DHN CH 6 SB

Name one of the most common digestive diseases in the United States

gallstones

Manufacturers use ____ to increase the shelf life of foods and to decrease rancidity

partial hydrogenated oils

The dietary guidelines for Americans ( acceptable macronutrient range - AMDR) recommends that adults should keep daily fat intake

between 20 and 35% of total calories

The adequate intake alpha-linolenic acid for men and women (ages 19-50 yo) is

1.6 g/day and 1.1 g/day, respectively

Engaging in moderate intensity physical activity at least ___ minutes a week and balancing energy intake with energy expenditure helps people achieve and maintain healthy body weights

150

arteriosclerosis

A loss of arterial flexibility or "hardening of the arteries"

Lipid Storage Diseases

Are genetic conditions that cause lipid accumulation in cells

Possible risk factors for CVD

Genetics, diabetes, and tobacco use

A saturated fatty acid is completely filled with ____ atoms

Hydrogen

Risk factors for CVD

Hypertension, physical inactivity, excess body fat

Most gallstones are made of

cholesterol

____ is found only in foods that contain animal products

cholesterol

Which of the following substances are types of lipids?

cholesterol and triglycerides

What increases the formation of clots in an artery because it slows blood flow to an area

Arterial plaque

___ is a symptom or byproduct of ____

Arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis

___ is a major risk factor for CVD that cannot be modified

genetics

What are the by products of lipid digestion

glycerol and fatty acids

Why do manufacturers partially hydrogenate oils?

- to decrease rancidity (unappetizing odor Ana taste) - to increase the shelf life of a product

According to the dietary guidelines for Americans ( acceptable macronutrient range - AMDR), adults should keep their daily distribution of fat calories between ___ to ____ %

20, 35

Omega- __ fatty acids decreases blood clotting and inflammation while omega-__ fatty acids increase blood clotting and inflammation

3 , 6

Phospholipids contain a ____ portion, which attracts water, and a ____ portion, which repels water

hydrophilic, hydrophobic

Which of the following dietary changes can help reduce the risk of developing CVD

Increasing dietary fiber, reducing alcohol intake, reducing intake of refined sugar

In a healthy person, the liver synthesizes __ cholesterol when dietary cholesterol intake is higher

Less

Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides, and phospholipid fragments are the end products of ____ digestion

Lipid

Major adverse health conditions associated with consuming high amounts of fat are

- certain cancers - heart disease - obesity - stroke

Reducing the intake of __ will help reduce blood triglyceride levels

Alcohol, refined carbohydrates

The cholesterol carried by LDL is often called the ___ cholesterol because LDL conveys the lipid to tissues that contribute to atherosclerotic plaques

Bad

A healthy response to a blood vessel injury that prevents excessive bleeding is called

Blood clotting

Why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar

Both have a straight shape

One in three adult Americans suffer from some form of ____ disease, which includes heart disease and stroke

Cardiovascular

Reducing the consumption of saturated fat and maintaining a total dietary intake of fat no greater than 35% of total calories will most likely cause a persons risk of developing atherosclerosis to

Decrease

omega-3 fatty acids

Decrease blood clotting and inflammation

Is digesting lipids or carbohydrates more complicated

Digesting lipids is more complicated

Modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease

Excess body fat, type 2 diabetes, tobacco use, hypertension

Omega-6 fatty acid (linoleic acid)

Increase blood clotting and inflammation

Digesting ____ is a more complicated process than digesting ____, because the majority of this type of nutrient in foods are not water soluble and the digestive process involves considerable amounts of water

Lipids, carbohydrates

An enzyme in the walls of capillaries that break down their load of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

Lipoprotein lipase

Atherosclerosis

Long term disease process in which plaques build up inside the arterial walls

Choose the type of fat that is partially water soluble

Phospholipids

Choose all the statements that are true regarding plant food sterols and stanols

Plant sterols have blood cholesterol lowering properties, plants contain sterols similar to cholesterol

The direct benefits of physical activity include

Reducing blood LDL cholesterol level, achieving healthy body weight, maintaining a healthy body weight

Choose the following dietary changes that will most likely lower the risk of atherosclerosis development

Reducing consumption of saturated fat to less than 10% of total calories, limit trans fat intake, replace foods that are rich in saturated fats with foods higher in unsaturated fats

Hypertension is often referred to as a "____ _____" because people with the condition frequently feel healthy and do not have symptoms that indicate trouble

Silent killer

Which cooking method best reduces fat intake

Steaming

Cholesterol lowering margarines contain plant ____, which may lower cholesterol in oriole with mildly elevated cholesterol levels

Sterols

A _____ is a fixed bunch of clots that remain in place and disrupts blood flow

Thrombus

What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?

To provide energy to aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins to insulate and protect the body

Am omega 3 fatty acid is

Unsaturated

Foods that naturally contain small amount of trans fats

Whole milk and whole milk products, meat, butter

A _____ risk of developing CVD is less than that of a ___ I'd the same age

Woman's , man's

What is a non modifiable risk factor for CVD

genetics

Atherosclerosis is a complex disease with multiple

risk factors

A ____ fatty acid is completely filled with hydrogen atoms

saturated

Dietary fats and oils are classified as saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated based on

the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration

HDL cholesterol is considered ____ cholesterol because it does not contribute to plaque formation

Good

Excessive body fat around the midsection of the body is associated with

High blood LDL cholesterol, high triglyceride levels

Genetic conditions that cause lipid accumulation in cells, which damaged tissue is called _____ _____ _____

Lipid storage disease

Scientific evidence suggests that dietary cholesterol does not have as much effect in blood cholesterol as dietary ___ ____

Saturated fat

Whole milk and whole milk products, butter, and meat from grass fed cows contain small amounts of naturally occurring

Trans fat conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)

Which drug is commonly prescribed to help people reduce elevated blood lipid levels

statins

__ are a type of prescription drug that reduces a persons elevated blood lipid levels

statins

The classes of lipids include

- phospholipids - triglycerides - sterols

foods that naturally contain small amounts of trans fats

- whole milk and whole milk products - butter - meat

True or false: women are more prone to heart attacks than men

False

Non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include

Family history (genetics), increasing age, male sex

Which form of unsaturated fatty acid contains a chemical structure similar to that of saturated fatty acids

trans

CCK signals the pancreas to secrete ______ lipase into the duodenum of the small intestine

Pancreatic

Maintaining cell membranes, insulating the body against cold temperatures, cushioning body against bumps and blows, and contributing to body contours are all traits of which nutrient?

lipids

Having one or more risk factors ___ a persons chance of developing atherosclerosis

Increases

To check a persons risk for ____ a physician checks blood pressure, listens to the blood flow in your carotid arteries, and requests a lipoprotein profile to access serum HDL, LDL, and triglyceride levels

Cardiovascular disease

True or false: there are no foods that naturally contain trans fats

False

Although considered the "silent disease" hypertension can increase the risk of

Heart failure, stroke, kidney disease

Cardiovascular disease

Includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and disease of the blood vessels Is a group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels

_____ ______ is a digestive enzyme that removed two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule

Pancreatic lipase

What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol

eggs, chicken, ice cream

A triglyceride has

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

What are some things you can do to reduce fat intake

Trim fat, steam meats, choose lean meats

Obesity, certain cancers, and cardiovascular disease are all serious health conditions that often result from consuming high amounts of _____.

lipids

What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream

lipoprotein lipase

What is the chemical structure of an omega 3 fatty acid

It contains the first carbon-carbon double bond on the third carbon from the omega end of the carbon chain.

types of fatty acids that are very susceptible to oxidation causing rancidity

Polyunsaturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids with a cis double bond arrangement

Which should a doctor perform to determine a persons risk factors for developing atherosclerosis

Request lipoprotein profile, test triglyceride levels, check blood pressure

True or false: the classification of fats and oils is based on the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration

True