DHN CH 6 SB
Name one of the most common digestive diseases in the United States
gallstones
Manufacturers use ____ to increase the shelf life of foods and to decrease rancidity
partial hydrogenated oils
The dietary guidelines for Americans ( acceptable macronutrient range - AMDR) recommends that adults should keep daily fat intake
between 20 and 35% of total calories
The adequate intake alpha-linolenic acid for men and women (ages 19-50 yo) is
1.6 g/day and 1.1 g/day, respectively
Engaging in moderate intensity physical activity at least ___ minutes a week and balancing energy intake with energy expenditure helps people achieve and maintain healthy body weights
150
arteriosclerosis
A loss of arterial flexibility or "hardening of the arteries"
Lipid Storage Diseases
Are genetic conditions that cause lipid accumulation in cells
Possible risk factors for CVD
Genetics, diabetes, and tobacco use
A saturated fatty acid is completely filled with ____ atoms
Hydrogen
Risk factors for CVD
Hypertension, physical inactivity, excess body fat
Most gallstones are made of
cholesterol
____ is found only in foods that contain animal products
cholesterol
Which of the following substances are types of lipids?
cholesterol and triglycerides
What increases the formation of clots in an artery because it slows blood flow to an area
Arterial plaque
___ is a symptom or byproduct of ____
Arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis
___ is a major risk factor for CVD that cannot be modified
genetics
What are the by products of lipid digestion
glycerol and fatty acids
Why do manufacturers partially hydrogenate oils?
- to decrease rancidity (unappetizing odor Ana taste) - to increase the shelf life of a product
According to the dietary guidelines for Americans ( acceptable macronutrient range - AMDR), adults should keep their daily distribution of fat calories between ___ to ____ %
20, 35
Omega- __ fatty acids decreases blood clotting and inflammation while omega-__ fatty acids increase blood clotting and inflammation
3 , 6
Phospholipids contain a ____ portion, which attracts water, and a ____ portion, which repels water
hydrophilic, hydrophobic
Which of the following dietary changes can help reduce the risk of developing CVD
Increasing dietary fiber, reducing alcohol intake, reducing intake of refined sugar
In a healthy person, the liver synthesizes __ cholesterol when dietary cholesterol intake is higher
Less
Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides, and phospholipid fragments are the end products of ____ digestion
Lipid
Major adverse health conditions associated with consuming high amounts of fat are
- certain cancers - heart disease - obesity - stroke
Reducing the intake of __ will help reduce blood triglyceride levels
Alcohol, refined carbohydrates
The cholesterol carried by LDL is often called the ___ cholesterol because LDL conveys the lipid to tissues that contribute to atherosclerotic plaques
Bad
A healthy response to a blood vessel injury that prevents excessive bleeding is called
Blood clotting
Why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar
Both have a straight shape
One in three adult Americans suffer from some form of ____ disease, which includes heart disease and stroke
Cardiovascular
Reducing the consumption of saturated fat and maintaining a total dietary intake of fat no greater than 35% of total calories will most likely cause a persons risk of developing atherosclerosis to
Decrease
omega-3 fatty acids
Decrease blood clotting and inflammation
Is digesting lipids or carbohydrates more complicated
Digesting lipids is more complicated
Modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease
Excess body fat, type 2 diabetes, tobacco use, hypertension
Omega-6 fatty acid (linoleic acid)
Increase blood clotting and inflammation
Digesting ____ is a more complicated process than digesting ____, because the majority of this type of nutrient in foods are not water soluble and the digestive process involves considerable amounts of water
Lipids, carbohydrates
An enzyme in the walls of capillaries that break down their load of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol
Lipoprotein lipase
Atherosclerosis
Long term disease process in which plaques build up inside the arterial walls
Choose the type of fat that is partially water soluble
Phospholipids
Choose all the statements that are true regarding plant food sterols and stanols
Plant sterols have blood cholesterol lowering properties, plants contain sterols similar to cholesterol
The direct benefits of physical activity include
Reducing blood LDL cholesterol level, achieving healthy body weight, maintaining a healthy body weight
Choose the following dietary changes that will most likely lower the risk of atherosclerosis development
Reducing consumption of saturated fat to less than 10% of total calories, limit trans fat intake, replace foods that are rich in saturated fats with foods higher in unsaturated fats
Hypertension is often referred to as a "____ _____" because people with the condition frequently feel healthy and do not have symptoms that indicate trouble
Silent killer
Which cooking method best reduces fat intake
Steaming
Cholesterol lowering margarines contain plant ____, which may lower cholesterol in oriole with mildly elevated cholesterol levels
Sterols
A _____ is a fixed bunch of clots that remain in place and disrupts blood flow
Thrombus
What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?
To provide energy to aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins to insulate and protect the body
Am omega 3 fatty acid is
Unsaturated
Foods that naturally contain small amount of trans fats
Whole milk and whole milk products, meat, butter
A _____ risk of developing CVD is less than that of a ___ I'd the same age
Woman's , man's
What is a non modifiable risk factor for CVD
genetics
Atherosclerosis is a complex disease with multiple
risk factors
A ____ fatty acid is completely filled with hydrogen atoms
saturated
Dietary fats and oils are classified as saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated based on
the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration
HDL cholesterol is considered ____ cholesterol because it does not contribute to plaque formation
Good
Excessive body fat around the midsection of the body is associated with
High blood LDL cholesterol, high triglyceride levels
Genetic conditions that cause lipid accumulation in cells, which damaged tissue is called _____ _____ _____
Lipid storage disease
Scientific evidence suggests that dietary cholesterol does not have as much effect in blood cholesterol as dietary ___ ____
Saturated fat
Whole milk and whole milk products, butter, and meat from grass fed cows contain small amounts of naturally occurring
Trans fat conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)
Which drug is commonly prescribed to help people reduce elevated blood lipid levels
statins
__ are a type of prescription drug that reduces a persons elevated blood lipid levels
statins
The classes of lipids include
- phospholipids - triglycerides - sterols
foods that naturally contain small amounts of trans fats
- whole milk and whole milk products - butter - meat
True or false: women are more prone to heart attacks than men
False
Non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include
Family history (genetics), increasing age, male sex
Which form of unsaturated fatty acid contains a chemical structure similar to that of saturated fatty acids
trans
CCK signals the pancreas to secrete ______ lipase into the duodenum of the small intestine
Pancreatic
Maintaining cell membranes, insulating the body against cold temperatures, cushioning body against bumps and blows, and contributing to body contours are all traits of which nutrient?
lipids
Having one or more risk factors ___ a persons chance of developing atherosclerosis
Increases
To check a persons risk for ____ a physician checks blood pressure, listens to the blood flow in your carotid arteries, and requests a lipoprotein profile to access serum HDL, LDL, and triglyceride levels
Cardiovascular disease
True or false: there are no foods that naturally contain trans fats
False
Although considered the "silent disease" hypertension can increase the risk of
Heart failure, stroke, kidney disease
Cardiovascular disease
Includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and disease of the blood vessels Is a group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels
_____ ______ is a digestive enzyme that removed two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule
Pancreatic lipase
What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol
eggs, chicken, ice cream
A triglyceride has
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
What are some things you can do to reduce fat intake
Trim fat, steam meats, choose lean meats
Obesity, certain cancers, and cardiovascular disease are all serious health conditions that often result from consuming high amounts of _____.
lipids
What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream
lipoprotein lipase
What is the chemical structure of an omega 3 fatty acid
It contains the first carbon-carbon double bond on the third carbon from the omega end of the carbon chain.
types of fatty acids that are very susceptible to oxidation causing rancidity
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids with a cis double bond arrangement
Which should a doctor perform to determine a persons risk factors for developing atherosclerosis
Request lipoprotein profile, test triglyceride levels, check blood pressure
True or false: the classification of fats and oils is based on the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration
True