DNA, RNA, and Protein Ch 12-3 Ava

Exon

The coding sequences that remain in the final mRNA

If the genetic code used four bases as a code instead of three how many code units could be encoded?

4 X 4 X 4 X 4 = 44 = 256.

Codon

A 3 base code in DNA or RNA

RNA

A nucleic acid that is similar to DNA however contains a sugar ribose, the base uracil replaces thymine, and usually a single stranded . There are three major types found in living cells.

purine

Adenine and Guanine

nitrogen base

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, urascil

Differentiate between codons and anticodons.

Codons are the three- nucleotide code units on DNA or M RNA. anticodons are the three nucleotide code units on T RNA that complement the M RNA codon.

pyrimidine

Cytosine and Thymine and Urasil

How is the code of DNA translated into Messenger RNA and utilized to synthesize a protein?

DNA code is translated into messenger RNA in many steps. First a cell has to cope the genetic instructions and then the DNA unwinds. Once that happens a protein that is called RNA polymerase binds onto the strand. Then the messenger RNA is sent out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to a ribosome. The ribosomes then take the mRNA and translate it into amino acids.

Conclude why Beadle and Tatum's "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis has been modified since they presented it in the 1940s.

Further study and experimentation have allowed scientists to learn more information and further refine the hypothesis.

ribosomal RNA

Is the type of RNA that asociates with proteins to form ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Translation

Process in which M RNA attaches to the ribosome and a protein is assembled

What is the role of RNA Polymerase in the synthesis of Messenger RNA?

R RNA is a major component of the ribosome, M RNA carries a complementary code of the template strand of DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis, and T RNA transports amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

Summarize the process by which the DNA code is made into a protein.

RNA is synthesized from the template strand of DNA and used to assemble amino acids into proteins.

Explain the role of RNA polymerase in M RNA synthesis.

RNA polymerase initiates M RNA synthesis during transcription.

histone

a bead like protein that DNA coils around

hydrogen bond

a bond between 2 nitrogen bases that holds together 2 strands of DNA

nucleotide

a sub unit of DNA made of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

DNA HELICASE

an enzyme protein that unwinds DNA for replication

RNA polymers

an enzyme that regulates RNA synthesis, binds to a specific section where an mRNA will be synthesized

transfer RNA

are smaller segments of RNA nuclear tides that transport amino acids to the ryba zone

semiconservative replication

each strand from DNA is used as a template for the synthesis of a new strand

DNA ligase

enzyme protein that binds DNA nucleotides together

DNA polymerase

enzyme protein that catalyses the addition of nucleotides to DNA

Messenger RNA

long strands of RNA that are formed complementary to one strand of DNA. It carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.

nucleosome

repeating subunit of chromatin fibers, consisting of DNA coiled around histones

Intron

sequences that are called intervening sequences that periodically interrupt the code on DNA

Synthesis

the composition or combination of parts to form a whole

transcription

the first step of the central dogma involves the synthesis of mRNA from DNA

leading strand

the strand of DNA that is continuously synthesized during replication

double helix

two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA, twisted ladder