Environmentaln Science - Chapter 5

During primary succession, ______________ often begin the process by breaking down the rocks into soil.

lichens

In the tundra, the frozen layer of soil just beneath the surface is called the ______________

premfrost

WHAT TERM IS USED TO REFER TO THE MANYY FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS THAT ARE POSSIBLE IN THE ECOSYSTEM? A. FOOD WEB B. FOOD CHAIN C. ENERGY PYRAMID D. ENERGY TRANSFER

A. FOOD WEB

Which of the following statements is not correct? a. Plants and other producers get their energy directly from the sun. b. Animals get teir energy from the sun indirectly c. Rare bacteria that live deep in the ocean get their energy from hydrogen sulfide in hot water. d. Consumers get their energy directly from the sun.

D. Consumers get their energy directly from the sun.

Organisms that get their food by breaking down dead organisms are called ________________

Decomposer

Excessive use of ______________ on lawns and gardens can affect the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in nearby lakes and streams.

Fertilizer

Many forest biomes are experiencing _______________ destruction when land inhabitated by an organism is destroyed or altered

Habitation

Vegetation in biomes where ______________ is scarce consists of predominantly of short trees, shrubs and grasses.

Water

Which of the following is not true about temperate deciduous forests? a. Trees grow lush green leaves in the spring, but lose their leaves in late summer. b. The soil is rich and plants cover much of the forest floor. c. Animas such as squirrels, bears and deer find food inthe form of nuts, berries and leaves. d. Both (a) and (b)

a. Trees grow lush green leaves in the spring, but lose their leaves in late summer

In the ________ zone, the water is cool and dark a. benthic b. eutrophic c. littoral d. plankton

a. benthic

The energy consumed by organisms a. can be stored in fat and sugar molecules b. remains constant at all trophic levels c. undergoes magnification in food chairs d. is not partially lost during digestion

a. can be stored in fat and sugar molecules

Which of the following is not a likely component of soil formed during primary succession? a. cast-off parts of shrubs and trees b. decayed lichens and bacteria c. dust particles from the air d. broken bits os tone and rock

a. cast-off parts of shrubs and trees

Tropical rain forests are threatened by a. deforestation and the trade of rain forest plants and animals b. a decrease in the average temperature at the equator c. a decrease in rainfall at the equator d. a thinning of the soil

a. deforestation and the trade of rain forest plants and animals

What kind of natural disaster helps some forest communities by allowing some trees to release their seeds by clearning away deadwood and by couraging new growth? a. fire b. flood c. windstrom d. drought

a. fire

Which of the following is not an environmental functin of wetlands a. increasing runoff b. absorbing and removing pollutants from water c. trapping carbon that would otherwise be released into the air. d. controlling floods.

a. increasing runoff

If you visited a savanna, you would likely see a. large herds of grazing animals, such as rhinos, gazelles and giraffes b. a dense forest c. snow and ice d. a coastal ecosystem

a. large herds of grazing animals, such as rhinos, gazelles and giraffes

Which of the following is one of the largest carbon reservoirs on earth? a. limestone b. fossil fuels c. Amazon rain forest d. Atlantic Ocean

a. limestone

Biomes with higher temperatures and less precipitation tend to have a. shorter and less dense vegetation b. taller and denser vegetation c. taller and less dense vegetation d. shorter and denser vegetation

a. shorter and less dense vegetation

Which statement describes how humans are affecting the balance of carbon in the atmosphere? a. Fewer agricultural crops are planted, reducting the amount of carbon dioxide relased into the atmosphere. b. Burning fossil fuels in great quantities has increased the amount of carbon dioside in the atmosphere c. Overgrazing of grasslands has reduced the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere d. Severe drought in large areas of the world has decreased the amount of carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphere.

b. Burning fossil fuels in great quantities has increased the amount of carbon dioside in the atmosphere

Which organism is likely to be in the bottom trophic lebel of a food chain? a. leopard seal b. algae c. krill d. killer whale

b. algae

Grasslands, such as the prairies of North America a. are suitable for corn and wheat, but not suitable for soybeans. b. are threatened by soil erosion because native grasses have been damaged or destroyed by plowing and overgrazing. c. support almost no animal life now that the millions of buffalo that once roamed there are gone. dc. support a rich layer of dense grasses because they receive at least 250 cm (100 in) of rain per year.

b. are threatened by soil erosion because native grasses have been damaged or destroyed by plowing and overgrazing.

Biomes a. contain two ecosystems, hence the name "biome." b. are usually described by their vegetation c. exist in limited regions of the world. d. All of the above.

b. are usually described by their vegetation

Animals that live in the desert a. hibernate in winter b. are usually nocturnal c. usually have thin skin to absorb water d. include camels, moose, and various reptiles.

b. are usually nocturnal

Which of the following would you expect to see in the emergent layer of a tropical rain forest? a. grasses, insects, and small succulents b. eagles, bats, and snakes c. lichens, mossess, dwarf woody plants d. epiphytes, small burrowing mammals

b. eagles, bats, and snakes

Swamps are commonly found on a. rocky hillsides b. flat, poorly drained land c. forest clearings d. bottoms of ponds or lakes

b. flat, poorly drained land

The deforestation of the rain forests may cause climate changes, which in turn, may affect a. acid precipitation b. flooding c. smog d. habitat destruction

b. flooding

Consumers are organisms that a. eat only other animals species b. get solar or other energy indirectly c. are also known as self-feeders d. occupy an ecosystems lowest energy level.

b. get solar or other energy indirectly

Which kind of organism obtains energy only from producters? a. decomposers b. herbivores c. omnivores d. all of the above.

b. herbivores

The distance north or south of the equator as measured in degrees is called a. altitude b. latitude c. longitude d. magnitude

b. latitude

Estuaries are very producting ecosystems because they receive fresh nutrients from a. lakes and ponds b. rivers and oceans. c. marshes and swamps d. streams and springs

b. rivers and oceans

The majority of marine organisms are found in a. deep ocean waters b. shallow, coastal waters c. fisheries d. None of the above

b. shallow, coastal waters

What cuases most coastal pollution in the United States a. overfishing b. temperature changes c. industrial waste and sweage d. lakes and ponds

b. temperature changes

An estuary functions as a mineral trap due to a. its great depth and particularly sticky sediment b. the mixing action of river water and ocean water c. its storing of pesticides from agricultural runoff d. the filtering actin of bottom-feeding fish species.

b. the mixing action of river water and ocean water

Taiga is a. a cold treeless desert-like biome found near the North and South Poles b. found mostly in Africa c. a forest biome d. a dry, rocky bome found inthe central part of South America.

c. a forest biome

The arrangement of organisms in the open ocean is determined by the a. increae in salt content from shallow to deep waters. b. size of the benthic zone, where photosynthesis occurs c. amount of nutrients and sunlight that are available d. distribution of zooplankton

c. amount of nutrients and sunlight that are available

Estuaries a. are always saltwater ecosystems b. are always freshwater ecosystems c. are ecosystems where both fresh water and salt water are present d. prevent the development of salt marshes.

c. are ecosystems where both fresh water and salt water are present

Which item is a carbon sink and not part of the carbon cycle? a. carbon in the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide b. consumers breaking down carbohydrates into carbon dioxide during respiration c. carbon found within limestone rocks d. carbon dioxide being converted into carbohydrates during photosynthesis

c. carbon found within limestone rocks

The bacteria that live within the roots of a soybean plant are a critical part of the nitrogen cycle because they a. provide the plant with sugars needed for growth b. transform nitrates into nitrogen gas for release c. change atmospherenitrogen into a usable form d. release nitrogen by decomposing dead plant parts.

c. change atmospherenitrogen into a usable form

Which of the following are photosynthetic organisms? a. Fungal decomposers db. deeply buried soil bacteria c. freshwater algae d. intestinal bacteria

c. freshwater algae

Which of the following is an example of secondary succession? a. breaking down of bare rock by fungi and mosses b. pioneer plants begin to grow after glacial melting c. growth of plants after a forest is destroyed by fire. d. appearance of weeds in cracks in a concrete surface

c. growth of plants after a forest is destroyed by fire.

The tundra a. has a layer of soil that is permanently frozen beneath the top soil b. is too cold to support insect life c. is resistant to enviornmental damage because it is usually frozen d. All of the above.

c. is resistant to enviornmental damage because it is usually frozen

In the ______ zone, life is diverse and abundant a. benthic b. eutrophic c. littoral d. plankton

c. littoral

A gradual process of chane and replacement of the types of species in a community is called _________________ succession

ecological

All of the following are characteristics of temperate rain forests except a. high humidity and moderate temperatures b. abundant mosses, ferns, and lichens c. low rainfall in summer, but abundant snow in winter d. large evergreen trees, such as Sitka spruce and Douglas fir

c. low rainfall in summer, but abundant snow in winter

Which of the following is responsible for making nitrogen in the atmosphere usable by living organisms? a. absorption of nitrogen into water systems b. conversion of nitrogen into carbhohydrates by photosynthesis c. nitrogen-fixing bacteria d. decomposing bacteria

c. nitrogen-fixing bacteria

What mainly distinguishes nekton from benthos? a. one lives in a freshwater ecosystem and the other lives in salty water. b. one swims freely and the other often lives attached to a hard surface. c. one is a predator and the other is a primary producer. d. all of the above.

c. one is a predator and the other is a primary producer

Which organism produces most of the food in an aquatic ecosystem a. fish, b. barnacles c. phytoplankton d. zooplankton

c. phytoplankton

Chaparral plants usually survive firest because a. they contain oils that act as natural fire extinguishers. b. water is stored in their small, leathery leaves. c. they can resprout from small amounts of surviving plant tissue. d. they have deep root systems that keep them moist during a fire.

c. they can resprout from small amounts of surviving plant tissue.

As you travel from the North Pole toward the equator, you would expect to see a. tropical rain forests, then deserts, then taiga b. temperate deciduous forests, then taiga, then tropical rain forests c. tundra, then grasslands, then tropical rain forests. d. taiga, then desert then tundra

c. tundra, then grasslands, then tropical rain forests.

Most of the animals in the tropical rain forest live in the _________ layer, where fruits and flowers are abundant.

canopy

A lion is an example of a group of consumers called __________________________

carnivore

A process within the cell of an organism that uses glucose and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy is called ________________ __________________

cellular respiration

During succession, a final and stable community is referred to as a(n) _______________

community climax

As they flow down a mountain to flatter ground, rivers generally become a. wider b. warmer c. slower d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Two threats to ocean ecosystems are a. nutrient runoff and industrial waste discharges b. overfishing and entanglement of marine mammals in trawl nets c. sewage and algal blooms d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

The main factor that determins what type of plants grow in a biome is a. temperature b. precipitation c. altitude d. Both (a) and (b)

d. Both (a) and (b)

Which of the following statements is not correct? a. Lakes may contain a region that receives little sunlight. b. Wetlands help remove pollutants from water c. Swamps are dominated by woody shrubs and water-loving trees. d. Rivers generally move faster, and their oxygen levels decrease as they near the ocean.

d. Rivers generally move faster, and their oxygen levels decrease as they near the ocean.

Which of the following is not a true statement about cellular respiration? a. It is essentially photosynthesis in reverse b. Oxygen is one of the primary reactants c. It produces energy for organism to use. d. Sugar molecules are its primary products.

d. Sugar molecules are its primary products.

The types of organisms found in a pond or lake depend on a. the amount of sunlight available b. the temperature of the water c the presence of nutrients d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which gas makes up 78 percen t of our atmosphere but can be used by plants only when transformed by bacteria first? a. nitrogen b. oxygen c. hydrogen d. carbon dioxide

d. carbon dioxide

Which of the following is located primarily in coastal areas that have Mediterranean-style climates with warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters? a. tallgrass prairie b. savanna c. tundra d. chaparral

d. chaparral

What type of succession occurs after a natural. process such as a volcanic eruption or flood? a. primary succession b. secondary succession c. old-field succession d. climax community

d. climax community

Succession is possible because a. climates change over time b. it is a rapid and chaotic process that is very difficult to control c. existing pl.ants reproduce quickly d. new species make the environment less suitable for previous ones.

d. new species make the environment less suitable for previous ones.

Which of the following does not contain corbon from the bodies of plants and animals that died many years ago? a. coal b. oil c. natural gas d. phosphate salts

d. phosphate salts

What type of vegetation would you expect to find on an abandoned farm that has remained undisturbed for 150 years? a. short grasses b. shrubs c. young pine trees d. tall, mature oak trees

d. tall, mature oak trees

You are walking through a forest that gets large amounts of rain, has hight humidity, and has moderate temperatures year-round. Where might you be located? a. somewhere near the Equator b. somewhere near the Arctic Circle c. In a forest with the greatest species diversity d. the Pacific Northwest

d. the Pacific Northwest

Plants that have adaptations, such as rhizomes, for surviving harsh winters would most likely be found in a temperate __________________ forest.

decidous

Bacteria and fungi are examples of a group of consumers called ______________________

decomposer

A(n) ____________ biome has an annual rainfall of less than 25cm.

desert

The _____________ layer of a tropical rain forest receives the most sunlight.

emergent

Some natural disasters, such as ___________, help some forest communities by allowing some trees to release their seeds, by clearing away deadwood, and by encouragingnew growth.

fire

Underground carbon sources composed of plants and animals that died millions of years ago are known as ___________________

fossil fuels

Horses and cattle are _______________ because they eat only producers.

herbivores.

Tropical rain forests are being destroyed primarily by logging for lumber and to create open land for _______________

housing

SUccession that occurs on abadoned farmland is called ______________________ succession.

old field

The first organisms to colonize any newly available area are known as __________

pioneer species

A common type of succession that occurs on a surface where an ecosystem has previously existed is known as _______________

secondary succession

The climate of a biome is determined mostly by average ______________________ and precipitation

temperature

Due to extreme temperature conditions and simple, easily distrupted food chains, the _________________ is very sensitive to human disturbance.

tundra

Biomes are classified and often named according to their _________________ which determines which other organisms that can live there.

vegetation