease at a particular stage of cognitive development. C) how a child's environment and his or her genetically programmed learning ability interact during a critical period. D) the range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children.

the range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children.

What is the result of the public and government demand for increased accountability from schools? A) the spread of state-mandated testing to measure just what students had or had not learned B) the inclusion of government evaluators for academic curricula C) the separation of academic responsibilities into private coaching and government assessment D) the inclusion of new legislation for the assessment of teaching and supporting staff in schools

the spread of state-mandated testing to measure just what students had or had not learned

Three-year-old Ruth draws a picture with lavender, purple, and blue colors intermixed with green, yellow, and brown. "It is a boat in the ocean at sunset, with whales jumping all around it!" she explains to her teacher. Which of the following does this explain? A) animism B) conservation C) the intuitive thought substage D) the symbolic function substage

the symbolic function substage

According to fuzzy trace theory, ________ consists of the precise details of the information. A) the gist B) the verbatim memory trace C) the fuzzy trace D) mental imagery

the verbatim memory trace

Children have the highest self-esteem when A) they are competent in all tasks that are given to them. B) they perform competently in domains that are important to them. C) they are extrinsically rewarded by role models. D) they are encouraged to avoid problems they face rather than cope with them.

they perform competently in domains that are important to them.

According to most child psychologists, which of the following is an effective way of handling a child's misbehavior? A) mild spanking that would not hurt the child B) time out, in which the child is removed from a setting that offers positive reinforcement C) shouting at the child just enough to get the point across D) instilling rigid household rules and meting out severe corporal punishment if those rules are broken

time out, in which the child is removed from a setting that offers positive reinforcement

Identify the dual struggle often faced by immigrants to the United States. A) to acculturate and take on a new identity B) to work and take care of their children C) to preserve their culture and resist change D) to preserve identity and to acculturate

to preserve identity and to acculturate

When Diana transitioned from elementary school to middle school, she moved from being one of the oldest, biggest, and most powerful students in the elementary school to being one of the youngest, smallest, and least powerful students in the middle school. This phenomenon is known as the A) blindsight phenomenon. B) top-dog phenomenon. C) domino effect. D) glass-ceiling effect.

top-dog phenomenon.

Byron can take sticks of different lengths and put them all in order from shortest to longest. He can also discern that if stick A is longer than B and B is longer than C, then A is longer than C. This ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions is A) seriation. B) transitivity. C) transduction. D) classification.

transitivity.

Since the 1950s, the adolescent suicide rate has A) stayed the same. B) decreased. C) doubled. D) tripled

tripled.

In the context of parent-child relationships, the major shift to autonomy with regard to children does not occur until about age ________ or later. A) nine B) sixteen C) twelve D) five

twelve

An analysis of stepfamilies found that ________ percent of children in stepfamilies show adjustment problems. A) fifty B) forty C) twenty-five D) twenty

twenty-five

During the elementary school years, children grow an average of ________ inches a year. A) one to two B) two to three C) five to seven D) seven to ten

two to three

Gender ________ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role. A) acquisition B) reflection C) typing D) acceptance

typing

Thirteen-year-old Grace's blood tests indicate that her levels of testosterone are about twice as high as they were a few years ago and that her estradiol levels are about eight times higher than earlier. This indicates that Grace is most likely to A) undergo normal pubertal changes. B) be depressed and show extreme behavior. C) develop abnormal male physical characteristics. D) develop abnormal female physical characteristics.

undergo normal pubertal changes.

Almost half of all deaths from 15 to 24 years of age are due to ________, with the majority of them involving ________. A) a chronic disease; cancer B) suicide; alcohol C) homicide; gang activity D) unintentional injuries; motor vehicle accidents

unintentional injuries; motor vehicle accidents

Four-year-old Harlan says, "I'm always happy!" Researchers suggest that Harlan, like other kids his own age, has self-descriptions that are typically A) reflective of reality. B) reflective of what others think about them. C) abstract and magical. D) unrealistically positive.

unrealistically positive.

According to research studies, in which of the following areas do girls exhibit better skills than boys? A) visuospatial skills B) verbal skills C) physical skills D) mathematical skills

verbal skills

One area of math in which boys are found to be better at is A) advanced calculus. B) numeracy skills. C) visuospatial skills. D) computation skills.

visuospatial skills.

According to a national survey in 2012, which of the following is the primary way that most adolescents preferred to connect with parents? A) voice mailing B) face-to-face contact C) e-mailing D) text messaging

voice mailing

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa affect A) men and women equally. B) men more than women. C) women more than men. D) women more than older men but less than younger men.

women more than men.

Mr. Trahan teaches English. He adopts a constructivist approach to learning. In his classroom, it is most likely that the students will be A) working in groups to discover the meaning of a poem. B) passively learning relevant information about a poem from Mr. Trahan. C) memorizing the names of all of Shakespeare's plays. D) learning aspects of a play without the guidance of Mr. Trahan.

working in groups to discover the meaning of a poem.

When adults are working with young children, they often provide a lot of hints, assistance, instructions, and other support to help the children succeed. As the children indicate that they can do more for themselves, the adults begin to withdraw their support. This shows the adults' involvement in the children's A) zone of proximal development. B) development of conservational abilities. C) enhancement of intuitive reasoning. D) process of centration.

zone of proximal development.