DNA/RNA

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Discovery of DNA

*In 1953, Watson and Crick (along with Maurice Wilkins) discovered the shape *They won a Nobel Prize for their discovery

Replication of DNA

The DNA in the chromosomes is copied in a process called DNA replication

3 Types of RNA that help build proteins

1)Messenger RNA (mRNA): brings instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm, then to the ribosome. 2)Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), binds to the mRNA and uses the instructions to assemble the amino acids in the correct order (most abundant) 3)Transfer RNA (tRNA) is the supplier. Transfer RNA delivers amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled into a protein.

Codons for the genetic code

3 nitrogenous bases in mRNA code for one amino acid. Each group is known as a codon

Codons for the genetic code

64 combinations are possible when a sequence of three bases is used; thus, 64 different mRNA codons are in the genetic code.

Protein Synthesis: Making proteins

A chain of amino acids is formed until the stop codon is reached on the mRNA strand. UAA, UGA, & UAG are stop codons

The Genetic Code

A code is needed to convert the language of mRNA into the language of proteins.

A-T

AshleyTisdale

Shape of DNA

Because it is composed of 2 strands twisted together, its shape is called double helix.

Replication of DNA

Before a cell can divide by mitosis or meiosis, it must first make a copy of its chromosomes.

Difference in RNA from DNA

Both contain 4 nitrogenous bases, DNA has thymine, RNA contains a similar base called uracil (U). Uracil will pair with adenine in RNA

Genes and Proteins

By encoding the instructions for making proteins, DNA controls cells.

The structure of nucleotides

DNA is a polymer made of repeating subunits called nucleotides

Replication of DNA

DNA is copied during interphase (S phase) prior to mitosis and meiosis. It is important that the new copies are exactly like the original molecules.

Replication of DNA

Example- If you have a strand of DNA that is A - T - C - A - A - G You would get a strand replicated of T - A - G - T - T - C

Transcription

Example- If you have a strand of DNA that is A - T - C - A - A - G You would get a strand transcribed of U - A - G - U - U - C

What is DNA?

Genetic information that ultimately determines an organism's traits.

G-C

George Clooney

Cytosine (C) always pairs with

Guanine (G)

Mutation

If there is a change in any nucleotide sequence at even 1 location, it would cause serious repercussions

Translation: From mRNA to Protein

It "translates" a message from the language of nucleic acids into polypeptides.

RNA

It acts like a messenger between DNA and ribosomes and carries out the process of making proteins from amino acids

What is DNA?

It determines the structure of proteins (all actions depend on proteins called enzymes which controls all functions)

Difference in RNA from DNA

Sugar in RNA is ribose; DNA's sugar is deoxyribose.

What is DNA?

It is the complete instructions for manufacturing all the proteins for an organism.

Transcription

It is the process where RNA is made from DNA

Shape of DNA

It looks like a spiral staircase

Nucleotides have three parts:

One of 4 nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine)

Genes and Proteins

Proteins are polymers of amino acids.

The Genetic Code

Proteins contain chains of amino acids. The language of proteins uses an alphabet of amino acids.

Genes and Proteins

Proteins control chemical reactions that perform key life functions.

RNA

RNA is like DNA, it is a nucleic acid and is transcribed from DNA

Difference in RNA from DNA

RNA is single stranded, DNA is double stranded.

Transcription

The main difference between transcription and DNA replication is that transcription results in the formation of one single-stranded RNA molecule rather than a double-stranded DNA molecule.

The Genetic Code

The nucleotide sequence transcribed from DNA to messenger RNA acts as a genetic message to build a protein.

Shape of DNA

The phosphate groups and deoxyribose molecules form the backbone of the chain, and the nitrogenous bases stick out like the teeth of a zipper.

Translation: From mRNA to Protein

The process where transfer RNA picks up and carries amino acids from the messenger RNA at the nucleus and carries them to the ribosomes

Genes and Proteins

The sequence of nucleotides in each gene contains information for assembling the string of amino acids that make up a single protein.

There are always equal amounts of adenine as there is thymine

There are always equal amounts of cytosine as there is guanine

Adenine (A) always pairs with

Thymine (T)

Protein Synthesis: Making proteins

Usually, the first codon on mRNA is AUG, it signals the start of protein synthesis

Protein Synthesis: Making proteins

When this signal is given, the ribosome slides along the mRNA to the next codon.

Replication of DNA

Without DNA replication, new cells would have only half the DNA of their parents.

Nucleotides have three parts:

a phosphate group

Nucleotides have three parts:

a simple sugar which is deoxyribose (DNA name is deoxyribonucleic acid.)


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