ENVS 1126 2 Exam Chapters 8-16

Which one of the following contains the most liquid freshwater?

Aquifers

Which one of the following countries has the lowest per capita energy consumption?

China

Most of the human deaths attributable to the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the former Soviet Union were

Firemen who were called in to put out the fires that resulted from the accident

Roughly 99% of crop irrigation globally is done by

Flood irrigation and center-pivot methods

Which two of the following kinds of pesticides account for most use of pesticides in agriculture in the United States?

Herbicides and insecticides

Which one of the following kinds of soil would you expect to find in a wetland?

Hydric

Which one of the following sources of energy is not used by electric power plants that generate electricity by boiling water?

Natural gas

The top three primary sources of energy in the United States are

Natural gas, coal, and oil

In a nuclear power plant fueled with uranium-235, what is the purpose of the moderator?

slow neutrons

Which one of the following terms is used to characterize the arrangement of soil particles in clumps and aggregates?

structure

The fastest-growing forms of renewable energy for electricity production in the world are

Wind and solar photovoltaic

The principal concern with the use of neonicotinoid insecticides is their adverse effects on _________.

bees

How many fissile isotopes are there?

fewer than 5

Which one of the following is not among the conditions conducive to small families?

Early age at marriage

Which one of the following is not a primary source of energy?

Electricity

Which one of the following renewable sources of energy is associated with the highest energy returned on energy invested?

Electricity from wind turbines

On which of the following continents is more water used for industrial purposes than for agriculture?

Europe

Which one of the following regions of the world has the greatest installed PV panel electricity generating capacity?

Europe

If Earth rotated in the opposite direction, the Trade Winds in the northern hemisphere would blow from the

Northwest

In a soil profile, the order of horizons from top to bottom is

O, A, E, B, C

Carbon dioxide emissions by which one of the following countries have decreased the most since 2005?

United States

Which one of the following kinds of radiation is associated with the greatest amount of biological damage per unit of absorbed energy?

alpha particles

Which one of the following sources of calories in the human diet requires the greatest amount of land per calorie to produce?

beef

A radioisotope with a half-life of 10 years decays to a stable isotope. In 400 years, the radioactivity emitted by the radioisotope will decline by a factor of approximately __________________.

1,000,000,000,000

Which one of the following was not part of China's one-child policy?

Additional food rations for same-sex couples

Which one of the following statements is true about a Hadley cell?

Air rises at the equator and sinks at 30° latitude

The three regions of the world that currently account for the most exported grain are

Australia/New Zealand, North America, and Western Europe

The United States has extensive deposits of _________________ in Colorado, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming that, if exploited, could yield the equivalent of an estimated 800 billion barrels of oil.

Oil shale

Which one of the following kinds of pesticides is responsible for most pesticide poisonings of humans?

Organophosphates

What is the principal reason that western rangelands in the United States produce less than half the livestock forage that they did in the early 19th century?

Overgrazing

Which one of the following soils would you expect to find in a tropical rain forest?

Oxisol

Which one of the following accounts for the most freshwater on Earth?

Polar ice and glaciers

The fertility rate in Burkino Faso has exceeded the replacement rate for many years and is currently about 5.3. if the fertility rate were to suddenly drop to the replacement rate, why would the population of Burkino Faso continue to increase?

Population momentum

Energy policies can be broadly classified as supply-side policies that increase the use of fossil fuels and demand-side policies that lower the use of fossil fuels. Which one of the following is not a demand-side policy?

Provide economic incentives to electric power companies to build integrated gasification combined cycle power plants

Which one of the following is the greatest source of exposure to radiation for people in the United States?

Radon gas in average house

Which one of the following is not an example of blue water?

Rainwater taken up by plants

Which one of the following accounted for the greatest amount of U.S economic contributions to developing countries in 2010-2011?

Remittances

The three crops that account for the greatest areas of farmland devoted to the production of genetically modified (GM) crops do not include which one of the following?

Rice

Which one of the following statements is not true?

Roughly 140,000 deaths each year are traced to waterborne diseases

Which one of the following can result from irrigating crops in dryland areas with insufficient water to leach salts down through the soil?

Salinization

Which one of the following insect pests has been eliminated from the United States by release of sterile males?

Screwworm flies

Which one of the following statements is not true?

Since 1960, the percentage of people living in high-income countries has increased.

The two forms of renewable energy that have the drawback that they unintentionally kill birds are

Solar towers and wind turbines

Biodiesel is a fuel made from a mixture of normal diesel fuel and oil from

Soybeans

The four crops that account for the most production of genetically modified (GM) crops globally are

Soybeans, corn, canola, and cotton

Millennium Development Goal 1 was to reduce by 50% the proportion of children under age five who were moderately or severely underweight. Which one of the following regions had not achieved that goal by 2012?

Sub-Saharan Africa

Which one of the following states does not generate more than 30% of its electricity by wind turbines?

Texas

When plants such as switchgrass are grown as a potential source of liquid fuels, the energy in sunlight is converted to potential energy in the biomass of the plant with an efficiency of ____________.

less than 5%

A uranium-235 fueled nuclear power plant emits about ___________ as much radioactivity as a coal-burning power plant that produces the same amount of electricity.

1%

Topsoil accumulates at the rate of _______________.

1-2 inches per 100 years

Which one of the following soil horizons is also called topsoil?

A

The Neolithic Revolution

Began in the Middle East about 12,000 years ago

Approximately how many people in the world currently live on less than $1.25 per day?

1.2 billion

In countries that have completed the demographic transition, the crude birth rates and crude death rates are both about ______ per 1000 people per year

10

During which period of time was the first sewage treatment plant built in the United States?

1850-1900

Globally, approximately what percentage of pregnancies are ended by abortions?

20%

In hypothetical country A, everyone dies when they reach the age of 60. In hypothetical country B, which has a better health care system, everyone dies when they reach the age of 75. If the total population of both countries is stable, what percentage of the total population would you expect to be in the age group 32-46 years inclusive?

20% in country A and 25% in country B

Which one of the following fissionable isotopes is produced in a breeder reactor?

239Pu

Which of the following isotopes of hydrogen would be fused in a fusion nuclear power plant?

2H and 3H

What are the percentages of sand, silt, and clay in soil with a texture indicated by the red square below?

30 sand, 30 silt, 40 clay

Approximately what percentage of the world's croplands are used to feed domestic animals?

33%

Geothermal power plants provide electricity for __________ people in the United States.

5 million

In approximately how many countries is the rate of maternal mortality lower than it is in the United States?

50

In country X, the supply of calories averages 100% of the minimum daily requirement. Of the people living in country X, what percentage is likely to have calorie-deficient diets?

50%

The amount of biomass on successive trophic levels in a food chain forms a pyramid in which the biomass on trophic level N+1 is only 20% of the biomass on trophic level N. If pesticide P is transferred from one trophic level to the next with 100% efficiency, what will be the concentration of P on trophic level 5 if the concentration of P on trophic level 2 is 4 parts per million (ppm)?

500 ppm

Which one of the following is an example of adiabatic heating?

A descending mass of air is warmed as it is compressed

Which one of the following millennium development goals has been achieved?

Between 1990 and 2015, reduce by half the proportion of people whose income is less than $1.25 per day

The forms of renewable energy that currently account for the greatest amount of renewable energy production in the United States are

Biomass and hyrdopower

The two countries that account for the greatest amount of ethanol production as a fuel are

Brazil and United States

The nutrients that support plant growth in natural terrestrial ecosystems are supplied mainly by

Breakdown of detritus

Which one of the following accounts for the least amount of electricity produced in the United States?

Oil

Which one of the following soil horizons does not contain humus?

C

Geothermal heat pumps

Can be used to heat and cool buildings

Which one of the following countries accounts for the most oil imported by the United States?

Canada

The Delaney clause concerned which one of the following?

Carcinogenic food additives

Pheromones have not been used to control which one of the following pests?

Cassava mealybug

The country with the greatest number of nuclear power plants under construction is

China

The country with the greatest number of solar hot water heaters is

China

In which two of the following countries are the greatest numbers of people living on less than $10 per day?

China and India

Which one of the following is the major cause of mortality in the least developed countries of the world?

Communicable diseases

Which one of the following is not among the primary reasons that poor people in developing countries have large families?

Contraceptives are readily available

Which one of the following is not one of the purposes of pumping water through the core of a nuclear reactor fueled with uranium-235?

Control the rate of the chain reaction

Which one of the following energy policies would not encourage more use of natural gas and oil?

Corporate tax rebates for installation of integrated gasification combined cycle power plants

Which one of the following is not a technique used in integrated pest management?

Cosmetic spraying

Which one of the following countries is the only country in the world with extensive government-supported urban agriculture?

Cuba

Which one of the following has been shown to most adversely affect the reproduction of birds?

DDE

The country that generates the greatest percentage of its electricity from wind turbines is ___________.

Denmark

In which one of the following states is groundwater not being withdrawn faster than it is being naturally replenished?

Florida

Which of the following countries generates the greatest percentage of its electricity from nuclear power plants?

France

The United States and China have virtually identical fertility rates (1.7) and median ages (38.35). How, then, would you account for the fact that the population of China is projected to decrease between now and the end of this century, whereas the population of the United States is projected to increase?

Immigration into the US

Which one of the following countries has the lowest median age?

India (20.1)

Which one of the following is the correct order of these revolutions?

Industrial (first), medical (second), green (third)

Which one of the following is not an example of cultural control of a pest?

Introduction of parasitic wasps to control gypsy moths

Which one of the following is a consumptive use of water?

Irrigating crops

Which of the following reasons explains why few farmers in the United States irrigate their crops via drip irrigation?

Irrigation water is cheap, and initial installation costs are high

A Bt crop is a genetically modified crop that

Is resistant to many insect pests

Who said, "Responsible biotechnology is not the enemy: starvation is"

Jimmy Carter

Currently irrigated acreage

Less than half of all cropland and produces less than half of the worlds food

Soil containing organic matter and having either of the following textures is ideal for many types of farming.

Loam or silt

In a flash steam geothermal power plant, water is vaporized by ____________.

Lowering the pressure

Which of the following are two of the negative aspects of no-till agriculture?

May increase the effects of pests that remain in crop residues and requires use of herbicides

The three principal greenhouse gases emitted as a result of agricultural activities are

Methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide

Which one of the following is the best soil for agriculture?

Mollisol

Electricity produced by which one of the following is not an example of green power?

Natural gas

Most electric power plants built in the United States since 2000 use which one of the following sources of energy?

Natural gas

Which one of the following statements describes what happens when countries pass through the fertility transition?

The dependency ratio decreases and then increases

Which one of the following statements is true?

The epidemiologic transition has preceded the fertility transition

Which one of the following reasons does not contribute to the fact that the cost of producing electricity at nuclear power plants is greater than the cost of producing electricity with fossil fuels?

The lifetimes of nuclear power plants have turned out to be longer than expected

Which one of the following statements is not true about the Grameen Bank?

The loans have been found to have the greatest social benefits when focused on men

Cabbages and Condoms is

The name of a restaurant chain in Thailand

The population profile of a hypothetical country is shown below. The vertical axis is age, and the lower and upper dashed lines correspond to ages of 15 and 65, respectively. The horizontal axis indicates the number of males (blue) and females (pink) in the population. This population profile indicates which one of the following:

The population is decreasing

Which of the following statements correctly characterizes the results of using pesticides in agriculture globally since the advent of the green revolution?

The quantity of crops lost to pests has increased and the percentage of crops lost to pests has increased

The process by which water vapor passes through stomata from plants to the atmosphere is called

Transpiration

In 2005, representatives from so-called donor countries agreed to raise their Official Development Assistance (ODA) for developing countries to 0.35% of gross national income by 2010. Which one of the following countries had not achieved that goal by 2014?

United States

Which one of the following countries currently has the highest fertility rate?

United States

Which one of the following countries has the lowest life expectancy?

United States

Which of the following countries have the largest areas of arable land?

United States and India

The forms of renewable energy that currently account for the greatest amount of electricity production in the world are

Wind and hydroelectric

The site recommended by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for long-term disposal of radioactive waste from the nuclear power industry in the United States is

Yucca Mountain, Nevada

A mycorrhiza is _______________.

a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant

Golden rice is a cultivar of rice that was genetically modified to address problems associated with diets that are deficient in vitamin A. Golden rice is enriched with which one of the following?

beta carotene

Golden eagle populations in England recovered after use of _______was terminated in sheep dips.

dieldrin