Encounters With Life Exercise 22- Kingdom Animalia
Feeding or Reproduction
2 functions of various buds in Obelia
epidermis and gastrodermis
2 tissue layers in the body wall of an adult Hydra
Osculum
A large opening at the top of a sponge through which filtered water is expelled
budding
Asexual reproduction is _______ in Hydra
Sea anemone, corals, no medusa form, all polyps
Class Anthozoa
Hydra, Gonionemus, Obelia, Both polyp and medusa forms with polyp form is dominant.
Class Hydrozoa
jellyfish, Medusa form is dominant, polyp form is greatly reduced
Class Scyphozoa
polyp and medusa
Cnidarians have 2 body forms.
Phylum Cnidaria are also known as
Coelenterates
choanocytes
Collar cells that line the body cavity and have flagella that circulate water in sponges
Class Demospongiae
Commercial or bath sponge Ex: Spongia
Class Hexactinellida
Glass sponges, composed of siliceous spicules Ex: Venus Flower basket
Tentacle in cnidaria
Have cnidocytes (stinging cells) which contain nematocyst (tightly coiled barbed spear) which contain neurotoxin which paralyzes the prey
Polyp form
In Class Hydrozoa, the ______ is dominant.
Medusa, Polyp
In class Scyphozoa, the ____ is dominant and the ______ form is greatly reduced.
Phylum Ctenophora
Known as comb jellies, sea walnuts, or sea gooseberries
tissue
Members of the Phylum Cnidaria demonstrate a ____ level of organization.
multicellular
Members of the Phylum Porifera demonstrate a ____ level of organization.
ostia > incurrent canal > flagellated chambers > spongocoel > oscula
Openings and structures a drop of water would pass on its way through a sponge.
Gonionemus
Phylum Cnidaria Class Hydrozoa
radially symmetrical
Phylum Cnidaria are_______, meaning a plane through the center divides in half.
Asymmetric
Phylum Porifera are _________, meaning not identical on both sides.
Physalia
Portuguese man-of-war Phylum Cnidaria Class Hydrozoa floating colonies of specialized individuals
Hydra
Sample Cnidaria
Grantia
Sample of Phylum Porifera
nematocysts
Small capsules that contain a toxin which is injected into prey or predators
epidermis & gastrodermis
The body of Cnidarians is composed of ______ & _________.
incurrent canal
The canal through which water enters a sponge
Mesenchyme
The jellylike substance that separates the epidermis from the inner cells in a sponge
polyp
The sessile, tubular form of a cnidarian with a mouth and tentacles at top and a basal disk at the other end. Ex: hydra, corals, sea anemones
Class Scyphozoa
True Jellyfish Most have polyp and medusa body forms in life cycle Do not have a velum
choanocytes and Amoebocytes
Two types of cells showing division of labor in a sponge.
8 rows of swimming combs
Unique characteristic of Ctenophores
prosopyle, apopyle, and spongocoel
What cells are responsible for producing water current?
They are believed to have evolved from different flagellates than other animals.
Why are sponges considered unique in the evolution of animals?
It is a mobile individual polyp rather than a sessile colonial form.
Why is the Hydra an exceptional member of the class Hydrozoa?
Amoebocyte
Within the middle layer of the body wall of a sponge; mesenchyme cell; capable of movement; collect food from the flagellated collar cells, secrete glatinous matrix, collect waste, produce spicules
Sponges
are considered an "evolutionary dead end."
Gemmules
are formed for asexual sponge reproduction in freshwater.
Reproduction in class Hydrozoa
asexual and sexual alternations
mesoglea
between the epidermis and the gastrodermis. jelly-like consistency; reduces density which increases buoyancy
Asexual reproduction in sponges
budding, fragmentation, gemmules
Class Calcarea
calcareous, chalky sponges Ex: Grantia
Coelenteron (Gastrovascular Cavity)
central cavity of Cnidaria
polymorphic
characteristic of cnidaria meaning displaying different body forms at different points in the life cycle of the organism.
planula
ciliated larva
function of amoebocyte in a sponge
collect food from the flagellated collar cells, secrete glatinous matrix, collect waste, produce spicules; fusion of egg & sperm
gastrodermis
inner layer of cells that serves as a lining membrane of the gastrovascular cavity of Cnidarians
Spongocoel
large central cavity of the sponge
Class Hydrozoa
many develop into sessile polyp colonies like Obelia. Ex: Hydra
cnidoblasts
most defining characteristic of Phylum Cnidaria; contain stinging structures called nematocysts for defense and food collection
Medusa
motile; form has tentacles and mouth located on the bottom Ex: jellyfish
The animal kingdom is composed of
multicellular, motile, heterotrophic organisms.
Velum
muscular shelf around the margin of the "bell" which aids the Gonionemus in swimming
ostium
one of the small openings in a sponge's body through which water enters
Porifera means
pore bearing
ctenes
rows of comb-like cilia used for movement
Class Anthozoa
sea anemones and corals
The animal kingdom reproduces
sexually by oogamy to produce multicellular embryos
Phylym Porifera are known as
sponges.
Spicule
supportive skeleton of the sponge. produced by amoebocytes; composed of calcium salts or silcious material, form
Ovaries of hydra
swellings int he lower portion of the body; egg production
Spermaries
swellings just beneath the tentacles; sperm production
basal disc
the flattened structure at the lower end of certain cnidarians; used for attaching to objects
Epidermis
the outer layer of the skin covering the exterior body surface