EAPS 100 - Exam 2

These photographs show different types of eruptions. Drag the name of the eruption type to the correct photograph.

(6-1)

For the volcanic eruption in this photograph, complete the two missing parts of the sentence using the type of volcanic feature and type of magma.

(6-12)

This relatively large, symmetrical volcano contains interlayered lava flow, pyroclastic deposits, and volcanic mudflows. What kind of volcano is it?

(6-8) composite volcano

What type of climate is represented in this photo, and how might the climate affect weathering?

(7-1) The climate is arid, so physical weathering will dominate.

Which of the following descriptions best describes the landscape shown in this photograph from the Investigation?

(7-1) This scene could have been formed by erosion of a layer of sandstone.

Which of the following processes is most important in sculpting the landscape shown in this photograph from the Investigation?

(7-1) physical weathering

Which of the following processes is most important in sculpting the landscape shown in this photograph from the Investigation?

(7-24) fracturing due to exfoliation

What type of climate is represented in this photo, and how might the climate affect weathering?

(7-4) The climate is arid, so physical weathering will dominate.

Which of the following processes is most important in sculpting the landscape shown in this photograph from the Investigation?

(7-4) movement driven by gravity

These photographs show features common in deserts. Drag the label of each feature to its corresponding photograph.

(7-8)

This figure shows features commonly found in caves. Drag the label to the leader line of each cave feature to its corresponding location on the figure and then drag the correct mechanism by which that feature forms.

(7-9)

In the shorelines investigation, what shoreline feature is represented by the area of sediment accumulation where a river meets the sea on the northern coast?

(9-1) delta

In the shorelines investigation, what shoreline feature is present along the eastern part of the north shore?

(9-1) sandy beach

In the shorelines investigation, what shoreline process is likely occurring along the eastern part of the north shore?

(9-1) transport of delta-derived sediment along the coast

In the shorelines investigation, what shoreline process is likely occurring to produce the ridge of sand and adjacent island along the south coast?

(9-1) transport of sand and other sediment along the coast

Which of the numbered features is a lava flow?

1

Which locations contain rocks that are in place (part of the bedrock)?

1 and 2

Which location(s) have loose, angular rocks?

3

Which locations are composed of loose materials (not bedrock)?

3 and 4

Which locations consist of sediment rather than sedimentary rocks?

3 and 4

Which of the numbered features is a pyroclastic flow?

4

Which of the numbered features is a lahar?

5

Which of the features labeled on this figure is an esker?

A

What happens on either side of the equilibrium line in a glacier?

Above the equilibrium line, the amount of accumulation exceeds the amount lost by various processes.

Which numbered feature(s) on this photograph are consistent with the presence of glaciers sometime in the past?

All of these choices are correct (1, an arête, 2, U-shaped valley, 3, tarn)

Which of the following are true of felsic magmas?

All of these choices are correct (They tend to have high viscosities, they do not allow gas bubbles to escape easily, high gas pressures commonly lead to highly explosive eruptions)

Which of the following is true about how weathering affects fractured rocks?

All of these choices are correct (Weathering affects rocks from the outside in, forming an outer weathered zone or rind, Weathering attacks corners from three sides and so these are preferentially removed, Preferential weathering along fractures can cause blocks to become rounded)

Wind moves sediment by

All of these choices are correct (bouncing sand grains along the surface, rolling sand grains along the surface, carrying finer material, like dust and silt, in air currents)

If you were designing a rock that would be easily weathered, which of the following characteristics would it have?

All of these choices are correct (closely spaced fractures, a soluble chemical composition, a limestone in a wet climate, a rock composed of abundant pieces)

Which of the following features is composed of calcium carbonate?

All of these choices are correct (limestone, travertine, cave formations like stalagmites)

Joints in the landscape

All of these choices are correct (mostly form at depth and are uplifted to the surface, can detach thin slices of rock parallel to the land surface, usually increase the weathering rates of rocks)

Which of the following is a feature that commonly forms where limestone has been dissolved?

All of these choices are correct (sinkhole, karst topography, cave)

Some scientists think that Yellowstone could cause a future disaster because

All of these choices are correct (the area is part of a caldera, scientists think that magma is still present at depth, past eruptions from Yellowstone carried ash over a huge area of western North America, land near Yellowstone is uplifting in some places and subsiding in others)

What landforms would you expect to see in the diagram after the glaciers melted completely away?

All of these choices are correct (u-shaped valleys, narrow, sharp ridges, high, sharp peaks)

Which of the features labeled on this figure is a terminal or recessional moraine?

E

The largest area of karst in the United States is included in

Flordia

What is the origin of smooth troughs (T on this figure) cutting across the landscape in the Great Lakes area?

Glaciers carved the smooth troughs.

Today, which land area in the Northern Hemisphere is largely covered by an ice sheet?

Greenland

What happens when a glacier encounters the sea or a lake?

Large blocks of ice collapse off the front of the glacier and become icebergs.

What was the most damaging type of eruption that occurred at Vesuvius in Italy?

One or more pyroclastic flows hit the city of Pompeii.

Which of the following volcanoes is generally the largest?

Shield volcano

Comparing these two photographs, which eruption has lower viscosity magma?

The fluid cascade of lava

What is the most common way in which sinkholes form?

The roof of a cave collapses in

Correctly complete this sentence using the words provided.

The sediment in this photograph mostly likely formed in a steep mountain front.

What happens to snowflakes as they become progressively buried within glaciers?

They become interlocking crystals of ice.

What is the feature numbered 2 in the upper left part of this figure?

U-shaped valley

The present-day tilt of Earth's axis of rotation is 23.5º. What would be the result of more tilt, as shown here?

a decrease in glaciers

What does a terminal moraine represent?

a pile of sediment deposited at the end of the glacier

A hot spot is interpreted to have formed from

a rising plume of hot mantle material.

Abrasion is distinguished from plucking in that abrasion is

a smooth scraping, while plucking is a more jagged gouging of the bedrock.

Composite volcanoes are so called because they

are composed of lava flows, pyroclastic material, and mudflows

The sand dunes shown in this photograph

are part of a complex dune field.

What are these sharp, glacially carved ridges?

arête

What is this bowl-shaped, glacially carved feature?

cirque

What type of volcano is Mount Rainier?

composite

This relatively large, symmetrical volcano contains interlayered lava flow, pyroclastic deposits, and volcanic mudflows. What kind of volcano is it?

composite volcano

The igneous feature shown in this figure is a

dike

What do these teardrop-shaped hills (drumlins) record?

erosion and sculpting of soft materials by a moving glacier

Aside from limestone, which other kinds of rock types produce karst terrain?

evaporite rocks such as salt and gypsum

The vertical black lines indicated in rock units #3 and #4 indicate what type of feature?

fractures

What carved this U-shaped valley?

glacier

Which agent of transport below is least likely to round clasts off and separate them by size as they transports and deposits materials?

glacier

What rock type is the most common setting for caves formed by dissolution of a rock?

gray limestone

Where does the quartz in granite typically end up?

it ends up as sand in rivers, dunes, and beaches

What feature will be formed by the sediment carried along the sides of this glacier?

lateral moraine

What is the feature numbered 3 in the center of this figure?

lateral moraine

Volcanic eruptions can produce huge floods by

melting ice sheets.

When a volcano erodes and the solidified conduit is exposed, it is referred to as a volcanic

neck

Till is

neither sorted nor stratified

Which of the following processes is NOT considered physical weathering?

oxidation

Which of the following weathering processes results in the reddish orange coating on rocks, in soils, and on metal (rust)?

oxidation

Rocks of the continental crust contain different minerals and each mineral has its own melting point. If the minerals with the lowest melting temperatures are the only ones melted, this is referred to as

partial melting

When melting forms magma

partial melting produces a magma that is more felsic than the source

What do the curved ridges shown on this diagram record?

past positions of the front of a glacier as it retreated

What is the origin of curved ridges (R on this figure) in the Great Lakes area?

piles of sediment deposited by retreating glaciers

The feature in this photograph is a(n)

roche moutonnée.

This volcano is relatively small and composed of volcanic cinders. What kind of volcano is it?

scoria cone

This volcano is broad and low, and is composed of basaltic lava flows. What kind of volcano is it?

shield volcano

The igneous feature shown in this figure is a

sill

What is the feature numbered 4 in the lower right of this figure?

terminal moraine

Shield volcanoes have low slopes primarily because

the low viscosity of basaltic magma allows it to flow downhill for long distances.

The margins of glaciers are usually darker than the interior primarily because

the sides have a higher concentration of rocks and other debris.

What is the angle of repose?

the steepest angle at which loose material remains stable

What is permafrost?

the upper part of the ground that remains frozen throughout the year

In general, the healthiest soil texture for plants is one in which

there is a relatively even percentage of sand, silt, and clay.

The main reason that the deposits shown here are sorted and stratified is that

they were deposited by running water that accompanied the glacier.

What type of glacier is shown in the center of this image?

valley glacier

This relatively small volcanic feature consists of solidified lava and some volcanic ash. What kind of volcano is it?

volcano dome

What is the main process by which soils form?

weathering

What is the main reason why the oceans are salty?

weathering of rocks releases chemical elements that make the oceans salty

Why does weathering of granite bedrock produce rounded shapes?

weathering removes corners and edges, as in spheroidal weathering