endocrine exam 1 pineal gland and melatonin
pinealocytes release hormones into _____
blood
what does the pineal gland regulate
circadian rhythms
melatonin secretion is stimulated by
decreasing levels of light
in seasonal affective disorder the disorder is characterized by which emotion most commonly in which season?
depression, winter
pinealocytes convert neuronal signals to ____
hormones
the pineal gland is what shape
pine cone
melatonin is produced by what
pineal gland
melatonin enters?
pineal gland capillaries and venous circulation
primary cell type of pineal gland
pinealocytes
blood supply to pineal gland
posterior cerebral a
parasympathetic innervation of pineal gland
pterygopalatine and otic ganglion
what is an example of melatonin disorder
seasonal affective disorder
the pineal gland is an organ of what system
nervous and endocrine
pinealocytes are considered a ____ cell
neuroendocrine
pinealocytes recieve _____
neuronal input
what neurotransmitter binds to G protein coupled receptors on pinealocytes
norepinephrine
the pineal gland is or is not isolated by blood brain barrier?
not
norepinephrine binding to pinealocytes leads to production of enzyme ___
NAT
pineal gland is part of what structure
epithalamus
when light levels decrease, signals from suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) _____ signaling to the paraventricular nucleus
increase
venous drainage of pineal gland
internal cerebral v, great cerebral v of galen, straight sinus, confluence
the pineal gland secretes what
melatonin
what hormone affects mood
melatonin
what hormone regulates sleep-wake cycle
melatonin
pinealocytes produce and secrete ___ from _____
melatonin, serotonin
melatonin is a ___ synthesized from ____
monoamine, serotonin
NAT catalyzes the conversion of _____ to melatonin
serotonin
sympathetic innervation of pineal gland
superior cervical ganglion
nerve fibers in the retinohypothalamic tract connect retina to the _____
suprachiasmatic nucleus
melatonin synthesis is regulated by
sympathetic nervous system
