Digestion and nutrition

Which of the following is NOT present in the duodenum segment of the small intestine?

.....

Given that during the complete catabolism of glucose to CO2 , 10 NADH's are made, how many ATPs are made from these 10NADH's via the electron transport cycle?

25

How many ATPs are generated via substrate level phosphorylation during the complete break down of glucose to CO2 and H2O (via glycolysis, transition, Krebs,)

4

For minerals, digestion does not need to occur since these are already small chemicals (single atoms). Absorption though sometimes is not as simple. Which mineral required vitamin D for the best absorption into the body?

Calcium

Gastric pits in the stomach serve an important role in the process of digestion. What do the parietal cells of these glands secrete?

HCl

Which of the following metabolic pathways for glucose produces the most NADH byproduct and hence the most ultimate ATP?

Krebs cycle

Which of the following vitamins, being fat soluble, are absorbed much like fats are in the small intestine?

Vitamins A, E, D

The cause of ulcers in the stomach has been up for debate until relatively recently. It is now though that 90% of recurrent ulcers are due to

bacteria that are able to reside in the acidic lumen of the stomach

Which gland or organ produces the nucleases that digest DNA and RNA into bases or nucleotides?

both pancrease and small intestine

Which of the following is (are) digestive enzymes that are SECRETED by the small intestine and function there?

brush border enzymes (proteases like aminopeptidase )

What are some of the function(s) of vitamins?

cofactors for enzymes coenzymes affect metabolism

What is the difference between essential amino acids and nonessential amino acids?

essential ones need to come in your food since they can not be made from other nutrients

Which macronutrient when absorbed goes into lacteals of the lymph system intead of directly into the blood first?

fats

If fat is to be used for energy, what pathway can fatty acids be broken down in?

fatty acids can be convered to acetyl CoA and enter the Krebs cycle

Given what GERD is (acid reflux) which sphincter or valve is not completing closing in the GI tract?

gastroesophageal sphincter

If you have not eaten a meal in several hours (fasting) which hormone would promote the processes that would be occuring to keep your blood sugar stable

glucagon

The brain and other neurons in the body can not break down anything but glucose to make its ATP. Hence, if excess amino acids are used to make glucose for this need this process is called

gluconeogenesis

What form are digested sugars in when they are in the blood and going into your cells?

glucose

Absorption of nutrients from the small intestine into the blood or lactaels occur only if the nutrients are in their monomer form for the macronutrients. Which of the following forms of macronutrients are absorbable?

glucose free amino acids glycerol fatty acids

If glucose is low in cells what is the next form of energy the body will tap into?

glycogen

Many years ago a diet drug called an uncoupler was developed. Its action was to make the inner membrane of the mitochondria permeable to H+ or protons. Hence, once the H+ gradient formed, H+ could flow back into the matrix without going through the ATPase channel. Hence as a consequence,

less ATP was made via oxidative phosphorylation

Shortly after ingesting a meal and allowing for time for absorption into your blood, which of the following processes of metabolism would NOT BE OCCURRING?

lipidolysis

For any of the macromolecules (fats, proteins, and sugars) when they are all in excess they can all be coverted into fat and stored this process is called:

lipogenesis

Which of the following are considered accessory digestive organs due to the fact they secrete into the GI Tract but are not part of the GI tract?

liver

Which of the following food groups would give you a good dose of protein?

meats

Which locations or glands produce enzymes that digest polysaccharides (complex carbs or sugars) into monosaccharides?

mouth, pancrease, small intestine

Which tissue layer of the alimentary canal is the one in which absorption of food would take place?

mucosa

Which tissue layer of the alimentary canal is responsible to produce segmentation or peristalsis?

muscularis externa

Concerning saliva, which of the following is not true regarding its functions?

protein chemical digestion

What sphincter exists between the stomach and the small intestine,

pyloric sphincter

At the end of glycolysis what chemical is the product after these 10 sequenctial steps as the breakdown product of glucose?

pyruvic acid

What form are the macronutrient proteins in when they are ciculating in your blood?

single amino acids

Where does the absorption of monomers into the blood or lacteals occur in the GI tract?

small intestine

GIven that mechanical digestion of food in the form of a bolus is imcomplete when in the esophagus, what type of epithlelial tissue lines the lumen of the esophagus in the mucosa layer?

stratified squamous

Which types of macronutrients(s) are being chemically digested in the mouth?

sugars and fats

The pancreas as an accessory organ in digestion secretes a battery of digestive enzymes into the duodenum of the small intestine. Which macronutrients do these enzymes release collectively digest

sugars, fats, and proteins

What is the cause of gingivitis?

tartar build up on the gum line disupts seal between teeth and gums

Which statement correctly describes how cavities in teeth are formed

the acid produced from bacteria fermenting sugars dissolves enamal and dentin

What is the main purpose of amino acids for the body?

to build proteins

Which of the following digestive enzyme(s) chemically digests proteins?

trypsin

Which of the following digestive enzyme(s) is secreted from the pancreas?

trypsin