EES test 3 multiple choice

According to the 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study (Lim et al., 2012), ambient particulate matter, one type of air pollution, was responsible for over _____ premature deaths and ________ of global disability-adjusted life years in 2010 Select one: a. 3,200,000, 3.1% b. 320,000, 3.1% c. 3,200, 3.1% d. 320,000, 31.0%

A

Each of the following is a vector-borne disease that has expanded its range in recent years, in a pattern consistent with climate change contributions, EXCEPT: Select one: a. Polio b. Chikungunya c. Lyme disease d. Dengue fever e. Malaria

A

In general, which particle size category is likely to penetrate most deeply into the lung Select one: a. PM2.5 b. PM10 c. TSP d. PM100

A

Major health impacts of fossil fuel combustion include all of the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. Allergies b. Contributions to climate change c. Mercury exposure d. Air pollution

A

The "energy ladder" refers to a sequence of energy courses. In general, as a society moves up the energy ladder, each of the following increases EXCEPT: Select one: a. Adverse health impacts b. Distance between the energy production and end user c. Cleanliness d. Cost

A

All of the following except which affect an air pollutant's ability to penetrate the respiratory system Select one: a. Chemical properties b. Weather c. Size d. Exercise

B

Each of the following sources of energy is considered renewable EXCEPT: Select one: a. Solar b. Natural gas c. Hydroelectric d. Wind

B

In a landmark epidemiological study of ambient air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities, Dockery et al. (1993) found a ____ higher mortality rate in the city with the highest pollution compared to the city with the lowest Select one: a. 2.6% b. 26% c. 2600% d. 260%

B

The United States Clean Air Act mandates health-protective national ambient air quality standards for which group of key outdoor pollutants (i.e., the criteria pollutants) Select one: a. Lead, toxic pollutants, volatile organic compounds b. Lead, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, particulates, ozone c. Lead, toxic pollutants, volatile organic compounds, biological pollutants d. Lead, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide

B

The impacts of climate change on food and agriculture include all of the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. Reduced growth of most weeds, enhancing crop production. b. Reduced nutrient content of some foods. c. Reduced production of wheat, maize, and other staple crops in much of the world, especially parts of Africa and Asia d. Increased crop loss due to plant diseases. e. Increased production of staple crops in some parts of the world, such as parts of Canada and Russia.

A

The most widely supported economic strategy for combatting climate change is: Select one: a. "Putting a price on carbon" through a carbon tax or "cap and trade" mechanism. b. Placing large export tariffs on fossil fuels. c. Reforestation of parts of Brazil, Indonesia, and other areas where severe forest loss has occurred. d. The "War on Coal," prohibiting coal production after 2025. e. Forcing OPEC to increase oil production to avoid any fuel shortages.

A

Which of the following air pollutants is NOT expected to increase as a result of climate change? Select one: a. Dioxins b. Allergens such as pollen c. Particulate matter from wildfires d. Ozone

A

Which of the following statements about heat waves is true? Select one: a. Risk factors for death during heat waves are well defined. b. Heat wave preparedness planning is ineffective in reducing deaths during heat waves. c. Heat waves in recent years have been most severe near the equator, and mild in norther latitudes. d. Heat waves are more severe in rural areas than in urban areas.

A

Which of the following statements about the human health impacts of energy use, at the scale of societies or countries, is true? Select one: a. Increasing per capita energy use is associated with improved health but only up to a point; after that, increasing energy use confers no further health benefit. b. Increasing per capita energy use is associated with improved health, but only if fossil fuels provide most of the energy. c. Increasing per capita energy use is associated with improved health.

A

The extraction of unconventional gas involves which set of health related hazards: Select one: a. Trucking and transportation risk b. Fracking flowback and production waters c. Flammable gas production d. Mercury emissions from combustion

B

Which of the following is NOT a fossil fuel? Select one: a. Petroleum b. Biomass c. Natural gas d. Coal

B

Ambient concentrations of an air pollutant can be highest under conditions of stagnant winds and ________ Select one: a. Atmospheric turbulence b. Nighttime deposition c. Temperature inversions d. Seasonal transitions

C

Global climate change contributes to each of the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. More severe storms b. Rising sea levels c. Peak petroleum production d. Species extinctions e. Ocean acidification

C

The process of hydrofracking seeks to: Select one: a. Move oil from the swamp to the well. b. Decrease porosity in open reservoir rocks though injection of high pressure fluids and soilds. c. Increase porosity in tight reservoir rocks through injection of high pressure fluids and soilds. d. Endanger health through introducing methane into groundwater

C

Which of the following is NOT a significant greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming? Select one: a. Methane b. Water vapor c. Carbon monoxide d. Chlorofluorocarbons e. Carbon dioxide

C

Climate change may contribute to water contamination through all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT: Select one: a. Harmful algal blooms b. Vibrio contamination due to warmer marine waters c. Contamination by cryptosporidium or giardia from increased non-point source runoff after storms d. Coliform contamination from combined sewer outflows following severe rainfall e. Increased chlorine concentrations due to water treatment malfunctions

E

All of the following are true about tropospheric ozone except Select one: a. It is formed by the reaction of precursors (VOCs, NOx) and sunlight b. It is a powerful oxidant that can trigger asthma attacks c. Indoor concentrations are usually lower than outdoor concentrations d. It protects us from ultraviolet radiation

D

Health concerns related to nuclear power include all of the following except: Select one: a. Potential of accidents at nuclear plants b. Radiation exposure from nuclear waste c. Potential of weaponization of nuclear fuel d. Substantial contributions to climate change

D

Which of the following is NOT a primary energy source? Select one: a. Hydroelectric b. Coal combustion c. Wind d. Electricity e. Biomass combustion

D

Which of the following is true regarding public belief in climate change? Select one: a. Providing authoritative scientific information about climate change is associated with substantial shifts in opinion. b. Over 85% of Americans deny that climate change is occurring. c. Health professionals are not trusted sources regarding climate change and its risks; public trust is higher for elected officials and sports and media personalities. d. Family and friends are powerful determinants of a person's beliefs about climate change. e. Beliefs about climate change are constant across political parties, religious affiliation, and age.

D

Which of the following statements about climate change mitigation and adaptation is true? Select one: a. Climate change adaptation is counterproductive because it distracts from climate change mitigation. b. Mitigation occurs on a local scale, while adaptation occurs on a global scale. c. Climate mitigation is the responsibility of the energy and transportation sectors, while the health sector is primarily responsible for climate adaptation. d. Mitigation includes both reducing the emission of greenhouse gases, and promoting the removal of greenhouse gases from the air through sequestration. e. Climate change adaptation may justifiably be deferred for future generations, because it will be far less costly in the future.

D

The vast majority of the world's energy comes from which of the following? Select one: a. Nuclear and hydroelectric power. b. Biomass and diesel. c. Nuclear power and coal. d. Natural gas and petroleum. e. Coal and petroleum.

E