English 11

Transitional Sentences

(1) to signal the end of the action in one paragraph, and (2) to provide a link to the action of the next paragraph.

TYPES OF CLAIM

Claims of Fact Claims of Policy Claims of Value

nonfiction

refers to factual stories focused on actual events and people

Characters

the people involved in the story it can be classified as the Protagonist or Antagonist

Coherence

• Coherence in writing means that all the ideas in a paragraph flow smoothly from one sentence to the next sentence. • With coherence, the reader has an easy time understanding the ideas that you wish to express.

UNITY

•One of the most important characteristics of a paragraph is unity. •It determines that all sentences in a paragraph must discuss one single idea or one main subject.

Claims of Fact

-It is a statement that has existed, (past) exists, (present) or will exist (future) -It is used to support factual evidence that is sufficient, reliable and appropriate.

Claims of Value

-It usually leads to essays that elevate. -Examine your topic in terms of the phrases, "it is better to...it is unethical that..., it is wrong to..., it is more beautiful than... -Also involves "taste in art," literature, music, film, food, etc. -Involves judgments, appraisals, and evaluations -Has a bias of sorts and often embedded in social, religious, and/or cultural values.

Characteristics of Descriptive Writing

1. It uses sensory details. 2. It uses active verbs and varied details. 3. It creates a dominant impression. 4. It uses connotative language. 5. It uses comparison. 6. It follows a method of organization.

EXPLICIT CLAIM

It is directly, precisely, and clearly stated. Analyzing what a writer or speaker is trying to explain based on he or she actually says.

Claims of Policy

This provides a solution or another series of questions in response to the claims of fact. They are often procedural, organized plans.

Reasons or Premise

a basis or assumed on which reasoning proceeds.

Descriptive writing

describes places, people, objects, or events using appropriate details.

Persuasive essay

focuses mainly on your own perspective about the topic, with your emotions entangled on it

hook

introductory part or the opening of the essay.

objective kind

is informative and factual and it appeals to the intellect such as that utilized in science books, tourism brochures, police records, official files and classified advertisements. Objective description aims primarily to present word pictures of a person, a scene or an object.

TOPIC SENTENCE

is the topic while the controlling idea gives an overall impression of the place that the author or the writer is describing.

Thesis statement

it is the last sentence of the introduction which helps to control the ideas in your paper.

Thesis

main idea of the essay and states the structure of the information

Subjective description

may be used blended with exposition or narration as in creative writing. Being artistic and literary, it stimulates the imagination, appeals to the emotions and gives pleasure as well. This kind of description is colored by the writer's personality - feelings, moods, likes, dislikes, judgments and interpretations.

argumentative essay

may present not just a one-sided argumentation but also the opposing viewpoints in order to create fair counter claims.

KINDS OF DESCRIPTION

objective kind Subjective description

Conclusion

please take note that you have to restate the thesis statement and you have to include your final thought

fiction

refers to plot, settings, and characters created from the imagination

Claims

the main idea or the thesis which attempts to present or defend an issue.

Plot

the most important element of a story. It is the sequence of events. It includes a climax or turning point at which the characters or events change.

Chronological Order

the story will begin with the first scenario, then the second paragraph will elaborate on the second scenario and so on.

Theme

the subject talk or the basic idea of the story.

Mood

the tone of the piece of literature it signifies the emotion/feelings of the narrator or speaker.

Body

the two paragraphs gave focus on the two reasons explaining why cites become overcrowded which are stated as well in the thesis statement.

Setting

the when and where the story happens.

descriptive essay

uses a variety of sensory details to describe what he sees, hears, smells, touches and tastes.

description

usually follows a pattern of organization which is called spatial order. Spatial order is the arrangement of items according to their physical position or relationship.

Alternating Method

• It allows you to take turns in discussing the characteristics of the first topic, followed by the second one. • best method for long papers

Unity

• Paragraph unity means that one paragraph is about ONLY ONE main topic. • That is, all the sentences -- the topic, supporting sentences, the detail sentences, and (sometimes) the concluding sentence -- are all telling the reader about ONE main topic. • If your paragraph contains a sentence or some sentences that are NOT related to the main topic, then we say that the paragraph "lacks unity," or that the sentence is "off-topic."

List of Signal Words for Spatial Order Essays

• To the left • To the right • Between • Below • Under • Beyond • Outside • Around

Techniques

• basis of comparison • alternating method • block method • combination method

Block Method

•It is like developi•It is like developing your ideas in chunk. •The first paragraph will only contain the characteristics of the first topic. While the second paragraph will contain discussions about the second topic.

PARTS OF DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPH

•TOPIC SENTENCE •SUPPORTING SENTENCES •UNITY •COHERENCE

TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS

•can be divided •can be classified •can be categorized •the first type •the second kind •the last category

COHERENCE

•demands that the thoughts or ideas presented in a paragraph should move along smoothly from one to the other.

Topic sentence

•it is the first sentences of each paragraph in the body. •It introduces the idea or main points in that will be discussed in a particular paragraph in the body of your essay and is helpful in making smooth transition between each paragraph

PERSONAL NARRATIVE ESSAY

•requires you to focus on both the key points of information to be conveyed as well as the many details which make the narrative essay interesting. •Be written to have an emotional impact on the reader •Include a lot of references to sensory perceptions and emotions •Use vivid details and imagery

Guidelines to build effective descriptions into paragraphs

1.Include only relevant details. 2.Keep the description focused 3. Make sure that the description fits the paragraph's tone and point of view.

TIPS ON WRITING A CLASSIFICATION ESSAY

1.Make clear what is being classified. 2.Choose and state a single, useful or guiding principle for the classification and stick to it. 3.Name all the species according to a given basis. 4.Make sure that each species is separate and distinct: that there is no overlapping. 5.Help the reader understand the distinction between species.

ORGANIZATION

Develops a general statement--the topic sentence--with one or more specific examples. Not only do these examples illustrate and explain the topic sentence, but they also make your writing more interesting and more convincing.

IMPLICIT CLAIM

It is not directly stated and it is assertions that can be retrieved by reading between the lines.

Narrative writing

focuses on telling a fictional story (MADE UP AND REAL-LIFE STORY) AUTHOR - FOLLOW - PLOT STRUCTURE It can also take the form of an essay where the author uses a personal story to explain an issue or state an argument.

ANECDOTAL

short story about a real person or event, usually serving to make the listeners laugh or ponder over a topic. Generally, the anecdote will relate to the subject matter that the group of people is discussing.

Introduction

the background of the topic has been establish. With the help of the thesis statement, the focus of essay has been made clearer.

Conclusion

you must write a brief statement of the main point; it doesn't mean that you have to rewrite everything. It is just a brief description of your action. The last sentence can have two functions: 1. It can deliver the moral of the story by telling the reader what the character(s) learned from the experience. 2. It can make a prediction or a revelation (disclosure of something that was not known before) about future actions that will happen as a result of the events in the story.

COHESION

• All the supporting sentences connect to each other and to the topic sentence. • When writing a paragraph or essay, just as proper grammar and spelling are important, paragraph transitions are also important. • Transitional words and phrases connect sentences and paragraphs to each other. • Paragraph transitions suggest a particular relationship between one idea and the next

COHESIVE DEVICE

• It is sometimes called linking words, linkers, connectors, discourse markers, or transitional words. • It shows the relationship between paragraphs or sections of a text or speech.

Body

• chronological order • transitional sentences

Introduction

• hook • thesis

Elements of a Story

• setting • theme • mood • characters • plot

elements of narrative essay

• thesis • transition sentences • conclusion

Comparison and Contrast Essay

•Analyze the differences and/or the similarities of two distinct subjects. •The purpose is not to state the obvious but rather to illuminate subtle differences or unexpected similarities between two subjects. •The thesis should clearly state the subjects that are to be compared, contrasted, or both, and it should state what is to be learned from doing so.

SUPPORTING SENTENCES

•As we all know, supporting sentences serve as the "meat" of the paragraph. •They do not just support or provide details to your topic sentence, but they also make your writing exciting and interesting.

CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA

•Before writing, it is necessary to decide on the classification criteria. We should think according to what properties we are going to classify things. The criteria must be discriminating and the emerging classes should be non-overlapping.

EXEMPLIFICATION ESSAY

•It involves making use of examples to illustrate a point; it means, to explain a general statement by means of more narrowed details or specific examples. •Detailed and well-chosen examples add interest, liveliness, and power to your writing. It makes what we say more vivid and more exact.

CLASSIFICATION ESSAY

•It is based on the natural human instinct for arranging things: bringing like things together. •The purpose of a classification paragraph is to sort ideas (persons, places, things, or events) according to some basis or common shared characteristics. •It requires either grouping similar things together to identify them as belonging to one class or examining an acknowledged class of things and breaking it down into constituent part, kinds, or characteristics. •The same information can be classified into more than one category, but the classification paragraph sticks to one basis of classification. The topic sentence has two parts: the topic, and the basis of classification, which is the controlling idea; it controls how the writer approaches the subject. •We use categories or types to understand a larger concept by breaking down an idea into smaller concepts. •In a classification essay, we organize things into categories and give examples of things that fit into each category.

Combination Method

•It refers to the combination of alternating and block method in writing. •You may run through a series of sentences or paragraphs with alternating method and then eventually use the block method to explain further your thoughts.

Basis of Comparison

•Requires having a specific basis, a common point of comparison or contract. •Give you enough supporting details or sub-details to make your sentences more sensible. With the common point of reference, you can justify their similarities and differences.

Narrative Essay

•always tells a story. •narrative is often anecdotal, experiential, and personal, allowing students to express themselves in a creative and, quite often, moving ways.

TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS

•for instance •for example •an illustration of this •a case in point is •another instance of •another example of •to illustrate •another illustration of •here are a few examples

DESCRIPTION

•is an important and useful communication skill. •When writers use vivid descriptions, they do not only make their writings more lively and interesting, but they also indicate their attitude towards the subject through the choice of words and details.

EXPERIENTIAL NARRATIVE ESSAY

•refers directly to your own experience, without employing academic citations or any other kind of references. What is more, you do not need to read a lot on the topic before starting the process of writing. •collective name which we give to all our personal feelings, thoughts, emotions, situations; in short, experience is life as we participate in it.

Expository Paragraphs

→ explain something → Logical ordering -supporting sentences follow a logical pattern

Narrative Paragraphs

→ tell a story → Chronological Order -events must be ordered according to time

Descriptive Paragraphs

→ tell what something looks like physically → Spatial Ordering