Environmental Mastering Chapter 12

1. The median of the burned only-sites. 2. A possible outlier for the burned-only data set is 3. The median of the burned-and-logged sites is 4. A possible outlier for the burned-and-logged data set is

1. 730 2. 110 3. 210 4. 570

1. In Graph 1, the number of seedlings per hectare is about 4 times higher in the _________ plots than in the _________ 2. In Graph 2, the density of fine fuels is much lower in the _____ plots. 3. In Graph 3, the density of coarse fuels is much lower in the __________ plots. 4. According to the data, logging after a fire ______ conifer regeneration and _________ woody fuels. 5. The data _______ the original hypothesis.

1. burned-only; burned-and-logged plots. 2. burned-only 3. burned-only 4. decreases; increases 5. do not support

The following answers for the Causes and Consequences features are examples and are not intended to represent a comprehensive list. In addition, the sequence of items is not meant to connote relative importance.

Causes: growing demand for wood products subsistence grazing expansion of farming Consequences: soil erosion decreased carbon sequestration change in hydrologic cycle with more surface runoff Solutions: substitution of other materials for wood products recycling of paper products increased tree planting

A fire hits an old forest with large, old trees. A large section of the forest is harvested. Over many years, new, immature trees replace the old ones. How can the new area be characterized?

It is a secondary forest.

How are biosphere reserves different from other protected areas?

Local people are allowed to live in and harvest resources from the outer areas of the reserve.

Which conundrum is taking place for those eager to combat climate change through the expanded use of biofuels?

Tropical rainforests are being cut down and replaced with oil palm plantations.

Why do urbanized societies need stretches of uninhabited and undeveloped land?

Uninhabited and undeveloped lands provide natural resources that in turn provide the ecosystem services and the psychological relief needed to support urban populations.

Which U.S. government designation provides the most protection from human damage to a public area?

Wilderness Area

Mr. Smith has been hired to manage a swath of land owned by a private company. His goal is to manage the forest in the most sustainable way while still using the land and making a profit. At first, he manages the land using the concept of maximum sustainable yield. After a few years he realizes that ecosystem-based management is more appropriate for this particular swath of land. Mr. Smith is using ____ .

adaptive management

How do resource managers achieve maximum sustainable yield?

They keep the population at 50% of the carrying capacity thus maximizing the growth rate.

Which of the following management practices attempts to minimize ecological impact by allowing some trees in a forest to grow to maturity?

ecosystem-based management

When all the trees in a stand are planted at the same time they are called _____

even aged

Which of the following is leading to some species suffering from "edge effects"?

fragmentation of land

Foresters had long assumed that salvage logging benefitted the environment by reducing fire risk and helping conifer seedlings regenerate. In order to determine if this was true, Donato's team treated it as a hypothesis and tested it. Drag the labels to illustrate these steps of the scientific process.

higher lower independent dependent dependent

Most of the forests in the United States are _____.

secondary forests

Which of the following best describes the goal of resource management?

the sustainable use of natural resources

A. As with other oceanic islands, land mammals of Jamaica are made up almost entirely of bats. Jamaica belongs to this island chain. B. The number of species of amphibians and reptiles on Caribbean islands is highly correlated with the size of the islands. Which of the following countries, then, should have the fewest number of species? C. Besides island size, island distance to the mainland is a predictor of species diversity. Which of the following islands lies furthest from a continental landmass? D. The diversity and abundance of Anolis lizards is remarkable in the Caribbean. Similar species have arisen independently on each of the Greater Antilles: Cuba, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Jamaica, and __________. E. The Caribbean Islands are a biodiversity hotspot. They consist mainly of three large groups of islands between North and South America. Which of the following is NOT one of these three major groups of islands?

A. Greater Antilles B. Barbados C. Bermuda D. Puerto Rico E. Bermuda

A. Which three regions used the most paper overall for the entire time period represented on the graph? B. Approximately how many tons of paper and paperboard were consumed worldwide in 1970? C. Now calculate the tons of paper and paperboard consumed worldwide in 2000. Use your answer to this question and your answer from Part B to calculate the approximate percentage change in consumption from 1970 to 2000. D. In the year 2000 Africa had a population of 840 million people Asia had a population of 3,766 million people North America had a population of 319 million people Which region had the highest per capita paper use in 2000? E. Based on population and consumption trends, which region would have had the highest paper consumption in the year 2010?

A. North America, Europe, Asia B. 130 million tons C. 170% D. North America E. Asia, due to rising population and rising consumption rates

A. According to island biogeography, what is the relationship between an island's distance from the mainland and the number of species present on the island? B. Why is a new island more hospitable to colonizers than an older island is? C. What is the relationship between colonizing success and the number of species already established on an island? D. The number of species on an island remains relatively constant when _____.

A. The farther an island is from the mainland, the fewer the number of species found on the island. B. The intensity of both competition and predation is less on the newer island. C. As the number of established species on an island increases, colonizing success decreases. D. the rate of successful colonization equals the extinction rate

A. In an open and grassy pine savannah, fires _____. B. Which of the following is a result of the prescribed burning of an open and grassy pine savannah? C. In a grassy pine savannah, a longer interval between prescribed burns typically leads to _____. D. What component of weather is watched most closely when determining when to conduct a prescribed burn? E. Which one of the following statements about prescribed burns is true?

A. prevent the development of a hardwood forest B. less-intense natural wildfires C. bigger woody species D. relative humidity E. Some species of pine trees require fire to reproduce.

A. How much more timber was removed from "other private" lands versus "national forest" land? B. Which type of land lost the largest proportion of its timber in 1996? C. For which type of land is the total volume of forest (in cubic feet) decreasing? D. Which of the following statements is/are accurate based on the information in this graph? E. Which world region experienced the largest change in forested land between 1990 and 2000? F. Which of the following statements is/are accurate based on the information in this graph?

A. ten times as much B. can't answer with the available information C. forest industry D. All of the above. E. Africa F. All of the above.

A tree's roots absorb water, most of which evaporates from its leaves. During a rainstorm in a redwood forest, ferns on the forest floor diminish runoff and reduce the risk of flooding. Forest plants filter sediments and take up nutrients from rainwater, facilitating infiltration to groundwater below. In the process of photosynthesis, a tree removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and produces oxygen. The roots of a tree prevent soil erosion, and its fallen leaves enrich the soil with nutrients. Canadian forests are home to about 70% of Canada's terrestrial species. The entrance fees paid to visit forests in U.S. national parks total over $100 million per year.

Restores water to the hydrologic cycle Regulates water runoff Water purification Reduction of greenhouse gases Soil conservation Biodiversity conservation Ecotourism

Which of the following is true regarding the national wildlife refuges?

The refuges are open for hunting, fishing, education, and other public uses.

Most of the world's forests are _____.

boreal forests

What human-caused environmental issue is directly threatening to cause problems for our forest protection efforts?

climate change

An approach to cutting timber that mimics natural disturbances would be considered a(n) _____ approach.

new forestry