Dinosaurs!

Cretaceous is derived from the Latin word for ______________. 1) Chalk 2) Crater 3) Coal 4) Conglomerate

1) Chalk

Leaping Laelaps was a painting created by __________________. 1) Charles R. Knight 2) Andy Warhol 3) Pablo Picasso 4) Claude Monet

1) Charles R. Knight

What type of plankton accumulate after death to form chalk? 1) Coccolithophores 2) Radiolarians 3) Diatoms 4) Foraminifers

1) Coccolithophores

Where is the Chicxulub Crater located? 1) The Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico 2) Northern Alberta 3) Eastern Cuba 4) Offshore Angola, western Africa 5) West coast of Portugal

1) The Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico

The Cliffs of Dover in England are made up of ________________. 1) Chert 2) Coal 3) Chalk 4) Sandstone 5) Basalt 6) Granite

3) Chalk

Which organelle facilitates photosynthesis? 1) Golgi apparatus 2) Nucleus 3) Chloroplast 4) Mitochondria

3) Chloroplast

An animal adapted for running on long limbs is best described as ____________. 1) Arboreal 2) Fossorial 3) Cursorial

3) Cursorial

Titanosaurs from the Late Cretaceous archipelago in Europe exhibit which of the following trends? 1) Increase in size to gigantic proportions 2) Decrease in neck size 3) Decrease in overall body size to tiny proportions

3) Decrease in overall body size to tiny proportions

Lambeosaurine hadrosaurids are characterized by the presence of ________________. 1) Smooth foreheads with no crests 2) Horns 3) Elaborate crests 4) Tufts of feathers

3) Elaborate crests

Saurischian dinosaurs exhibit all of the following derived characteristics except _________. 1) A reduced or lost digit 5 2) A digit 1 that is rotated to face the palm - allowing for grasping 3) Metarsal bones that overlap at the joint 4) A pubis bone that runs parallel to the ischium

4) A pubis bone that runs parallel to the ischium

Which of the following is not an activity in the field of taxonomy? 1) Description of organisms 2) Identification of species 3) Developing nomenclature to name species 4) Classify species into related groups 5) Collect fossils

5) Collect fossils

Where did the Nodosaur fossil in the Greshko article come from?: a) Alberta, Canada b) Montana, United States c) Western Australia d) Northern Germany

Alberta, Canada

Which Class do humans belong to? 1) Class Amphibia 2) Class Reptilia 3) Class Aves 4) Class Mammalia

Class Mammalia

The oldest unaltered fossils are __________ in age. a) Silurian b) Triassic c) Jurassic d) Cretaceous e) Paleogene

Jurasic

In embryos of birds, both tails and hand bones are present during stages of development - and are later shrunk and merged into a much reduced tail and a fused hand. These are examples of atavisms. 1) True 2) False

True

In natural selection, individuals with advantageous adaptations are more likely to reproduce, so these adaptations are eventually spread through the population of the species. True False

True

No DNA fragments were extracted from dinosaur bone material - instead a variety of proteins, collagen, and osteocytes (bone cells) were extracted. True False

True

Nodosaurs bear a body armor composed of bony osteoderms coated with keratin. True False

True

Reptiles, Mammals and Birds all share an amniotic egg or had ancestors that laid amniotic eggs. 1) True 2) False

True

Science is about making observations, coming up with explanations for the observations, and then testing the observation. 1) True 2) False

True

The common misconception is that dinosaurs consist of any large extinct animal. True False

True

Transgenesis is an evolutionary modification tool used to take genes from the genetic information from one animal and inserting it into the genetic material in a different species. Offspring then express the new gene, such as glowing. True False

True

Which of the following is not a characteristic that Dinosaurs (and all reptiles) exhibit? a) Mammary glands b) Amniotic egg c) Scaly skin d) Openings in the skull behind the eye socket for muscle attachment

a) Mammary glands

B-Rex was determined by Mary Schweitzer to be female on the basis of which characteristic of the bones? a) Medullary tissue b) Larger Osteocytes c) More gracile (narrower) bones d) Associated egg shell material with the bones

a) Medullary tissue

Darwin described his theory and provided reams of evidence in his book titled______________. a) On the Origin of Species b) Systema Naturae c) Biologia d) A primer on Animal Relationships

a) On the Origin of Species

On each island in the Galapagos, were distinct species of _______________ that Darwin collected samples of and information on. a) Tortoises and Finches b) Porpoises and Iguanas c) Iguanas and Tortoises d) Horses and Cats e) Cats and Finches

a) Tortoises and Finches

Which of the following groups is descended from dinosaurs? a) Frogs and Salamanders b) Birds c) Mammals d) Crocodiles and Alligators e) Turtles

b) Birds

Which of the following groups is descended from dinosaurs? a) Frogs and Salamanders b) Birds c) Mammals d) Crocodiles and Alligators e) Turtles

b) Birds

The Jurassic rocks in Michigan are economically important, what resource(s) are extracted from them? a) Oil b) Groundwater aquifer c) Dimension Stone d) Gold e) Iron Ore

b) Groundwater aquifer c) Dimension Stone

Which vessel did Charles Darwin sail on during his early career? a) USS Enterprise b) HMS Beagle c) The Pequod d) HMS Titanic e) HMS Erebus

b) HMS Beagle

A horse is a type of vertebrate animal. What mineral is secreted to form the teeth and bones of a horse? a) Silica b) Calcite c) Fluorite d) Apatite

b) fluorite

Which pair of paleontologists were involved in the Bone Wars during the late 1800's? a) Mary Anning b) Charles Darwin c) Albert Einstein d) Edward Drinker Cope e) Othniel Charles Marsh f) Alfred Russel Wallace

d) Edward Drinker Cope e) Othniel Charles Marsh

Which of the following is not a bone in the dinosaurian pelvic girdle or hips? a) Ischium b) Illium c) Pubis d) Scapula

d) Scapula

Charles Darwin was spurred to publish his theory upon receiving letters detailing a similar theory from this person? a) James Hutton b) Mary Anning c) Queen Victoria I d)Alfred Russel Wallace e) Gregor Mendel f)Carolus Linnaeus

d)Alfred Russel Wallace

What type of unconformity is represented by a gap in the fossil record between relatively parallel layers of sedimentary rock? 1) Nonconformity 2) Angular Unconformity 3) Disconformity

disconformity

At the end of which time period, did the Dinosaurs die out? a) Silurian b) Permian c) Triassic d) Jurassic e) Cretaceous f) Paleogene

e) Cretaceous

In a sprawling posture, the legs are positioned underneath the center of mass of the animal. True False

false

The dermal plates (or osteoderms) in stegosaurs were articulated with the vertebrae - so we know where exactly along the back each plate came from. 1) True 2) False

false

The pectoral girdle is the set of bones that make up the hips. True False

false

What law governs dinosaur fossils found on federal land? 1) Nationalization of Fossils Act of 1897 2) Protection of Fossil Resources Act of 1913 3) Clean Dinosaurs Act of 1974 4) Paleontological Resources Preservation Act of 2009

4) Paleontological Resources Preservation Act of 2009

At the start of the Triassic, the continents were arranged into a supercontinent called ____________. 1) Laurasia 2) Rodinia 3) Columbia 4) Pangaea

4) Pangaea

Which Order do humans belong to? 1) Marsupialia 2) Ungulata 3) Proboscidea 4) Primates

4) Primates

What type of depositional environment formed the thick Navajo Sandstone in the Four Corners Region of the U.S.? 1) Delta 2) River channels and floodplains 3) Reefs 4) Sand dunes

4) Sand dunes

Which of the following is not an advantage of having a skeleton? 1) Serves as a storage site for useful nutrients like calcium and phosphorous 2) serves as a rigid framework to protect the internal organs 3) Serves as levers - when acted upon by muscles they help move the body 4) Serves as part of the nervous system

4) Serves as part of the nervous system

Interlocking tail vertebrae with zygapophyses are characteristic of which group of theropods? 1) Herrerasaurus 2) Ceolophysis 3) Neotheropodans 4) Tetanurans

4) Tetanurans

Which of the following is not a characteristic of monotremes like the duck-billed platypus? 1) Reproductive and excretive ducts open into the cloaca 2) They lay eggs 3) They have fur 4) They have feathers 5) They have mammary glands

4) They have feathers

Taking a gene out of one organism and inserting it into the DNA of a different organism is called: 1) Selection 2) Atavism Activation 3) Duplication 4) Transgenesis 5) Transliteration

4) Transgenesis

Which of the following is actually a dinosaur? 1) Woolly Mammoth 2) Plesiosaur 3) Dimetrodon 4) Tyrannosaurus Rex

4) Tyrannosaurus Rex

Head crests likely served all of the following functions except _______________. 1) Used in courtship and mate selection 2) Used to intimidate predators 3) Used to vocalize - communicate within species 4) Used as snorkels for the dominantly aquatic hadrosaurs 5) Used as a species indicator

4) Used as snorkels for the dominantly aquatic hadrosaurs

How old is the Earth? Question 1 options: 1) 4,600 years 2) 4.6 million years 3) 4.6 billion years 4) 4.6 trillion years

4.6 billion years

How many chromosomes do humans have? 1) 42 2) 44 3) 46 4) 48

46

Which phrase best describes most reef-building scleractinian corals? 1) Solitary, pelagic animals 2) Solitary, planktonic animals 3) Colonial, planktonic animals 4) Colonial, benthic plants 5) Colonial, benthic animals

5) Colonial, benthic animals

Which phylum do humans belong to? 1) Phylum Brachiopoda 2) Phylum Arthropoda 3) Phylum Mollusca 4) Phylum Echinodermata 5) Phylum Chordata

5) Phylum Chordata

Which of the following is not a characteristic shared by all sauropodomorphs? 1) Elongate femurs 2) Long necks 3) Small heads 4) Enlarge thumb with prominent claw 5) Reduction of skull fenestrae - making the skull more solid

5) Reduction of skull fenestrae - making the skull more solid

Which rock type is used to make road de-icers? Question 11 options: 1) Sandstone 2) Shale 3) Reef Limestones 4) Coal 5) Rock Salt

5) Rock Salt

Which group of fish are the most common modern fish, including animals like the Goldfish and Perch? 1) Sarcopytergians 2) Acanthodians 3) Placoderms 4) Agnathans 5) Teleosts

5) Teleosts

Which of the following has not been proposed as a hypothesis for the function of the large plates in stegosaurs? 1) Used to protect the individual from Predators 2) Used to intimidate Predators 3) Used as display during courtship of mates 4) Used in thermoregulation 5) Used as sails when the dinosaur swam

5) Used as sails when the dinosaur swam

Which of the following features is the adaptation that all angiosperms share, but other types of plants do not? 1) Roots 2) Vascular tissues 3) Photosynthesis 4) Spores 5) Naked Seeds and Cones 6) Flowers and fruit

6) Flowers and fruit

Which of the following is not a shared characteristic of theropod dinosaurs? 1) Clawed fingers and toes 2) Bipedal posture 3) Sharp, flattened, serrated teeth 4) Hollowed vertebrae and limb bones 5) Grasping hands and feet 6) Nonperforate Acetabulum

6) Nonperforate Acetabulum

What was the estimated number of species lost in the end-Permian extinction event in the marine realm? 1) 45% 2) 56% 3) 86% 4) 96%

96%

At Gubbio, Italy, the father-son team of Louis and Walter Alvarez discovered an anomaly in what chemical element? 1) Platinum Pt 2) Uranium U 3) Thorium Th 4) Iridium Ir 5) Germanium Ge 6) Lead Pb

4) Iridium Ir

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of the Hadrosaurids? 1) 1 less phalanx (finger bone) in the third finger on each hand 2) Deep dentary 3) Transversely widened premaxillary 4) Lacked thumbs

4) Lacked thumbs

Which of the following is not a defining characteristic of the Iguanodontids? 1) 1 less phalanx (finger bone) in the third finger on each hand 2) Deep dentary 3) Transversely widened premaxillary 4) Lacked thumbs

4) Lacked thumbs

What feature do tetrapods have four of? 1) Eyes 2) Fingers 3) Lungs 4) Limbs

4) Limbs

Which of the following continents was not part of Gondwana? 1) Africa 2) South America 3) Australia 4) North America 5) India

4) North America

Which of the following is not a characteristic of braided streams? 1) Usually ephemeral water flow - only flowing during part of the year 2) Coarse-grained deposits of gravel and sand 3) Bars break up channel into many smaller channels that wind around the bars 4) One channel with prominent cut banks and point bars around bends in the channel

4) One channel with prominent cut banks and point bars around bends in the channel

This fossil started out as wood. Which of these elements best characterizes the composition of the wood: a) Silicon b) Carbon c) Uranium d) Potassium e) Calcium

Carbon

A plant fossil made up of pure carbon was likely preserved with this style of preservation: a) Replacement - Permineralization b) Replacement - Petrifaction c) Recrystallization d) Carbonization and Compression e) External Mold f) Internal Mold

Carbonization and Compression

Which rock is a common marine rock found in Cretaceous age sediments (and even gives the Cretaceous its name)? Question 5 options: 1) Chert 2) Chalk 3) Sandstone 4) Coal 5) Limestone

Chalk

Which two men independently came up with the theory of evolution (select all that apply)? Charles Darwin Alfred Russel Wallace James Hutton Sir Isaac Newton Mary Anning Gregor Mendel

Charles Darwin Alfred Russel Wallace

This painting was created by _____________, a prolific artist who popularized ancient animals in his artwork. Charles R. Knight

Charles R. Knight

Hemipelagic sediments are composed of: 1) Calcareous plankton 2) Siliceous plankton 3) Clay

Clay

Which of the following rock types is deposited in swampy settings? Question 19 options: 1) Sandstone 2) Shale 3) Reef Limestones 4) Coal

Coal

Which feature is characteristic of eolian systems like dunes? 1) Varves 2) Cross bedding 3) Graded bedding 4) Ripple mar

Cross Bedding

Which of the following is not a characteristic that Dinosaurs (and all reptiles) exhibit? a) Mammary glands b) Amniotic egg c) Scaly skin d) Openings in the skull behind the eye socket for muscle attachment

Mammary glands

Which environment provides the best conditions for rapid burial and subsequent preservation of an organism? Question 6 options: 1) Marine systems - deeper water in continental shelves 2) Rivers 3) Deserts 4) Glacial environments

Marine systems

During which era, did the Dinosaurs live? Question 2 options: 1) Mesozoic 2) Cenozoic 3) Paleozoic 4) Triassic

Mesozoic

A morphological species definition uses the shape and size characteristics of fossils to define species. True or False

True

An explanation for an observation has to be testable. 1) True 2) False

True

Artificial selection is the controlled breeding of individuals in a species in order to propagate characteristics advantageous to humans in that species, such as enhanced food production or softer fibers. True False

True

Atavism Activation was responsible for stimulating the gene for teeth, producing teeth in chickens. True False

True

Bipeds walk using their hind limbs only. True False

True

Cementation is the process by which groundwaters precipitate dissolved ions in the pore space between sediment grains, binding them together. True False

True

Genes are made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). True False

True

The recessive gene is expressed in the F2 generation when an offspring receives copies of the recessive gene from both of its parents. True False

True

Which type of layered deposit is typical of lake sediments? 1) Turbidites 2) Diatoms 3) Varves 4) Outwash

Varves

By the end of the Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian stages), dinosaurs are known to have spread to all continents save for ______________. (select all that apply) a) Australia b) Asia c) Antarctica d) North America e) Europe f) South America g) Africa

a) Australia c) Antarctica

What characteristic showed a lot of diversity in the different finch species? a) Beak shape and size b) Feather color and tail feather size c) Eye position on head d) Overall body size

a) Beak shape and size

What are the dominant elements in apatite that can be analyzed by the handheld x-ray fluorescence device? [Select all that apply] a) Calcium b) Silicon c) Uranium d) Phosphorous e) Nitrogen f) Potassium

a) Calcium d) Phosphorous

What kind of DNA is most likely to be extracted from fossil insects embedded in amber? a) Insects like Mosquitos and Conifer trees b) Dinosaurs c) Early Mammals

a) Insects like Mosquitos and Conifer trees

Plesiosaurs are best described as ____________. a) Large aquatic reptiles that lived at the same time as the Dinosaurs b) Medium-sized, fin-backed reptiles that died out before the Dinosaurs evolved c) A type of bird d) A type of mammal e) Flying reptiles that lived at the same time as Dinosaurs

a) Large aquatic reptiles that lived at the same time as the Dinosaurs

Which two rocks are characteristic of deep ocean sediments (select all that apply)? a) Sandstone b) Chalk c) Chert d) Oolitic Limestone e) Rock Salt

chalk and chert

The ulna (one of the lower forelimb bones) is __________ to the scapula. a) Proximal (closer to) b) Proximal (further away from) c) Distal (closer to) d) Distal (further away from)

d) Distal (further away from)

Ornithischian dinosaurs are characterized by ___________. a) Elongate cervical (neck) vertebrae) b) Large hands with the thumb rotated towards the palm c) Metatarsal (toes) bones that overlap d) Crurotarsal ankles e) A predentary bone at the front of the jaw

e) A predentary bone at the front of the jaw

Pterosaurs are best described as ____________. a) Large aquatic reptiles that lived at the same time as the Dinosaurs b) Medium-sized, fin-backed reptiles that died out before the Dinosaurs evolved c) A type of bird d) A type of mammal e) Flying reptiles that lived at the same time as Dinosaurs

e) Flying reptiles that lived at the same time as Dinosaurs

Taphonomy includes all of the following except for ___________________. a) Mortality - study of how the organism died (illness, predation) b) Post-mortem decay and scavenging c) Fossilization and burial d) Exhumation e) Reproduction and breeding behavior

e) Reproduction and breeding behavior

A recurved tooth was not beneficial for theropod dinosaurs, as it allowed the dinosaur's prey to escape more readily than a non-recurved tooth. 1) True 2) False

false

Above the calcium carbonate compensation depth, calcium carbonate (calcite/aragonite) dissolves in the oceans. 1) True 2) False

false

Anapsids like turtles and tortoises were the group of reptiles that mammals evolved from. 1) True 2) False

false

Ankylosaurs are characterized by forelimbs longer than hind limbs, and a narrow rib cage. 1) True 2) False

false

Ankylosaurs are only found from deposits in western North America. 1) True 2) False

false

Ankylosaurs are only found in massive bone beds, suggesting that these animals lived in gigantic herds. 1) True 2) False

false

Asian Pachycephalosaurs are usually found in floodplain sediments adjacent to the upland environments where they lived. 1) True 2) False

false

Calcareous Oozes over time lithify to form the rock chert. 1) True 2) False

false

Carbon dating using Carbon -14 with a half-life of 5,730 years can be used to age date dinosaur remains. 1) True 2) False

false

Carbon has an atomic mass of 12.011. Is carbon heavy enough that the handheld x-ray fluorescence device able to analyze it? True False

false

Carnivorous dinosaurs have peg-shaped teeth. True False

false

Chert is made up of the skeletons of animals like corals and clams. True False

false

Diatoms were very important plankton that accumulated to form the massive chalk deposits of the Jurassic and Cretaceous. 1) True 2) False

false

Dinosaurs exhibit a crurotarsal ankle - the foot is parallel to the ground, while the leg makes an acute angle to the ground. True False

false

Dinosaurs exhibit high predator to prey ratios, which is suggestive that they were cold-blooded animals like crocodiles. 1) True 2) False

false

Does the spectra suggest that the wood exhibits the unaltered chemical composition of the original wood True False

false

During the Cretaceous, sea level was low due to the low rates of oceanic crust production and cold climatic conditions. 1) True 2) False

false

Gymosperms are characterized by seeds encased in fruit and elaborate structures designed to attract insects to aid in reproduction. 1) True 2) False

false

Human remains and artifacts are also governed under the Paleontological Resources Preservation Act of 2009. 1) True 2) False

false

In a meandering river, the point bar is characterized by higher energy flow and the erosion of the bank. : 1) True 2) False

false

In humans the sacral vertebrae have been fused together to form the coccyx. True False

false

Jack Horner first discovered fossil embryos and eggs of hadrosaurs at Egg Mountain in Argentina. 1) True 2) False

false

Marginocephalians are only found in rocks of Jurassic age. 1) True 2) False

false

Modern reconstructions of dinosaurs usually depict them as slow, stupid beasts only concerned with their next meals in films and books. 1) True 2) False

false

Monotremes like the duck-billed platypus and spiny echnida are the only mammals that give live birth, instead of laying eggs. 1) True 2) False

false

Nicolas Steno came up with the idea of cross-cutting relationships. 1) True 2) False

false

Ornithischian dinosaurs show a decrease in diversity as angiosperm diversity increases. 1) True 2) False

false

Ornithopod dinosaurs are characterized by extensive frills and horns on their heads. true or false

false

Oviraptors show behavioral evidence that they preyed upon other dinosaur's eggs. 1) True 2) False

false

Permineralization is a style of replacement that preserves just the gross anatomy of the organism - the overall shape, but not the fine structural details. True False

false

Permineralization is a style of replacement that preserves just the gross anatomy of the organism - the overall shape, but not the fine structural details. True or False

false

Plankton diversity stays constant across the K-T boundary - with no loss of species. 1) True 2) False

false

Playa lakes develop in humid environments and usually precipitate oolitic limestones. 1) True 2) False

false

Prosauropod is a formal scientific name, with well-described diagnostic characteristics shared by all members of the group. 1) True 2) False

false

Quartz developments cleavage when you press on it with your fingers. 1) True 2) False

false

Reptiles are classified based on the presence or absence of temporal fenestrae, openings in the hip structure. 1) True 2) False

false

Rudistid bivalves made it through the K-T extinction, and are still making reefs in the Persian Gulf and Red Sea. 1) True 2) False

false

Saurischian dinosaurs are characterized by small hands, with thumbs that point away from the palm of the hand. True False

false

Sauropodomorphs have huge heads relative to their body size. true or false

false

Sauropodomorphs have huge heads relative to their necks. 1) True 2) False

false

Sauropods commonly walked with their tails dragging on the ground. 1) True 2) False

false

Sauropods were carnivores. 1) True 2) False

false

Stegosaurs had a huge brain relative to body size and reduced olfactory bulbs. 1) True 2) False

false

Stegosaurs had both a tiny brain in the skull and a larger brain in a pocket within the sacrum. True or False

false

The Chicxulub Crater is visible at the Earth's surface and did not require geophysical methods to map out its distribution. 1) True 2) False

false

The Chicxulub Crater was discovered by the Alvarez's. 1) True 2) False

false

The Earth is 14 billion years old. 1) True 2) False

false

The earliest known Ceratopsians are found in central Asia (Mongolia and China) and were obligate quadrupeds. 1) True 2) False

false

The fossil record is complete - every organism that ever lived is preserved as a fossil. 1) True 2) False

false

The fossil record is complete - every organism that ever lived is preserved as a fossil. True False

false

The fossil record of birds is incredibly detailed due to the robust, solid nature of their bones. 1) True 2) False

false

The prosauropods are a well-defined clade that are derived from a single ancestor and are recognized as a formal taxonomic group. true or false

false

The shoulders in the vertebrate body plan are part of a structure called the pelvic girdle. true or false

false

The terminal Cretaceous (K-T) extinction was the worst extinction in Earth's history. 1) True 2) False

false

Thyreophoran dinosaurs include the commonly recognized groups of dinosaurs such as the duck-billed hadrosaurs and the horned and frilled ceratopsians. true or false

false

Triassic rocks, especially lower Triassic rocks are very common. 1) True 2) False

false

Vascular Plants do not exhibit tissues that move fluids through the plant's body. 1) True 2) False

false

Western North America consisted of 1 large continent that was accreted to the margin of North America during the early Triassic. 1) True 2) False

false

Woolly Mammoths are a type of dinosaur. True False

false

Which feature has become a more commonly identified characteristic in theropod dinosaurs due to the discovery of a lot more incredibly well preserved fossils in the last two decades? fur scaly skin feathers

feathers

Saurischian dinosaurs exhibit a reduced antorbital opening, while Ornithischians exhibit a much larger antorbital opening. True False

flase

Which of the following is not a type of trace fossil? a) Footprints b) Hip bones c) Predation scars like teeth-marks on bones d) Nests e) Egg shells

hip bones

How many fingers does an avetheropodan have on each hand?: 1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5

2) 3

Question 14 options: 1) Sandstone 2) Shale 3) Reef Limestones 4) Coal

4) Coal

The hand bones in the early chicken embryo are very different from the dinosaur Velociraptor. True False

False

The highest grade of coal is peat. True False

False

What type of plant is an early colonizer after disaster events wipe out the local flora? 1) Moss 2) Conifers 3) Oaks 4) Ferns 5) Grass

4) Ferns

Which grain size is associated with the highest energy environments? 1) Clay 2) Silt 3) Sand 4) Gravel

4) Gravel

Breccias are characterized by having ______________ grains in a finer matrix. Question 5 options: 1) Rounded 2) Angular

Angular

What mineral are vertebrate bones made of? Calcite (CaCO3) Quartz (SiO2) Pyrite (FeS2) Apatite (Ca5(PO4)3(Cl,F,OH))

Apatite (Ca5(PO4)3(Cl,F,OH))

A diastem is part of the Ceratopsian jaw - what phrase below best describes it? 1) A gap between the cheek teeth and the rhamphotheca 2) The joint between the rhamphotheca and the maxillary 3) Another term for the cheek teeth 4) A reduction in the antorbital fenestra size

1) A gap between the cheek teeth and the rhamphotheca

The extensive continental interior of Pangaea is interpreted to have been __________. 1) A massive desert 2) A massive rainforest 3) A series of massive lakes, rivers and swamps 4) A polar wasteland

1) A massive desert

The coronoid process in hadrosaurs serves this function: 1) Additional space for muscles to attach, allowing greater grinding force of jaws 2) Part of the nasal system that allows sound to resonate in the hadrosaur vocal box 3) Part of the olfactory system - allowed hadrosaurs an unparalleled sense of smell 4) Part of the support structure for the head crests

1) Additional space for muscles to attach, allowing greater grinding force of jaws

Which of the following groups does not exhibit an amniotic egg (or had an ancestor that laid amniotic eggs)? 1) Amphibians 2) Reptiles 3) Birds 4) Mammals

1) Amphibians

The hoatzin of South America has retained these primitive characteristics. 1) Beak with teeth and wing claws in juveniles 2) A non-pygostyle tail 3) A reduced sternum lacking a keel 4) A furcular divided into two smaller bones - one on each side of the sternum

1) Beak with teeth and wing claws in juveniles

What is the age of the oldest known fossil chordate, Pikaia gracilens? 1) Cambrian 2) Silurian 3) Triassic 4) Paleogene

1) Cambrian

The earliest confirmed dinosaur skeletal remains are from the ___________ stage. 1) Carnian 2) Norian 3) Rhaetian 4) Aptian

1) Carnian

Of the following people, who invented the most commonly used form of taxonomy? 1) Carolus Linnaeus 2) Charles Darwin 3) Alfred Russel Wallace 4) Albert Einstein 5) Sir Isaac Newton 6) James Hutton

1) Carolus Linnaeus

Which class of animals do humans belong to? 1) Class Mammali 2) Class Reptilia 3) Class Aves 4) Class Amphibia 5) Class Osteoichthyes

1) Class Mammali

Which of the following is the smallest grain size in siliciclastic rocks? 1) Clay 2) Silt 3) Sand 4) Gravel

1) Clay

Which of the following is the largest Titanosaur currently known? 1) Dreadnoughtus 2) Brachiosaurus 3) Plateosaurus 4) Apatosaurus

1) Dreadnoughtus

In a river system, the cut bank is where: 1) Erosion occurs along the outer margin of the bend 2) Deposition occurs along the outer margin of the bend 3) Erosion occurs along the inner margin of the bend 4) Deposition occurs along the inner margin of the bend

1) Erosion occurs along the outer margin of the bend

Several lineages of sauropods show a trend towards __________________. 1) External nares (nostrils) present towards the top of the skull 2) More delicate leg bones 3) More solid vertebrae in the neck and back 4) Reduction of number of toes on both the forelimbs and hind limbs

1) External nares (nostrils) present towards the top of the skull

What type of feeding behavior do corals exhibit? 1) Filter-feeding 2) Piscivory 3) Insectivory 4) Carnivory 5) Herbivory

1) Filter-feeding

Which of the following are derived characteristics that all mammals share? 1) Fur and mammary glands 2) Scaley skin and sprawling posture 3) Feathers and upright posture 4) Water-permeable skin and gelatinous eggs

1) Fur and mammary glands

Mary Anning is recognized as the first person to have discovered and described a fossil of a ___________. 1) Ichthyosaur 2) Dinosaur 3) Shark 4) Bird

1) Ichthyosaur

Which type of marine reptile was fully adapted for life in the water - including giving live birth to their young? 1) Ichthyosaurs 2) Plesiosaurs 3) Mosasaurs 4) Dinosaurs

1) Ichthyosaurs

In humans, the small teeth at the very front of the jaw are called ___________. 1) Incisors 2) Canines 3) Premolars 4) Molars

1) Incisors

The Solite Quarry mines materials from a Triassic Rift Valley lake - which type of animal was the most abundant animal found at the Quarry? 1) Insects 2) Bivalves like clams 3) Fish 4) Snails

1) Insects

Why is Massospondylus special? 1) It is one of the few "prosauropods" species with known fossil eggs with embryos* 2) It is one of the carnivorous "prosauropods" 3) It is near the base of the sauropodomorpha and shares characteristics with early Theropods 4) It is found worldwide during the Late Triassic

1) It is one of the few "prosauropods" species with known fossil eggs with embryos*

Of the following, which is the largest grouping of species? 1) Kingdom 2) Phylum 3) Class 4) Order 5) Family 6) Genus

1) Kingdom

What is the arbitrary cut-off age that the remains must be older than to be considered a fossil? a) 1,000 years old b) 10,000 years old c) 100,000 years old d) 1,000,000 years old

10,000 years

What is the main characteristic that sets the class Aves apart from all other Avialaens? 1) Lack of teeth in beak 2) Presence of teeth in beak 3) A series of caudal vertebrae making up the tail 4) A pelvic girdle with the pubis pointing towards the front of the body

1) Lack of teeth in beak

Which group of theropods are most closely related to the Avialaens? 1) Maniraptorans 2) Carosaurs 3) Spinosaurs 4) Tyrannosaurs

1) Maniraptorans

The skeleton of Tarbosaurus bataar seized by the U.S. government was illegally removed from this county? 1) Mongolia 2) People's Republic of China 3) North Korea 4) Canada

1) Mongolia

By the end of the Permian this supercontinent had formed through plate collisions? 1) Pangaea 2) Columbia 3) Nuna 4) Gondwanaland 5) Rodinia

1) Pangaea

Which of the following is a trait shared by all Neotheropodans? 1) Presence of a furcular - a bone formed from the fusion of the 2 clavicles 2) Presence of three-fingered hands 3) Presence of an air sac system in the vertebrae 4) Presence of an enlarged brain

1) Presence of a furcular - a bone formed from the fusion of the 2 clavicles

Which of the following is a diagnostic characteristic of the Ceratopsia? 1) Presence of a rostral bone 2) Presence of a forward pointing pubis bone 3) Presence of three digits on hand 4) Osteoderms arranged as plates running down the back of the animal

1) Presence of a rostral bone

What is the distinguishing characteristic that all Thyreophorans share? 1) Presence of paired rows of osteoderms 2) A shelf of bone behind the head 3) A Saurischian-style hip structure 4) Teeth organized into a tooth battery

1) Presence of paired rows of osteoderms

This early ceratopsian has incredibly well-preserved individuals that exhibit tail feathers made up of monofilamentous feathers. 1) Psittacosaurus 2) Protoceratops 3) Triceratops 4) Pentaceratops 5) Pachycephalosaurus

1) Psittacosaurus

Ornithischians at the front of their jaws have a predentary bone and __________________. 1) Rhamphotheca 2) Denticles 3) Canines 4) Osteoderms

1) Rhamphotheca

The Jurassic Navajo Sandstone was deposited in what kind of depositional environment? 1) Sand dunes 2) Large salt lakes 3) Reefs 4) Alluvial fans

1) Sand dunes

Which of the following is not a characteristic of amphibians and early tetrapods? 1) Scaly skin 2) Water-permeable egg shells 3) Limb structure with similar bones to their sarcopytergian ancestors

1) Scaly skin

What type of rock hosts the majority of the Earth's fossils? 1) Sedimentary 2) Igneous 3) Metamorphic

1) Sedimentary

Thyreophorans exhibit forelimbs _________ the hind limbs. 1) Shorter than 2) Longer than 3) Of the same length as

1) Shorter than

All of the major groups of flying vertebrates exhibit a rigid _______ with a lot of surface area for muscle attachment. 1) Sternum 2) Rib cage 3) Humerus 4) Femur

1) Sternum

A cursorial origin of flight suggests ______________. 1) That the animal developed flight from a combination of faster running and leaping 2) That the animal developed flight from climbing up into trees and then gliding from tree to tree 3) That the animal developed flight from an earlier aquatic stage, where flapping its limbs allowed it to swim faster

1) That the animal developed flight from a combination of faster running and leaping

Horned and large frilled ceratopsians likely migrated to western North America through ______. 1) The Bering Sea Strait 2) Swimming from island to island in the Pacific - eventually reaching Central America 3) Swimming the proto-Atlantic from England to the east coast of the U.S. 4) They flew across the Pacific

1) The Bering Sea Strait

Solnhofen Quarry in Germany is special because _________________. 1) The fossils of Jurassic animals including archaeopteryx are exceptionally well-preserved at this site. 2) The site is the only place where complete Tyrannosaur skeletons have been collected. 3) The site preserves fossils of the fish-eating Spinosaurus. 4) The site preserves a spectacular collection of fossil conifers from the Late Cretaceous.

1) The fossils of Jurassic animals including archaeopteryx are exceptionally well-preserved at this site.

Which group of reptiles dominated the terrestrial environments during the Early Triassic? 1) Therapsids (mammal-like reptiles) 2) Dinosaurs 3) Crocodiles and other archosaurs 4) Tortoises

1) Therapsids (mammal-like reptiles)

What happened to the fossils of the Spinosaur found during the German-Egyptian expeditions of 1910-1911? 1) They were destroyed in World War II 2) They were sold and now are privately held in a collector's collection 3) They were lost during the moving of the Munich fossil collection into a new facility 4) They were destroyed by Ernst Stromer, so that no one else could study them

1) They were destroyed in World War II

The presence of iridium by itself is not good enough to tell us that an impact occurred, because Iridium is also found enriched in the mantle - so volcanic outpourings can bring more Iridium to the surface. 1) True 2) False

1) True

The wing membrane in pterosaurs is supported by elongate digit IV and the pteroid bone. 1) True 2) False

1) True

Which group of Osteoichthyean fish are the ancestors of the tetrapods? 1) Sarcopytergians 2) Acanthodians 3) Placoderms 4) Agnathans 5) Teleosts

1)Sarcopytergians

Place the following materials in order of their grain size from smallest to largest. Gravel Silt Sand Clay

1. Clay 2. Silt 3. Sand 4. Gravel

Hesperornis is a fossil Ornithuraen found in late Cretaceous age rocks in the Western U.S. What type of environment did they live in? 1) In forests 2) Along shorelines of lakes and shallow seas 3) On volcanoes 4) In plains

2) Along shorelines of lakes and shallow seas

Turning on the gene for teeth in a chicken is an example of what biological modification tool? 1) Selection 2) Atavism Activation 3) Duplication 4) Transgenesis 5) Transliteration

2) Atavism Activation

Which of the following groups survived the K-T extinction event? 1) Dinosaurs 2) Birds 3) Ammonoids 4) Mosasaurs

2) Birds

A shale is dominated by this grain size. 1) Clay 2) Sand 3) Gravel

2) Clay

Which principle would suggest that Fault E is younger than Layer A? 1) Superposition 2) Cross-cutting Relationships 3) Principle of Inclusions 4) Biostratigraphy

2) Cross-cutting Relationships

Which type of plankton is on modern oceans responsible for "red tides" and can be bioluminescent? 1) Diatoms 2) Dinoflagellates 3) Coccolithophores 4) Radiolarians

2) Dinoflagellates

Pterosaur bones were solid bone. 1) True 2) False

2) False

Mary Schweitzer isolated heme from dinosaur bones. This compound is a structural element of what compound transfers oxygen around our bodies? 1) Hematite 2) Hemoglobin 3) Heptane

2) Hemoglobin

Sauropodomorphs and Theropods are linked together on the basis of their ______________. 1) Tail structure and presence of ossified tendons 2) Hip structure with pubis bones that point towards the front of the body 3) Hip structure with pubis bones that point away from the front of the body and are aligned with the ischium 4) Reduced number of digits on both the hands and feet

2) Hip structure with pubis bones that point towards the front of the body

What adaptation for flight do both pterosaurs and birds share? 1) A wing supported by all five digits of the hand 2) Hollow bones 3) Thickened pelvic muscles for flapping the wings 4) A quadrupedal ancestor

2) Hollow bones

Linnaean taxonomy relies on the instinct and experience of the researcher to determine relationships between organisms. Later techniques have quantified this process. Phylogenetics and Cladistics are the two techniques most popular today. What piece of information is used in Phylogenetics, but not cladistics? 1) Only relies on modern organisms - ignores the fossil record entirely 2) Includes constraints of the timing of divergence of species from geology (fossil occurrences) and genetics (molecular clock dates) 3) A matrix of morphological characteristics are used to define relationships between organisms

2) Includes constraints of the timing of divergence of species from geology (fossil occurrences) and genetics (molecular clock dates)

In Michigan, the Mesozoic rocks are from which period? 1) Triassic 2) Jurassic 3) Cretaceous

2) Jurassic

Which of the following books written by Michael Crichton popularized dinosaurs while using more scientifically realistic dinosaurs? 1) Raptor Red 2) Jurassic Park 3) The Trilobite Soliloquies 4) Swallowed by an Earthquake

2) Jurassic Park

The Lost World by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle is a representative of which major style of dinosaur fiction in the early twentieth century? 1) Hollow Earth Stories 2) Modern Dinosaurs in isolated parts of the world 3) Children's fiction 4) Recreated/Resurrected dinosaurs let loose to terrorize cities

2) Modern Dinosaurs in isolated parts of the world

Mosses and Hornwarts are a type of _____________. 1) Green Algae 2) Non-vascular Plant 3) Vascular Plant

2) Non-vascular Plant

Which hemisphere of the Earth is where all known fossils of the Marginocephalia come from? 1) Southern Hemisphere 2) Northern Hemisphere

2) Northern Hemisphere

Examine the hip structure in the image of the dinosaur Stegosaurus. It has a pubis and ischium that both point towards the posterior of the animal. Which basic group of dinosaur is this hip structure diagnostic of? 1) Saurischian Dinosaurs 2) Ornithischian Dinosaurs

2) Ornithischian Dinosaurs

The incus, malleus and stapes started out as part of the ____________ in our synapsid ancestors. 1) Parts of the pelvic girdle 2) Parts of the lower jaw 3) Parts of the upper jaw 4) Extra vertebrae

2) Parts of the lower jaw

Which type of reptiles were long-necked animals that lived in the oceans most of the time, but laid their eggs on land? 1) Ichthyosaurs 2) Plesiosaurs 3) Mosasaurs 4) Dinosaurs

2) Plesiosaurs

What is the bone at the front of the lower jaw in an Ornithischian Dinosaur called? 1) Prefrontal bone 2) Predentary bone 3) Maxilla 4) Perforate Acetabulum

2) Predentary bone

Which of the following is not one of Steno's principles? 1) Principle of Superposition 2) Principle of Faunal Succession 3) Principle of Original Horizontality 4) Principle of Lateral Continuity

2) Principle of Faunal Succession

What type of basins develop on the east coast of North America during the Triassic and Jurassic? 1) Foreland Basins 2) Rift Valleys 3) Abyssal Plains 4) Basins in impact craters

2) Rift Valleys

Many important oil reservoirs in the Middle East are hosted in limestones made from reefs composed of ______________. 1) Scleractinian corals 2) Rudistid bivalves 3) Worm tubes 4) Oysters

2) Rudistid bivalves

Saturnalia was a middle Triassic dinosaur from Brazil that had skeletal features that suggested that they were facultative quadrupeds with a saurischian-style hip structure. What group has it been assigned to? 1) Theropods 2) Sauropodomorpha 3) Ornithischian dinosaurs

2) Sauropodomorpha

Dinosaurs cared for their young is an example of a ______________? 1) Scientific law 2) Scientific hypothesis 3) Scientific principle

2) Scientific hypothesis

The statement "Aspirin relieves headaches" is a _________________. 1) Fact 2) Scientific hypothesis 3) Scientific principle

2) Scientific hypothesis

The oldest known fossil plants from the Silurian are characterized by _____________. 1) Massive root structures and a vascular system 2) Small roots and no vascular system 3) Reproduction via seeds 4) Were motile - able to move around

2) Small roots and no vascular system

Mesozoic mammals are classified based on the shape, size and number of ___________. 1) Toes 2) Teeth 3) Ribs 4) Bones in the skull

2) Teeth

A digitigrade stance is where the animal walks with their weight supported on _____________. 1) The long length of the toe bones 2) The tips of the toes bones 3) On the heel of the foot (ankle bones)

2) The tips of the toes bones

During the Cretaceous, sea level was _____________. 1) Very low 2) Very high

2) Very high

How many different groups of vertebrates have independently developed flight? 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4

3

What feature do dinosaurs and other diapsid reptiles share? 1) 1 temporal fenestra on each side of the skull 2) 1 antorbital fenestra on each side of the skull 3) 2 temporal fenestrae on each side of the skull 4) 0 temporal fenestra on each side of the skull

3) 2 temporal fenestrae on each side of the skull

Element X decays over time to Element Y. The half-live of this decay reaction is 500,000 years. A sample of rock, was found that had experienced four half-lives of Element X - How old is that sample? 1) 62,500 years 2) 500,000 years 3) 2,000,000 years 4) 200,000,000 years

3) 2,000,000 years

How many times has flight developed independently in the vertebrates? 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4

3) 3

A geologist collects a sample of volcanic ash, and decides to age date the rock using the Z radiometric system. Element Z has a half-life of 2 billion years. How old is a sample that has experienced 3 half-lives of element Z? 1) 250 million years old 2) 2 billion years old 3) 6 billion years old

3) 6 billion years old

The terminal Permian Extinction wiped out ________% of tetrapods, leaving niches to be exploited by evolution of new reptiles in the Triassic. 1) 30% 2) 50% 3) 70% 4) 90%

3) 70%

A geologist has collected a sample or a rock that she would like to age date with the Y radiometric system. Parent isotope Y has a half-life of 4,000,000 years. How old is the sample, if it has experienced two half-lives? 1) 1,000,000 years 2) 4,000,000 years 3) 8,000,000 years 4) 16,000,000 years

3) 8,000,000 years

Pikaia gracilens and Homo sapiens share what anatomical feature? 1) A rugose skin 2) A perforate acetabulum 3) A notochord 4) A pair of legs

3) A notochord

In Pterosaurs the flight surface of the wings are supported by the arm bones and __________. 1) Elongate wrist bones 2) All five digits of the hand 3) An elongate fourth digit on the hand 4) The sternum

3) An elongate fourth digit on the hand

Leefructus is the earliest known __________________. 1) Sphenopsid 2) Gymnosperm 3) Angiosperm

3) Angiosperm

Which set of Mountains formed from the collision of South America and Africa with North America? 1) Coastal Range 2) Cascades 3) Appalachian-Ouachita Mountains 4) Andes-Rockies Mountains

3) Appalachian-Ouachita Mountains

What kind of environment characterized the four corners region of North America during the Permian-Triassic? 1) Tropical marine - lots of reefs 2) Tropical rainforest - jungles of conifers 3) Arid Desert - lots of sand dunes 4) Polar latitudes - lots of glacial ice

3) Arid Desert - lots of sand dunes

Ornithischians have a jaw joint ___________ the tooth row. 1) Above 2) Level with 3) Below

3) Below

Which specialized behavior did some basal ornithopods exhibit? 1) Predation on other dinosaurs 2) Elaborate crests used in courtship displays 3) Burrowing of nests for young 4) Swimming in freshwater lakes

3) Burrowing of nests for young

After death, coccolithophorids accumulate to form this type of rock: 1) Oolitic Limestone 2) Chert 3) Chalk 4) Sandstone 5) Granite

3) Chalk

Which of the following are derived characteristics that all birds share? 1) Fur and mammary glands 2) Scaley skin and sprawling posture 3) Feathers and upright posture 4) Water-permeable skin and gelatinous eggs

3) Feathers and upright posture

Echinoderms like the star fish are characterized by ____________ symmetry. 1) Bilateral 2) Three-fold 3) Five-fold 4) Six-fold

3) Five-fold

What is a coprolite? 1) Fossilized eggshell 2) Fossilized nest 3) Fossilized feces 4) Fossilized feather impressions

3) Fossilized feces

Medullary tissue associated with dinosaur bones tells us the ____________ of a dinosaur. 1) Age 2) Diet 3) Gender

3) Gender

What is the proper species name for humans? 1) Sapiens 2) Homo sapiens 3) Homo sapiens 4) Sapiens

3) Homo sapiens (italicized!)

What feature links the Pachycephalosaurs and Ceratopsians together to form the larger clade, Marginocephalia? 1) Pubis bone that points towards the front of the body 2) Well-developed tooth battery and rostral bone in jaw 3) Monofilamentous feathers on the tail and body 4) Bony ridge or shelf that extends from the back of the skull

4) Bony ridge or shelf that extends from the back of the skull

A facultative biped exhibits this style of behavior: 1) It always walks on all 4 limbs 2) It always walks with just the hind limbs 3) It walks most of the time on all 4 limbs, but can rear up on the hind limbs for short periods of time 4) It walks most of the time on the hind limbs, but can use all 4 limbs for short periods of time

3) It walks most of the time on all 4 limbs, but can rear up on the hind limbs for short periods of time

Which group of dinosaurs had well-developed nasal systems in their crests that were likely used for vocalization? 1) Nodosaurs 2) Ceratopsians 3) Lambeosaurine hadrosaurs 4) Tyrannosaurs

3) Lambeosaurine hadrosaurs

Which of the following is not a basic type of paleontology? 1) Commercial Paleontology 2) Academic Paleontology 3) Legal Paleontology 4) Amateur Paleontology

3) Legal Paleontology

Lagoons are quiet environments in tropical shelves. What type of sediment would you expect in this environment? 1) Lots of coral fragments 2) Sand 3) Lime mud 4) Cobbles of metamorphic rocks

3) Lime mud

Texture in Clastic Sedimentary rocks is defined by grain size, grain sorting and grain rounding. If you find a rock specimen with rounded (spherical) grains, what does that mean with regard to transport conditions? 1) Absolutely Nothing 2) Short Period of Transport 3) Long Period of Transport

3) Long Period of Transport

The Phanerozoic eon is divided into three eras, the Paleozoic, the ________________, and the Cenozoic. 1) Silurian 2) Precambrian 3) Mesozoic 4) Quaternary

3) Mesozoic

What social behavior is well described from multi-individual assemblages from central Asia? 1) Courtship and mate selection 2) Predation on ceratopsians 3) Nesting and parental care

3) Nesting and parental care

Which of the following organisms is the closest modern relative of ammonoids? 1) Star fish 2) Humans 3) Octopus 4) Corals

3) Octopus

Which of the following is a chemical sediment? 1) Coquina 2) Sandstone 3) Oolitic Limestone 4) Granite

3) Oolitic Limestone

What feature is prominent in enhancing the ornithopod's tail's function as a counterbalance? 1) Narrow hip structure 2) Smaller head and neck 3) Ossified tendons 4) Reduced neural arches on vertebrae

3) Ossified tendons

Which of the following gases is a waste product of photosynthesis? 1) Carbon dioxide 2) Methane 3) Oxygen 4) Nitrogen

3) Oxygen

Which of the following units represents the smallest amount of geologic time? 1) Supereon 2) Eon 3) Period

3) Period

Which major feature differentiates Nodosaurids from their close relatives the Akylosaurids? 1) Lack of osteoderms 2) Smaller scapulas 3) Presence of an acromial process 4) Presence of a predentary with a rhamphotheca

3) Presence of an acromial process

Which of the following rock types is deposited in shallow, tropical environments? Question 10 options: 1) Sandstone 2) Shale 3) Reef Limestones 4) Coal

3) Reef Limestones

What kind of special Jurassic rock is economically important as a reservoir for hydrocarbons in the Gulf of Mexico region? 1) Coal 2) Sandstone 3) Salt 4) Granite 5) Basalt

3) Salt

Type of rock the forms from accumulations of weathered unconsolidated material and skeletal remains of organisms? 1) Igneous 2) Metamorphic 3) Sedimentary

3) Sedimentary

The large flat teeth of placodonts were used to eat _____________. 1) Fish 2) Seaweed 3) Shelled animals 4) Meat

3) Shelled animals

Ankylosaurs have a very well developed sense of __________ due to the enlargement of the __________ portion of the brain. 1) Sight, optical 2) Touch, frontal lobe 3) Smell, olfactory bulbs 4) Hearing, auditory canals

3) Smell, olfactory bulbs

Which type of trace fossil suggests the presence of oxygen-producing bacteria in the fossil record? 1) Ripple marks 2) Foot prints 3) Stromatolites 4) Coprolites

3) Stromatolites

Agnathan fish are fundamentally different from other fish, because they are _________. 1) The only fish with a skeleton made up of apatite 2) The only fish with a skeleton made up of cartilage 3) The only fish with no jaws 4) The only fish with jaws

3) The only fish with no jaws

Isotopes of an element have ___________________. 1) The same number of electrons and a different number of protons 2) The same number of protons and a different number of electrons 3) The same number of protons and a different number of neutrons 4) The same number of neutrons and a different number of protons

3) The same number of protons and a different number of neutrons

Where are the massive volcanic basaltic rocks known as the Deccan traps located? 1) Western Washington, United States 2) Alberta, Canada 3) Western India 4) Northern Germany

3) Western India

Which feature is not characteristic of birds? 1) A furcular or wishbones 2) A strongly keeled wishbone for attachment of the pectoral muscles 3) A pygostyle - a reduced, fused tailbone 4) A Wing supported by all five digits of the hand

4) A Wing supported by all five digits of the hand

Which of the following groups did not evolve in the Paleozoic? 1) Gymnosperms like Conifers 2) Sphenopsids like horse tails 3) Ferns 4) Angiosperms

4) Angiosperms

The earliest confirmed dinosaur skeletal remains are from _____________. 1) India 2) Germany 3) The United States 4) Argentina

4) Argentina

What type of sedimentary rock is our main line of evidence for the oxygenation of the Precambrian world? 1) Limestone 2) Sandstone 3) Rock Salt 4) Banded Iron Formation 5) Chert

4) Banded Iron Formation

Which of the following is not a function of feathers in birds? 1) Flight - make up flight surface on wings 2) Insulation 3) Display - for mate selection and species identification 4) Sensory input - touch 5) Absorb oxygen from air, assisting the bird in breathing

Absorb oxygen from air, assisting the bird in breathing

A turbidite is a ____________. {Note this problem needs to have ordered response options labeled with a through e} 1) Layer of sediment deposited from a turbidity current 2) Layer that exhibits graded bedding 3) Layer that exhibits terrestrial fossils 4) Both a and b 5) Both b and c

Both a and b

A hypothesis is a testable explanation for an observation. 1) True 2) False

True

All Dinosaurs were huge semiaquatic reptiles. True False

False

All landforms formed from longshore currents run perpendicular to the shoreline. 1) True 2) False

False

Biologists use trinomial nomenclature to name a new species - it consists of the family, genus, and species identifier. True or Flase

False

Birds are derived from Ornithischian ancestors. 1) True 2) False

False

Darwin's theory included genetics - the biological storage of data that expresses for different genes and the mechanism for these genes to be passed onto offspring. True False

False

Deltas are characterized by tributary streams that gather water into one channel. 1) True 2) False

False

Dinosaurs had hair. True False

False

Jack Horner and colleagues have actually extracted DNA from a dinosaur. 1) True 2) False

False

Michigan is known for its fossil dinosaurs. 1) True 2) False

False

Outwash is the sediment deposited from melting (stagnant) ice at the front of the glacier and consists of material of all grain sizes. 1) True 2) False

False

Paleontologists are able to use a biological definition of species. 1) True 2) False

False

Rock gypsum forms through the accumulation of skeletal grains in a shallow lake environment. True False

False

Sauropodomorphs are a type of Ornithischian Dinosaur. 1) True 2) False

False

Sediments undergo volumetric expansion when more sediment is laid on top of them. True False

False

Sunlight penetrates even to the deepest water depths - so photosynthesis is active on the abyssal plains. 1) True 2) False

False

Clastic sedimentary rocks are defined on the basis of __________________. 1) Composition 2) Grain size 3) Presence of fossils 4) Presence of sedimentary structures

Grain Size

What is the proper evolutionary sequence of landforms in an erosional coastline? 1) Headland, sea stack, arch, sea cave 2) Headland, arch, sea cave, sea stack 3) Headland, sea cave, arch, sea stack 4) Headland, sea cave, sea stack, arch

Head land sea cave arch sea stack

What type of unconformity is present between weathered crystalline rocks (igneous and metamorphic) and sedimentary rocks? 1) Disconformity 2) Paraconformity 3) Nonconformity 4) Angular Unconformity 5) Conformity

Nonconformity

What factor does Michael Greshko state was the reason the nodosaur in the National Geographic article cause the very fine preservation of the fossil? a) Rapid burial in marine environment b) Exposure in a terrestrial environment to weathering c) A high degree of scavenging in the environment - tyrannosaur saliva cemented the body into a fossil

Rapid burial in marine environment

Brachiopod 2 has small patches of pyrite on the shell, but the dominant chemical element present in the spectra is Calcium! Based on the age of the fossil and the dominance of Calcium. What style of preservation has preserved Brachiopod 2? Recrystallization Replacement - Petrifaction Replacement - Permineralization Carbonization Unaltered hard parts

Recrystallization

Examine the spectra for Brachiopod 1, its shell is dominated by iron and sulfur with a smaller amount of calcium. Iron and Sulfur suggest the presence of a brassy metallic mineral called Pyrite (or more colloquially fool's gold). What style of preservation would preserve the fine details of the shell, including ornamentation but change the composition of the shell? a) Recrystallization b) Replacement - Petrifaction c) Replacement - Permineralization d) Carbonization e) Unaltered hard parts

Replacement - Permineralization

How is the fossil preserved? Note that the gross anatomy is preserved in this sample, but the finer details are not. Unaltered soft parts Recrystallization Replacement - Petrifaction External Mold

Replacement - Petrifaction

What kind of rock forms in a meandering stream channel? 1) Reef Limestone 2) Rock Salt 3) Sandstone 4) Rock Gypsum

Sandstone

Which of the following landforms is not characteristic of depositional coastlines? Question 1 options: 1) Sea Caves 2) Beaches 3) Spits 4) Tombolos

Sea Caves

What specialized characteristics do Ankylosaurids exhibit? (select all that apply) Acromial process Squamosal horns Tail club Abundant large neck spines Predentary bone

Squamosal horns Tail club

Which of the following is a sub-group within the Saurischian dinosaurs? a) Theropods b) Thyreophorans c) Marginocephalians d) Ornithopods

Theropods

A coquina consists of cemented skeletal grains that are heavily broken and abraded. True False

True

Which of the following factors influences whether an organism will become a fossil? a) Predation b) Rapid burial in marine environment c) Exposure in a terrestrial environment to weathering d) Only herbivores get preserved in the fossil record - carnivores are out of luck

b) Rapid burial in marine environment

Sperm and egg cells are gametes. What is special about gametes? a)They are the only cells in the body that are diploid - bearing two copies of each chromosome. b) They are the only cells in the body that are haploid - bearing just 1 copy of each chromosome.

b) They are the only cells in the body that are haploid - bearing just 1 copy of each chromosome.

Of the following features, which one is shared by all dinosaurs? a) An elongate, narrow mandible b) A humerus lacking a deltopectoral crest c) A perforate acetabulum d) fur

c) A perforate acetabulum

Alfred Russel Wallace mapped the distribution of different animals in the Indonesian Archipelago. He showed that the animals were ___________. a) The same on both sides of the deepwater Lombok Strait with a dominantly Southeast Asian faunal community. b) The same on both sides of the deepwater Lombok Strait with a dominantly Australian Faunal Community. c) Distinctively different faunal communities on either side of the Lombok Strait - with the northwestern islands dominated by southeast Asian faunas and southeastern islands dominated by Australian faunas. d) Distinctively different faunal communities on either side of the Lombok Strait - with the northwestern islands dominated by southeast Asian faunas and southeastern islands dominated by African faunas.

c) Distinctively different faunal communities on either side of the Lombok Strait - with the northwestern islands dominated by southeast Asian faunas and southeastern islands dominated by Australian faunas.

Examine the picture with this question. The skeleton exhibits a hip structure with the ischium and pubis running parallel to each other. Which group of animals does it belong to? a) Archosaurs b) Saurischians c) Ornithischians d) Mammals

c) Ornithischians

Which of the following is not a criteria used to define a fossil? a) Remains of hard parts like teeth, shells, and bones b) Remains of soft parts like feathers, fur, and flesh c) Pottery shards, stone axes and grinding stones d) Evidence of behavior like egg shells, nests, and footprints e) At least 10,000 years old

c) Pottery shards, stone axes and grinding stones

Which set of islands were incredibly influential in Darwin's biological research? a) Hawaii b) Indonesia c) The Galapagos Islands d) The Canary Islands e) Greenland

c) The Galapagos Islands

What characteristic do all tetrapods share? a) They have a skull with two temporal fenestrae. b) They have an amniotic egg - a water impermeable shelled egg. c) They have four limbs d) They have blood based on hemocyanin. e) They are all photosynthetic.

c) They have four limbs

In what time period, did the Dinosaurs originate? a) Silurian b) Permian c) Triassic d) Jurassic e) Cretaceous f) Paleogene

c) Triassic

Of the following, which term best describes the posture of a dinosaur? a) Sprawling posture b) Splayed out like fins c) Upright posture

c) Upright posture

A cast is a three-dimensional replica of the body formed when a mold fills with sediment. It does not preserve the original body of the animal. True False

true

A dinosaur's stride is measured as the distance between the same point in two consecutive steps of the same foot. 1) True 2) False

true

Amber preserves many Mesozoic fossil insects - where the insect became encased in tree sap that hardened. 1) True 2) False

true

An example of a homology are your fingers and the bones supporting the wings of a bat. True False

true

Archaeopteryx differs from modern birds by having an elongate tail composed of a series of caudal vertebrae. 1) True 2) False

true

Birds nearly died out at the end of the Cretaceous - only three groups survived the extinction event. 1) True 2) False

true

Bones provide Paleontologists with a lot of information for reconstructing what the dinosaur looked like in life - such as amount of musculature and overall body shape. True False

true

Bones provide Paleontologists with a lot of information for reconstructing what the dinosaur looked like in life - such as amount of musculature and overall body shape. true or false

true

Carnosaurs include some of the largest land-dwelling carnivores in Earth history - including Carcharodontosaurus and Gigantosaurus. 1) True 2) False

true

Ceratopsians replaced their worn cheek teeth constantly. 1) True 2) False

true

Coelurosaurs are a very diverse group of theropod dinosaurs that includes Tyrannosaurs and hummingbirds. 1) True 2) False

true

Cretaceous units like the Mancos Shale represent 1.) The flooding of the continental interior due to sea level drop, and 2.) The lowering of the land surface as a response to the collisions happening further west. 1) True 2) False

true

Dinosaur National Monument is an American park focused on highlighting paleontological research. true or false

true

Dinosaur postage stamps often showcase dinosaurs found in the country, however it is also common that the dinosaur pictured has not been found in the country issuing the stamps. 1) True 2) False

true

Early tetrapods like Tiktaalik and Ichthyostega exhibit more massive (or robust) pectoral and pelvic girdles than the sarcopytergian fish. 1) True 2) False

true

Evolutionary convergence is when two species develop similar body forms over time, as they take advantage of similar ecological niches. True or false

true

Hadrosaur dinosaurs ate meals consisting of foliage and branches of conifers and berries and leaves from angiosperms. 1) True 2) False

true

Hadrosaur nesting sites include many crushed eggshells suggesting that the nestlings lived for some time in the nests where they were cared for by their parents. 1) True 2) False

true

Horsetails are members of the Sphenopsida and are characterized as vascular plants that reproduce via spores. 1) True 2) False

true

If you wanted to, there would be options in the U.S. where you could pay in order to volunteer at a dinosaur dig site. true or false

true

In Michigan, you can collect up to 25 pounds per day (100 pounds maximum) of common invertebrate and plant fossils in Michigan's state lands. 1) True 2) False

true

In a few species of ceratopsians, we have enough individuals that have been described that show that variation in frill size and shape is a result of slight difference between individuals of different gender in the species. 1) True 2) False

true

In order to migrate into drier environments, early reptiles evolved scaly skin to prevent desiccation. 1) True 2) False

true

In rift valleys, the lavas typically formed basalt - a dark colored igneous rock. 1) True 2) False

true

In some cases dinosaur fossils are so well preserved, that paleontologists can reconstruct the color patterns of their feathers. True or false

true

It is common to find news articles on new dinosaur discoveries, because this is a way for the paleontologists to educate the public on their science. 1) True 2) False

true

Linnaean taxonomy is a hierarchical classification. True or flase

true

Marsh's Brontosaurus skeleton on display at the Peabody Museum at Yale had the wrong type of skull mounted on the skeleton. 1) True 2) False

true

Microtektites are small fragments of the meteorite; spherules are small pieces of fused glass representing molten rock thrown up into the atmosphere during the impact. 1) True 2) False

true

Most ornithopods had atricial young - young that were born immature and required parenting to reach maturity. 1) True 2) False

true

Not all "dinosaurs" shown on postage stamps are actually dinosaurs. 1) True 2) False

true

Ornithuromorphans lack gastralia - belly ribs. 1) True 2) False

true

Over the Mesozoic, several insect groups developed elongate, tubular mouthparts for sucking nectar. 1) True 2) False

true

Pachycephalosaurs are unique group of dinosaurs because the back portion of their brains has been rotated downward. 1) True 2) False

true

Professional scientists use different taxonomic codes that govern the rules used when naming and classifying a new species. 1) True 2) False

true

Prosauropods like Plateosaurus share the general characteristics of more advanced sauropodomorphs like long necks, small heads, enlarged thumbs with prominent claws, and elongate femurs. 1) True 2) False

true

Sauropodomorphs likely had high blood pressure in order to pump blood throughout their huge bodies. true or false

true

Sauropods had to have massive hearts in order to pump blood the length of the neck to the head and brain. Estimates of the systolic blood pressure is 630 mm or higher. 1) True 2) False

true

Some hadrosaurs exhibit exceptional preservation with fossils of skin and internal organs from "mummified" hadrosaurs. 1) True 2) False

true

Stegosaurs like Stegosaurus and Kentrosaurus exhibited sexual dimorphism - two adult forms of different size and some differences in the skeleton and osteoderms. 1) True 2) False

true

The backbone in dinosaurs consists of the cervical, dorsal, sacral, and caudal vertebrae. True False

true

The backbone in dinosaurs is made up of several series of vertebrae: cervical, dorsal, sacral and caudal. The backbone protects the spinal cord. 1) True 2) False

true

The earliest feathers are hair-like structures grown from follicles. 1) True 2) False

true

The forelimb bones (humerus, radius, ulna) in dinosaurs are directly homologous to the long bones in the human arm. True False

true

The main body (torso, limbs, tail) is fairly similar across Ceratopsian species, the main physical element that changes is the head region - with incredible diversity in frill and horn shape/size, position in the ~40 known ceratopsian species. 1) True 2) False

true

The oldest multicellular algae were found in iron mines here in Michigan. 1) True 2) False

true

The tooth is the same composition as it was originally. True False

true

The traditional subdivision of the dinosaurs into the saurischian and ornithischian groups is based on the configuration of the hip bones. True False

true

The two major controls on sea level are the rate of oceanic crust production and climate. 1) True 2) False

true

Theropods were obligate bipeds that had a digitigrade stance - i.e. they extended the length of the leg by walking on the toes. 1) True 2) False

true

Titanosaurs were the largest sauropods - with some reaching estimated masses of 65 tons! 1) True 2) False

true

Tsunamis represent giant waves formed by the displacement of huge volumes of water. 1) True 2) False

true

When collecting fossils on private land, you need to make sure that you have permission from the landowner to collect. 1) True 2) False

true