Encounters With Life Exercise 22- Kingdom Animalia

Feeding or Reproduction

2 functions of various buds in Obelia

epidermis and gastrodermis

2 tissue layers in the body wall of an adult Hydra

Osculum

A large opening at the top of a sponge through which filtered water is expelled

budding

Asexual reproduction is _______ in Hydra

Sea anemone, corals, no medusa form, all polyps

Class Anthozoa

Hydra, Gonionemus, Obelia, Both polyp and medusa forms with polyp form is dominant.

Class Hydrozoa

jellyfish, Medusa form is dominant, polyp form is greatly reduced

Class Scyphozoa

polyp and medusa

Cnidarians have 2 body forms.

Phylum Cnidaria are also known as

Coelenterates

choanocytes

Collar cells that line the body cavity and have flagella that circulate water in sponges

Class Demospongiae

Commercial or bath sponge Ex: Spongia

Class Hexactinellida

Glass sponges, composed of siliceous spicules Ex: Venus Flower basket

Tentacle in cnidaria

Have cnidocytes (stinging cells) which contain nematocyst (tightly coiled barbed spear) which contain neurotoxin which paralyzes the prey

Polyp form

In Class Hydrozoa, the ______ is dominant.

Medusa, Polyp

In class Scyphozoa, the ____ is dominant and the ______ form is greatly reduced.

Phylum Ctenophora

Known as comb jellies, sea walnuts, or sea gooseberries

tissue

Members of the Phylum Cnidaria demonstrate a ____ level of organization.

multicellular

Members of the Phylum Porifera demonstrate a ____ level of organization.

ostia > incurrent canal > flagellated chambers > spongocoel > oscula

Openings and structures a drop of water would pass on its way through a sponge.

Gonionemus

Phylum Cnidaria Class Hydrozoa

radially symmetrical

Phylum Cnidaria are_______, meaning a plane through the center divides in half.

Asymmetric

Phylum Porifera are _________, meaning not identical on both sides.

Physalia

Portuguese man-of-war Phylum Cnidaria Class Hydrozoa floating colonies of specialized individuals

Hydra

Sample Cnidaria

Grantia

Sample of Phylum Porifera

nematocysts

Small capsules that contain a toxin which is injected into prey or predators

epidermis & gastrodermis

The body of Cnidarians is composed of ______ & _________.

incurrent canal

The canal through which water enters a sponge

Mesenchyme

The jellylike substance that separates the epidermis from the inner cells in a sponge

polyp

The sessile, tubular form of a cnidarian with a mouth and tentacles at top and a basal disk at the other end. Ex: hydra, corals, sea anemones

Class Scyphozoa

True Jellyfish Most have polyp and medusa body forms in life cycle Do not have a velum

choanocytes and Amoebocytes

Two types of cells showing division of labor in a sponge.

8 rows of swimming combs

Unique characteristic of Ctenophores

prosopyle, apopyle, and spongocoel

What cells are responsible for producing water current?

They are believed to have evolved from different flagellates than other animals.

Why are sponges considered unique in the evolution of animals?

It is a mobile individual polyp rather than a sessile colonial form.

Why is the Hydra an exceptional member of the class Hydrozoa?

Amoebocyte

Within the middle layer of the body wall of a sponge; mesenchyme cell; capable of movement; collect food from the flagellated collar cells, secrete glatinous matrix, collect waste, produce spicules

Sponges

are considered an "evolutionary dead end."

Gemmules

are formed for asexual sponge reproduction in freshwater.

Reproduction in class Hydrozoa

asexual and sexual alternations

mesoglea

between the epidermis and the gastrodermis. jelly-like consistency; reduces density which increases buoyancy

Asexual reproduction in sponges

budding, fragmentation, gemmules

Class Calcarea

calcareous, chalky sponges Ex: Grantia

Coelenteron (Gastrovascular Cavity)

central cavity of Cnidaria

polymorphic

characteristic of cnidaria meaning displaying different body forms at different points in the life cycle of the organism.

planula

ciliated larva

function of amoebocyte in a sponge

collect food from the flagellated collar cells, secrete glatinous matrix, collect waste, produce spicules; fusion of egg & sperm

gastrodermis

inner layer of cells that serves as a lining membrane of the gastrovascular cavity of Cnidarians

Spongocoel

large central cavity of the sponge

Class Hydrozoa

many develop into sessile polyp colonies like Obelia. Ex: Hydra

cnidoblasts

most defining characteristic of Phylum Cnidaria; contain stinging structures called nematocysts for defense and food collection

Medusa

motile; form has tentacles and mouth located on the bottom Ex: jellyfish

The animal kingdom is composed of

multicellular, motile, heterotrophic organisms.

Velum

muscular shelf around the margin of the "bell" which aids the Gonionemus in swimming

ostium

one of the small openings in a sponge's body through which water enters

Porifera means

pore bearing

ctenes

rows of comb-like cilia used for movement

Class Anthozoa

sea anemones and corals

The animal kingdom reproduces

sexually by oogamy to produce multicellular embryos

Phylym Porifera are known as

sponges.

Spicule

supportive skeleton of the sponge. produced by amoebocytes; composed of calcium salts or silcious material, form

Ovaries of hydra

swellings int he lower portion of the body; egg production

Spermaries

swellings just beneath the tentacles; sperm production

basal disc

the flattened structure at the lower end of certain cnidarians; used for attaching to objects

Epidermis

the outer layer of the skin covering the exterior body surface