Educational Technology for Teaching and Learning

Learning Theory: Constructivist Perspective

A Change in meaning constructed from experience. Learning process is the continuous process of experience and reflection, often done in a group.

Learning Theory: Information Processing Perspective

A change in knowledge stored in memory. learning process includes: Attention->Encoding->Retrieval of information from memory

Learning Theory: Behaviorist Perspective

A change in the PROBABILITY of a behavior occurring in a particular way. Learning process is: Antecedent -> Behavior-> Consequence (positive/negative reinforcement)

Browser

A computer application for accessing the world wide web

podcast

A digital media file, most often audio, distributed via the internet for playback on a portable media player.

Video conferencing

A distance education technology that uses two way audio and two way video between sites

Ergonomics

A field of study focusing on design of technology that align with human characteristics, needs, and capabilities.

Spreadsheet

A general- purpose computer calculating tool based on the paper worksheet used by accountants.

Wiki

A website that permits individuals to collaborate with others to easily create and edit web pages using a web browser

Consequence

An event, object , or circumstance that comes after a behavior and is attributable to the behavior

Graphic

Any pictorial representation of information such as charts, graphs, animated figures, or photographic reproductions.

Motivation activity: ARCS model

Attention Relevance Confidence Satisfaction

educational media

Channels of communication that carry messages with an instructional purpose; the different ways and means by which information can be delivered to or experienced by a learner

Presentation software

Computer software designed for the production and display of of computer text and images, intended to replace the functions typically associated with the slide projector and the overhead projector.

instructional Methods examples

Cooperative Learning Discovery Problem Solving Instructional games discussion tutorial presentation

Learners

Developing an instructional plan will be easier if you consider the characteristics of your students

Instructional Techniques examples

Focusing questions highlighting Mnemonics concept maps role-playing feedback

HTML

Hypertext markup language: the authoring language used to define web pages

Development of a Theory

Observation, Explanation, prediction.

World wide web

Part of the internet, an information retrieval system on the internet that relies on a point and click hypertext navigation system.

PIE Model

Plan, Implement and evaluate. the phases of learning.

learning style

Refers to students approaches to learning, problem solving, and processing information. instruction should vary to accommodate these differences.

Blog

Short for web log, a website where an individual can post information for others to access, entries on a topic are usually posted in reverse chronological order.

The pieces of instructional planning

Students, Objectives, and Learning environment

Processor

The "brain" of the computer that controls the functions of the rest of the system and manipulates information in various ways.

Hardware

The physical components of the computer system

Socialization

The process by which we learn the rules, norms, and expectations of the society in which we live. (Relates the the gender of your students)

Software

The programs instructions that tell the computer what to do, often stored on diskette or cd-rom

Transfer

The use of prior knowledge in new situations or as it applies to new problems.

Instructional activity

a collection of instructional activities intended help students learn

computer virus

a computer program that infects a computer system causing damage

audio teleconferencing

a distance education technology that uses a speakerphone to extend a basic telephone call and permits instruction and interaction between individuals or groups at two or more locations

formative evaluation

a form of assessment that indicates whether or not students have learned what they must know before progressing to the next portion of the instruction

digital storytelling

a relatively new form of storytelling that relies on short multimedia narratives to tell compelling short stories

Behavior

a response made by an individual

library/media specialist

a school specialist who helps students and teachers become effective users of ideas and information by providing access to materials, providing instruction, and working with teachers to design learning strategies to meet the needs of individual students

assessment rubric

a set of guidelines used to reliably appraise or judge products or performances

technology coordinator

a specialist and resource person who handles computers and related technologies for a school building or district

digital divide

a term used to describe the gap between those individuals who have access to technology and those who do not

conditional information

a type of information about the potential usefulness of facts, concepts, and principles.

declarative information

a type of information that includes facts, concepts, principles, and the relationship among them.

evaluation activity

a type of instructional activity designed to determine how well students have mastered lesson objectives

Learner-centered instruction

actively collaborating with learners to determine what learning means ad how it can be enhanced within each individual learner. an emphasis is placed on drawing on the learner's own unique talents, capacities, and experiences.

pilot test

an evaluation of instruction conducted before implementing the instruction

Database

an organized collection of information, often stored in the computer.

posttest

and assessment of student knowledge or skills given after instruction

Distance education

any instructional situation in which learners are separated in time or space from the point of origination, characterized by limited access to the teacher or other learners

summative evaluation

assessment that occurs after instruction that measures what students have learned

Drill and practice

beneficial when students need to memorize and recall information.

intelligent tutoring system

combines detailed information about a subject area and common student mistakes with a model of student performance to diagnose a given students level of understanding. also provides instruction designed to meet that student's individual needs

Hybrid/blended learning

combines elements of face-to-face teaching and learning with elements of distance education

plagiarism detection services

companies and organizations that offer services to help identify, and to what degree, potential plagiarism has occurred within written documents

semantic aware applications

computer applications that determine the meaning, or semantics, of information on the internet to make connections and answer questions that would otherwise take much time and effort

assistive technology

computer hardware and software that supports students with special needs

authoring software

computer programs used to develop multimedia or web applications.

technology literacy

computer skills and the ability to use computers and other technology to improve learning productivity, and performance.

tutorials

convey content from a tutor to a learner and may include instructor and student, student and student, computer and student, and print and student.

prerequisites

define the knowledge the student should have at the beginning of the lesson

embedded test

during instruction evaluation of students knowledge and / or skills to determine what type of additional practice might be needed.

discussion

dynamic method that encourages classroom interaction and actively involves the students in learning.

PIE: Evaluation

emphasis on the assessment of the effectiveness of the materials. reflection on accomplishments so any changes that need to be made can be addressed.

discovery

enables and encourages students to find answers for themselves.

socioeconomic status

encompasses a variety of factors, including family income, parents' occupations, and the amount of formal education parents have completed.

PIE: Planning

focus on what students are to learn, as well as when, why and how it might be best accomplished.

PIE: Implement

focuses on putting the plan into action based on what situational constraints exist, using selected instructional materials and activities.

Retrieval

identifying and recalling information for a particular purpose

objective

important because the define where you're going, the knowledge and skills the students should have at the end of lesson.

special needs

individuals who require special educational services to help them reach their potential

structural information

information that refers to the relationships that exist among ideas and concepts (e.g. it allows one to understand how items are related)

cognitive overload

inhibited functioning created by excessive demands being placed on memory and/or other cognitive processes

application activities

involve practice, guidance, and feedback

cooperative learning

involves small groups of students working together to learn collaborative and social skills while working toward a common academic goal or task.

Theory

is an organized set of principles explaining events that take place in the environment.

Learning Theory

is an organized set of principles explaining how individuals learn.

meaningful integration of technology

know when, why, and how specific tools should be used to facilitate overall learning.

simulations

learners confront realistic approximations of real-life situations.

Presentation

makes use of verbal information and/or visual symbols to convey material quickly

Instructional methods

methods are procedures and actions used to help students achieve the stated lesson objectives

Asynchronous

not occurring at the same time

synchronous

occurring at the same time

problem solving

often based on the scientific method of inquiry. the usual steps are (1) define the problem and all major components, (2) formulate hypotheses, (3) collect and analyze data, (4) formulate conclusions and/or solutions, (5) verify conclusions and/or solutions.

instructional plan

plays a critical role in directing the selection and use of all other tools within the learning environment

pretest

pre-instructional evaluation of students knowledge and/or skills to determine students level of performance before instruction

Antecedent

presented by the environment an event, object or circumstance that promotes a behavior

motivation

process whereby goal-directed activity is instigated and sustain. (keeping student interest)

games

provide an appealing environment in which learners follow prescribed rules as they strive to attain a challenging goal.

hypermedia

refers to a system of multimedia information representation in which the information is stored digitally in interlinked chunks called nodes.

webinar

short for web seminar, an interactive and synchronous meeting or presentation format which is conducted over the web

Demonstration

show students how to do a task as well as why, when, and where it is done

ubiquitous computing

sometimes called pervasive computing or distributed intelligence, it refers to situations in which computer processing power is embedded, often invisibly, in objects in everyday environment

corrective feedback

tells students specifically what they can do to correct or improve their performance.

cloud computing

term for the distribution of applications, processing power, and storage across many computers accessible via the internet

Educational Techology

the application of technological processes and tools which can be used to solve problems of instruction and learning

Composing objecticves: conditions

the circumstances under which the students are expected perform

Listerv

the computer that controls sorts, and distributes incoming information on a particular topic.

Cycle of continuous improvement

the continuous evaluation of instruction before, during, and after implementation, which leads to continual revision and modification in order to increase student learning. w

Instruction

the deliberate arrangement of learning conditions to promote the attainment of some intended goal. helps learners gain the experiences needed in order for a desired change to be produced and thus learning to occur.

integrated learning systems

the most complex and sophisticated computer systems that function as a teacher. Designed to provide a cycle of instruction, assessment, and particular subject matter-all on the computer.

Assessment

the process of gathering evidence of what learners know and can do

Evaluation

the process of gathering information from multiple sources in order to judge the merit or worth of a program, project, or entity

triangulation

the process of obtaining information from more than one technique or source in order to strengthen individual findings

Attention

the process of selectively receiving information from the environment

Encoding

the process of translating information into some meaningful form that can be remembered.

learning environment

the setting or physical surroundings in which learning is expected to take place

Composing objecticves: criteria

the standard that defines acceptable performance

instructional design

the systematic and reflective process of translating principles of learning and instructions into plans for instructional materials, activities, information, resources, and evaluation.

Technology

the systematic application of scientific or other organized knowledge to practical tasks, performs a bridging function between research and theory on one side and professional practice on the other

uniform resource locator (URL)

the unique address for every internet site or world wide web page containing the protocol type, the domain, the directory, and the name of the site or page.

multimedia

the use of a variety of media formate (e.g., text, visuals, audio, video) in a single presentation or program.

transfer

the use of prior knowledge in new situations or as it applies to new problems

Computer mediated communication

the use of the computer as a device for mediating communication between teacher and students and among students, often over distances. electronic mail and computer conferencing are two types of application software commonly used in CMC

educational computing

the use of the computer in the teaching and learning process.

orientation activity

to help students see what the have previously learned, what they are currently learning, and what they will subsequently learn.

information activity

to help students understand and remember those new ideas. to be effective , should focus on three different types of information- declarative, structural, and conditional.

Learning

to learn is to change (or have the capacity to change) one's level of ability or knowledge in a permanent way

reinforcing feedback

use it to acknowledge good performance and encourage continued effort.

Computer assisted instruction

using the computer to present content information using various media (texts, visuals, audio,video), provide instructional activities or situations, quiz or otherwise require interaction from learners, assess learner performance, provide feedback, and determine appropriate follow-up activities.

Internet

vast collection of computer networks that connects millions of computers and tens of millions of people around the world.

Composing objecticves: performance

what students will do to indicate that they have learned

heuristic

when referring to instructional plans; it is a set of general rules (heuristic guidelines) that you can adopt to fit each situation, rather than a rigid procedure that you must follow in the same way every time.

Memory

within a computer, this is an area that stores instructions (programs) and information that can be readily accessed by the processor.