EBP MCQ Compiled

Convert odds to risk. The odds of the event are 1:3, what is the risk (probability) of the event occurring?

0.25 (25%)

Convert risk to odds. The risk (probability) of the event is 90%, what are the odds of that event?

0.9/0.1 = 9

Order the five As into their correct sequence (use the numbers to the left of the drop down lists).

1. Ask a question 2. Access the information 3. Appraise the article 4. Apply the information 5. Audit

Using the information in the following table, what is the *positive predictive value* of ultrasound for the detection of partial Achilles tendon ruptures? Ultrasonography/Surgery: +ve/+ve = 30 +ve/-ve = 0 -ve/+ve = 2 -ve/-ve = 5 Total = 37

100%

Using the information in the following table, what is the *specificity* of ultrasound for the detection of partial Achilles tendon ruptures? Ultrasonography/Surgery: +ve/+ve = 30 +ve/-ve = 0 -ve/+ve = 2 -ve/-ve = 5 Total = 37

100%

What are the odds of flipping a coin and landing on tails?

1:1 (1)

What are the odds of rolling a die (singular of dice) and landing on 6? Hint: odds is the probability (risk) of the event happening divided by the probability of the event not happening.

1:5 (0.2)

Using the information in the following table, what is the *sensitivity* of ultrasound for the detection of partial Achilles tendon ruptures? Ultrasonography/Surgery: +ve/+ve = 30 +ve/-ve = 0 -ve/+ve = 2 -ve/-ve = 5 Total = 37

93.75%

Using the information in the following table, what is the *accuracy* of ultrasound for the detection of partial Achilles tendon ruptures? Ultrasonography/Surgery: +ve/+ve = 30 +ve/-ve = 0 -ve/+ve = 2 -ve/-ve = 5 Total = 37

94.59%

A social barrier in the implementation of evidence in practice may occur in which of the following situations?

An expectation from a patient that a particular intervention will be provided

The evidence-to-practice pipeline highlights the steps and possible points of 'evidence leakage', involved in the path from the generation of research to its use in practice. A health professional who has trouble keeping up with the growing pool of information in their area of practice, is facing a barrier at which step in the pipeline?

Being aware of the evidence

Which of the following statements is true regarding searching for relevant articles when conducting a systematic review?

Bibliographic databases have overlapping coverage; searching multiple databases decreases the chance of missing relevant studies.

How can measurement bias be minimised in experimental studies?

Blinding of participants and researchers

Do the following factors threaten internal validity of a study?

Chance: Yes Bias: Yes Confounding: Yes Differences between the study population and the patients that treat in clinical practice: No

In EBP, the C in PICO is short for ... (Note: Answer in one word - do not include spaces, commas, full stops or any other punctuation marks)

Comparison

"Add another liquid to the pure initial one and it loses its purity" The sentence above explains the Latin root of the word...

Confounding

The Stages of Change Theory can be used to guide implementation of health practices. In terms of the uptake of evidence-based practice, the comment "Using evidence-based techniques to guide my clinical practice would be good if it meant that I did not have to spend too much extra time reading journals", could be attributed to an individual in which state of behaviour change?

Contemplation

My assignment will be deemed unsatisfactory and returned if I use the following font...

Edwardian Script ITC

Match the statement with the most correct response

Efficacy refers to ... Interventions tested under ideal conditions Effectiveness referes to ... interventions tested under real world conditions

An evidence-practice gap is, by definition, the gap in time which occurs between research evidence generation and when this evidence is routinely integrated into practice.

False

As with quantitative studies, large sample sizes are required in qualitative studies to ensure significance and completeness of the research data.

False

Disseminating clinical guidelines, by printing them and having them mailed out to the relevant health professionals, is an effective technique to positively change practitioner behaviour

False

It is necessary to review the full text of every article found in the database search before they are excluded from a systematic review or meta-analysis.

False

Survival curves are only used in studies of mortality.

False

Systematic reviews are at the top of the evidence pyramid, as unlike other study types, they are not susceptible to bias.

False

Participants who were assigned to the intervention group but, for whatever reason, didn't actually receive the intervention should be treated as though they were in the control group for the analysis?

False: This type of analysis is not ideal and introduces bias. For example, people who are depressed might be less likely to attend appointments and receive the treatment. To switch these people to the control group would make it seem like the treatment reduces rates of depression.

Which of these scenarios has a 1:2 odds of success?

Guessing the correct MCQ answer from 3 choices

In EBP, the I in PICO is short for ... (Note: Answer in one word - do not include spaces, commas, full stops or any other punctuation marks)

Intervention

The theory of diffusion of innovations_________?

Is a theory which involves using role-models and social influence to help in the adoption of health practices

Which of the following questions would NOT be suitably answered using qualitative research methods?

Measuring the effect of an intervention in a group of patients?

Which study type is best suited to answer questions of prognosis, diagnosis, frequency, and aetiology?

Observational study

In EBP, the O in PICO is short for ... (Note: Answer in one word - do not include spaces, commas, full stops or any other punctuation marks)

Outcome

Which qualitative research methodology aims to capture the 'lived experience' of its participants in a particular situation?

Phenomenology

In EBP, the P in PICO is short for ... (Note: Answer in one word - do not include spaces, commas, full stops or any other punctuation marks)

Population

Using the image below, calculate the positive and negative likelihood ratio. True positives (a) = 45 False positives (b) = 20 False negatives (c) = 5 True negatives (d) = 30

Positive likelihood ratio = 2.25 Negative likelihood ratio = 0.167

Using the image below, calculate the positive predictive value and negative predictive value. True positives (a) = 45 False positives (b) = 20 False negatives (c) = 5 True negatives (d) = 30

Positive predictive value = 69.2% Negative predictive value = 85.7%

Systematic reviews synthesise evidence from different types of studies depending on what type of research question is being asked. A systematic review that syntheses evidence from cohort studies would most likely be answering what type of question?

Prognosis

The process in which the researcher seeks confirmation and clarification from the participants, that the data accurately reflect what they meant or wanted to say, is better known as ...

Respondent validation

In grounded theory, theoretical samples of people work towards a point in which no new themes or issues emerge from the information and data. What is this point called?

Saturation point

Using the image below, calculate the sensitivity and specificity of the test. True positives (a) = 45 False positives (b) = 20 False negatives (c) = 5 True negatives (d) = 30

Sensitivity: 90% Specificity: 60%

Match the term with its definition. Sensitivity Specificity Positive predictive value Negative predictive value Accuracy Positive likelihood ratio Negative likelihood ratio

Sensitivity: The proportion of people who have the condition that the test correctly identifies Specificity: The proportion of people who *do not* have the condition that the test correctly identifies Positive predictive value: If a person test positive, what is the probability that they have the condition? Negative predictive value: If a person test negative, what is the probability that they do not have the condition? Accuracy: What proportion of all tests have given the correct result? Positive likelihood ratio: How much more likely is a positive test to be found in a person with the condition than a person without the condition? Negative likelihood ratio: How much more likely is a negative test to be found in a person without the condition that a person with the condition?

Match the first name and surname of the three editors of the prescribed textbook for this unit.

Tammy: Hoffmann Sally: Bennett Chris: Del Mar

Some studies are described as being uncontrolled. Which of the following is the correct explanation for why they are called uncontrolled studies?

The improvement in the intervention group is not compared with the improvement in a similar group that does not receive the intervention

Forest plots are made up of tree plots displaying the results of individual studies. The effect estimate of the intervention in each individual study is represented in a forest plot by which of the following?

The position of the square in the tree plot

How large must a randomised trial be before the risk of an uneven distribution of confounders between group reaches zero?

This risk never reaches zero

If the 95% confidence interval for the risk ratio of an intervention includes 1, this indicates no statistically significant effect.

True

Using the image below, complete the 2 x 2 contingency table. Green black dot (FN)= 5 Green white dot (TN)= 30 Red black dot (TP)= 45 Red white dot (FP)= 20

True positives (a) = 45 False positives (b) = 20 False negatives (c) = 5 True negatives (d) = 30

Which referencing style is specified in the submission requirements.

Vancouver

What does the 95% confidence interval of the intervention effect tell us?

We are 95% certain that the true average intervention effect falls within the 95% confidence interval

When is the assessment task - Proofread and provide constructive feedback and advice for a fellow student's draft of their "critical appraisal of a research paper" due for submission?

Wednesday, Week 8 at 8pm

When a test is highly sensitive for a condition; this means that ...

all of the above: - Someone who does receive a negative result on the test is unlikely to have the condition - It is unlikely that someone with the condition will have a negative result on the test - The test is good at ruling out the condition - The test will identify the majority of people who have the condition

Before you search the literature, you need to convert your information needs into a question that is...

answerable

All participants from Springfield are allocated to the intervention group; all participants from Shelbyville are allocated to the control group. The allocation of one town to the intervention group was random. This is best described as ...

cluster randomisation

A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve graphs i) ______________ on the y-axis (vertical) against ii) _____________ on the x-axis (horizontal).

i) sensitivity ii) 1-specificity

Not everything that can be counted counts. Not everything that counts can be counted. This quote is commonly used by qualitative researchers to indicate that ...

quantitative methods reduce complex experiences to frequencies and associations, and in doing so can fail to capture the rich meaning of people's experiences.

What is the best way to avoid the survivor bias in studies about prognosis?

recruit an inception cohort

An effective treatment has a number needed to treat (NNT) that is ...

small

With all else being equal, a clinical test with a high sensitivity ...

tells us how good the test is at picking up people with the condition: True is calculated as the proportion of people with the condition who receive a positive test score: True returns very few false negatives: True means that a negative result is very helpful for ruling out the condition: True

What is the most fundamental error with this statement about prognosis; People treated with early ACL reconstruction after ACL rupture have a 16% risk of developing osteoarthritis.

the follow-up time period is not specified

Indicate the limitations (if any) of allocating participants to an intervention and control group based on their birthday falling on an odd or even day. People born on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, 11th, 13th, ... of any month of the year are in the odd numbered group. People born of the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th, 12th, 14th, ... of any month of the year are in the even numbered group.

there are a different number of odd and even days in the year: Yes, this is a limitation knowledge of the allocation process will introduce bias to the study: Yes, this is a limitation