ENVS 1126 2 Exam Chapters 8-16
Which one of the following contains the most liquid freshwater?
Aquifers
Which one of the following countries has the lowest per capita energy consumption?
China
Most of the human deaths attributable to the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the former Soviet Union were
Firemen who were called in to put out the fires that resulted from the accident
Roughly 99% of crop irrigation globally is done by
Flood irrigation and center-pivot methods
Which two of the following kinds of pesticides account for most use of pesticides in agriculture in the United States?
Herbicides and insecticides
Which one of the following kinds of soil would you expect to find in a wetland?
Hydric
Which one of the following sources of energy is not used by electric power plants that generate electricity by boiling water?
Natural gas
The top three primary sources of energy in the United States are
Natural gas, coal, and oil
In a nuclear power plant fueled with uranium-235, what is the purpose of the moderator?
slow neutrons
Which one of the following terms is used to characterize the arrangement of soil particles in clumps and aggregates?
structure
The fastest-growing forms of renewable energy for electricity production in the world are
Wind and solar photovoltaic
The principal concern with the use of neonicotinoid insecticides is their adverse effects on _________.
bees
How many fissile isotopes are there?
fewer than 5
Which one of the following is not among the conditions conducive to small families?
Early age at marriage
Which one of the following is not a primary source of energy?
Electricity
Which one of the following renewable sources of energy is associated with the highest energy returned on energy invested?
Electricity from wind turbines
On which of the following continents is more water used for industrial purposes than for agriculture?
Europe
Which one of the following regions of the world has the greatest installed PV panel electricity generating capacity?
Europe
If Earth rotated in the opposite direction, the Trade Winds in the northern hemisphere would blow from the
Northwest
In a soil profile, the order of horizons from top to bottom is
O, A, E, B, C
Carbon dioxide emissions by which one of the following countries have decreased the most since 2005?
United States
Which one of the following kinds of radiation is associated with the greatest amount of biological damage per unit of absorbed energy?
alpha particles
Which one of the following sources of calories in the human diet requires the greatest amount of land per calorie to produce?
beef
A radioisotope with a half-life of 10 years decays to a stable isotope. In 400 years, the radioactivity emitted by the radioisotope will decline by a factor of approximately __________________.
1,000,000,000,000
Which one of the following was not part of China's one-child policy?
Additional food rations for same-sex couples
Which one of the following statements is true about a Hadley cell?
Air rises at the equator and sinks at 30° latitude
The three regions of the world that currently account for the most exported grain are
Australia/New Zealand, North America, and Western Europe
The United States has extensive deposits of _________________ in Colorado, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming that, if exploited, could yield the equivalent of an estimated 800 billion barrels of oil.
Oil shale
Which one of the following kinds of pesticides is responsible for most pesticide poisonings of humans?
Organophosphates
What is the principal reason that western rangelands in the United States produce less than half the livestock forage that they did in the early 19th century?
Overgrazing
Which one of the following soils would you expect to find in a tropical rain forest?
Oxisol
Which one of the following accounts for the most freshwater on Earth?
Polar ice and glaciers
The fertility rate in Burkino Faso has exceeded the replacement rate for many years and is currently about 5.3. if the fertility rate were to suddenly drop to the replacement rate, why would the population of Burkino Faso continue to increase?
Population momentum
Energy policies can be broadly classified as supply-side policies that increase the use of fossil fuels and demand-side policies that lower the use of fossil fuels. Which one of the following is not a demand-side policy?
Provide economic incentives to electric power companies to build integrated gasification combined cycle power plants
Which one of the following is the greatest source of exposure to radiation for people in the United States?
Radon gas in average house
Which one of the following is not an example of blue water?
Rainwater taken up by plants
Which one of the following accounted for the greatest amount of U.S economic contributions to developing countries in 2010-2011?
Remittances
The three crops that account for the greatest areas of farmland devoted to the production of genetically modified (GM) crops do not include which one of the following?
Rice
Which one of the following statements is not true?
Roughly 140,000 deaths each year are traced to waterborne diseases
Which one of the following can result from irrigating crops in dryland areas with insufficient water to leach salts down through the soil?
Salinization
Which one of the following insect pests has been eliminated from the United States by release of sterile males?
Screwworm flies
Which one of the following statements is not true?
Since 1960, the percentage of people living in high-income countries has increased.
The two forms of renewable energy that have the drawback that they unintentionally kill birds are
Solar towers and wind turbines
Biodiesel is a fuel made from a mixture of normal diesel fuel and oil from
Soybeans
The four crops that account for the most production of genetically modified (GM) crops globally are
Soybeans, corn, canola, and cotton
Millennium Development Goal 1 was to reduce by 50% the proportion of children under age five who were moderately or severely underweight. Which one of the following regions had not achieved that goal by 2012?
Sub-Saharan Africa
Which one of the following states does not generate more than 30% of its electricity by wind turbines?
Texas
When plants such as switchgrass are grown as a potential source of liquid fuels, the energy in sunlight is converted to potential energy in the biomass of the plant with an efficiency of ____________.
less than 5%
A uranium-235 fueled nuclear power plant emits about ___________ as much radioactivity as a coal-burning power plant that produces the same amount of electricity.
1%
Topsoil accumulates at the rate of _______________.
1-2 inches per 100 years
Which one of the following soil horizons is also called topsoil?
A
The Neolithic Revolution
Began in the Middle East about 12,000 years ago
Approximately how many people in the world currently live on less than $1.25 per day?
1.2 billion
In countries that have completed the demographic transition, the crude birth rates and crude death rates are both about ______ per 1000 people per year
10
During which period of time was the first sewage treatment plant built in the United States?
1850-1900
Globally, approximately what percentage of pregnancies are ended by abortions?
20%
In hypothetical country A, everyone dies when they reach the age of 60. In hypothetical country B, which has a better health care system, everyone dies when they reach the age of 75. If the total population of both countries is stable, what percentage of the total population would you expect to be in the age group 32-46 years inclusive?
20% in country A and 25% in country B
Which one of the following fissionable isotopes is produced in a breeder reactor?
239Pu
Which of the following isotopes of hydrogen would be fused in a fusion nuclear power plant?
2H and 3H
What are the percentages of sand, silt, and clay in soil with a texture indicated by the red square below?
30 sand, 30 silt, 40 clay
Approximately what percentage of the world's croplands are used to feed domestic animals?
33%
Geothermal power plants provide electricity for __________ people in the United States.
5 million
In approximately how many countries is the rate of maternal mortality lower than it is in the United States?
50
In country X, the supply of calories averages 100% of the minimum daily requirement. Of the people living in country X, what percentage is likely to have calorie-deficient diets?
50%
The amount of biomass on successive trophic levels in a food chain forms a pyramid in which the biomass on trophic level N+1 is only 20% of the biomass on trophic level N. If pesticide P is transferred from one trophic level to the next with 100% efficiency, what will be the concentration of P on trophic level 5 if the concentration of P on trophic level 2 is 4 parts per million (ppm)?
500 ppm
Which one of the following is an example of adiabatic heating?
A descending mass of air is warmed as it is compressed
Which one of the following millennium development goals has been achieved?
Between 1990 and 2015, reduce by half the proportion of people whose income is less than $1.25 per day
The forms of renewable energy that currently account for the greatest amount of renewable energy production in the United States are
Biomass and hyrdopower
The two countries that account for the greatest amount of ethanol production as a fuel are
Brazil and United States
The nutrients that support plant growth in natural terrestrial ecosystems are supplied mainly by
Breakdown of detritus
Which one of the following accounts for the least amount of electricity produced in the United States?
Oil
Which one of the following soil horizons does not contain humus?
C
Geothermal heat pumps
Can be used to heat and cool buildings
Which one of the following countries accounts for the most oil imported by the United States?
Canada
The Delaney clause concerned which one of the following?
Carcinogenic food additives
Pheromones have not been used to control which one of the following pests?
Cassava mealybug
The country with the greatest number of nuclear power plants under construction is
China
The country with the greatest number of solar hot water heaters is
China
In which two of the following countries are the greatest numbers of people living on less than $10 per day?
China and India
Which one of the following is the major cause of mortality in the least developed countries of the world?
Communicable diseases
Which one of the following is not among the primary reasons that poor people in developing countries have large families?
Contraceptives are readily available
Which one of the following is not one of the purposes of pumping water through the core of a nuclear reactor fueled with uranium-235?
Control the rate of the chain reaction
Which one of the following energy policies would not encourage more use of natural gas and oil?
Corporate tax rebates for installation of integrated gasification combined cycle power plants
Which one of the following is not a technique used in integrated pest management?
Cosmetic spraying
Which one of the following countries is the only country in the world with extensive government-supported urban agriculture?
Cuba
Which one of the following has been shown to most adversely affect the reproduction of birds?
DDE
The country that generates the greatest percentage of its electricity from wind turbines is ___________.
Denmark
In which one of the following states is groundwater not being withdrawn faster than it is being naturally replenished?
Florida
Which of the following countries generates the greatest percentage of its electricity from nuclear power plants?
France
The United States and China have virtually identical fertility rates (1.7) and median ages (38.35). How, then, would you account for the fact that the population of China is projected to decrease between now and the end of this century, whereas the population of the United States is projected to increase?
Immigration into the US
Which one of the following countries has the lowest median age?
India (20.1)
Which one of the following is the correct order of these revolutions?
Industrial (first), medical (second), green (third)
Which one of the following is not an example of cultural control of a pest?
Introduction of parasitic wasps to control gypsy moths
Which one of the following is a consumptive use of water?
Irrigating crops
Which of the following reasons explains why few farmers in the United States irrigate their crops via drip irrigation?
Irrigation water is cheap, and initial installation costs are high
A Bt crop is a genetically modified crop that
Is resistant to many insect pests
Who said, "Responsible biotechnology is not the enemy: starvation is"
Jimmy Carter
Currently irrigated acreage
Less than half of all cropland and produces less than half of the worlds food
Soil containing organic matter and having either of the following textures is ideal for many types of farming.
Loam or silt
In a flash steam geothermal power plant, water is vaporized by ____________.
Lowering the pressure
Which of the following are two of the negative aspects of no-till agriculture?
May increase the effects of pests that remain in crop residues and requires use of herbicides
The three principal greenhouse gases emitted as a result of agricultural activities are
Methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide
Which one of the following is the best soil for agriculture?
Mollisol
Electricity produced by which one of the following is not an example of green power?
Natural gas
Most electric power plants built in the United States since 2000 use which one of the following sources of energy?
Natural gas
Which one of the following statements describes what happens when countries pass through the fertility transition?
The dependency ratio decreases and then increases
Which one of the following statements is true?
The epidemiologic transition has preceded the fertility transition
Which one of the following reasons does not contribute to the fact that the cost of producing electricity at nuclear power plants is greater than the cost of producing electricity with fossil fuels?
The lifetimes of nuclear power plants have turned out to be longer than expected
Which one of the following statements is not true about the Grameen Bank?
The loans have been found to have the greatest social benefits when focused on men
Cabbages and Condoms is
The name of a restaurant chain in Thailand
The population profile of a hypothetical country is shown below. The vertical axis is age, and the lower and upper dashed lines correspond to ages of 15 and 65, respectively. The horizontal axis indicates the number of males (blue) and females (pink) in the population. This population profile indicates which one of the following:
The population is decreasing
Which of the following statements correctly characterizes the results of using pesticides in agriculture globally since the advent of the green revolution?
The quantity of crops lost to pests has increased and the percentage of crops lost to pests has increased
The process by which water vapor passes through stomata from plants to the atmosphere is called
Transpiration
In 2005, representatives from so-called donor countries agreed to raise their Official Development Assistance (ODA) for developing countries to 0.35% of gross national income by 2010. Which one of the following countries had not achieved that goal by 2014?
United States
Which one of the following countries currently has the highest fertility rate?
United States
Which one of the following countries has the lowest life expectancy?
United States
Which of the following countries have the largest areas of arable land?
United States and India
The forms of renewable energy that currently account for the greatest amount of electricity production in the world are
Wind and hydroelectric
The site recommended by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for long-term disposal of radioactive waste from the nuclear power industry in the United States is
Yucca Mountain, Nevada
A mycorrhiza is _______________.
a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant
Golden rice is a cultivar of rice that was genetically modified to address problems associated with diets that are deficient in vitamin A. Golden rice is enriched with which one of the following?
beta carotene
Golden eagle populations in England recovered after use of _______was terminated in sheep dips.
dieldrin