ENVS 1126 Exam 2

During which period of time was the first sewage treatment plant built in the United States?

1850-1900

The ecological efficiency in a food chain is 15%. A pollutant (X) is transferred from one trophic level to the next with an efficiency of 45%. The concentration of X on trophic level 3 is 18 ppm. What is the concentration of X on trophic level 1?

2

Which one of the following soil horizons does not contain humus?

C

Which one of the following countries accounts for the most oil imported by the United States?

Canada

Which one of the following countries has the lowest per capita energy consumption?

China

In which two of the following countries are the greatest numbers of people living on less than $10 per day?

China and India

Which one of the following is the major cause of mortality in the least developed countries of the world?

Communicable diseases

Which one of the following energy policies would not encourage use of natural gas and oil?

Corporate tax rebates for installation of integrated gasification combined cycle power plants

Which one of the following is not a technique used in integrated pest management?

Cosmetic spraying

Which one of the following has been shown to most adversely affect the reproduction of birds?

DDE

Which one of the following is not involved in maintaining population equilibrium?

Drought

Which one of the following is not among the conditions conducive to small families?

Early age at marriage

Which one of the following statements is not one of the four basic assumptions of the scientific method?

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

On which of the following continents is more water used for industrial purposes than for agriculture?

Europe

Which one of the following regions of the world has the greatest installed PV panel electricity generating capacity?

Europe

In which one of the following states is groundwater not being withdrawn faster than it is being naturally replenished?

Florida

Which of the following countries generates the greatest percentage of its electricity from nuclear power plants?

France

Consider the following statements: (I) In any energy conversion, some of the usable energy is always lost (II) Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but it may be converted from one form to another, (III) Systems will go spontaneously in one direction only, toward increasing entropy. Which of these are statements of the second law of thermodynamics?

I and III

The population profile of a hypothetical country is shown below. The vertical axis is age, and the lower and upper dashed lines correspond to ages of 15 and 65, respectively. The horizontal axis indicates the number of males (blue) and females (pink) in the population. This population profile indicates which one of the following:

The population is decreasing

Which of the following statements correctly characterizes the results of using pesticides in agriculture globally?

The quantity of crops lost to pests has increased and the percentage of crops lost to pests has increased

Which of the following countries have the largest areas of arable land?

United States and India

The fastest-growing forms of renewable energy for electricity production in the world are

Wind and solar photovoltaic

The principal concern with the use of neonicotinoid insecticides is their adverse effects on _________.

bees

Golden rice is a cultivar of rice that was genetically modified to address problems associated with diets that are deficient in vitamin A. Golden rice is enriched with which one of the following?

beta carotene

Golden eagle populations in England recovered after use of _______was terminated in sheep dips.

dieldrin

How many fissile isotopes are there?

fewer than 5

Most of the human deaths attributable to the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the former Soviet Union were

firemen who were called in to put out the fires that resulted from the accident

Most electric power plants built in the United States since 2000 use which one of the following sources of energy?

natural gas

The United States has extensive deposits of ________________ in Colorado, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming that, if exploited, could yield the equivalent of an estimated 800 billion barrels of oil.

oil shale

A uranium-235 fueled nuclear power plant emits about ___________ as much radioactivity as a coal-burning power plant that produces the same amount of electricity.

one percent

What is the principal reason that western rangelands in the United States produce less than half the livestock forage that they did in the early 19th century?

overgrazing

Which one of the following soils would you expect to find in a tropical rain forest?

oxisol

Which one of the following fissionable isotopes is produced in a breeder reactor?

plutonium-239

Ecologist Eckhard wants to stop the algal blooms in City Park Lake by reducing the inputs of essential nutrients to the lake from stormwater runoff. Which one of the following strategies would have the least effect on the algal blooms?

remove all the carbon dioxide from the stormwater runoff

In a nuclear power plant fueled with uranium-235, what is the purpose of the moderator?

slow neutrons

If Earth rotated in the opposite direction, the Trade Winds in the Southern Hemisphere would blow from the

southwest

Biodiesel is a fuel made from a mixture of normal diesel fuel and oil from

soybeans

Which one of the following terms is used to characterize the arrangement of soil particles in clumps and aggregates?

structure

In hypothetical country A, everyone dies when they reach the age of 60. In hypothetical country B, which has a better health care system, everyone dies when they reach the age of 80. If the total population of both countries is stable, what percentage of the total population would you expect to be in the age group 21-40 years inclusive?

33% in country A and 25% in country B

A population is growing exponentially with a doubling time of 10 years. If the size of the population now is 50, what will be the size of the population 30 years from now?

400

Geothermal power plants provide electricity for __________ people in the United States.

5 million

In approximately how many countries is the rate of maternal mortality lower than it is in the United States?

50

In country X, the supply of calories averages 100% of the minimum daily requirement. Of the people living in country X, what percentage is likely to have calorie-deficient diets?

50%

The amount of biomass on successive trophic levels in a food chain forms a pyramid in which the biomass on trophic level N+1 is only 20% of the biomass on trophic level N. If pesticide P is transferred from one trophic level to the next with 100% efficiency, what will be the concentration of P on trophic level 5 if the concentration of P on trophic level 2 is 4 parts per million (ppm)?

500 ppm

Which one of the following soil horizons is also called topsoil?

A

Which one of the following was not part of China's one-child policy?

Additional food rations for same-sex couples

The figure below shows concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere from the late 1950s to the present time. In addition to the long term trend of increasing CO2 concentrations, the concentrations also oscillate up and down by several parts per million on an annual basis. At what time of the year would you expect the concentrations to be highest?

At the end of winter

The forms of renewable energy that currently account for the greatest amount of renewable energy production in the United States are

Biomass and hydropower

Which one of the following is not an example of cultural control of a pest?

Introduction of parasitic wasps to control gypsy moths

Who said, "Responsible biotechnology is not the enemy: starvation is"

Jimmy Carter

Which one of the following is an example of primary succession?

Lichens appear on basalt rock 50 years after a volcanic eruption on the Big Island of Hawaii

Which of the following are two of the negative aspects of no-till agriculture?

May increase the effects of pests that remain in crop residues and requires use of herbicides

Which one of the following sources of energy is not used by electric power plants that generate electricity by boiling water?

Natural gas

The fertility rate in Burkino Faso has exceeded the replacement rate for many years and is currently about 5.1. if the fertility rate were to suddenly drop to the replacement rate, why would the population of Burkino Faso continue to increase?

Population momentum

Which one of the following statements is true?

R-strategists have high biotic potential and poor recruitment most of the time

Which one of the following is not an example of blue water?

Rainwater taken up by plants

Which one of the following statements is not true?

Roughly 140,000 deaths each year are traced to waterborne diseases

Which one of the following is not one of the vital concepts that move societies toward a sustainable future?

Security

Global warming during the 21st century is expected to

Speed up the hydrologic cycle and slow the thermohaline circulation of the ocean

Which one of the following statements describes what happens when countries pass through the fertility transition?

The dependency ratio decreases and then increases

Which one of the following statements is true?

The epidemiologic transition has preceded the fertility transition

Which one of the following statements is not true about the Grameen Bank?

The loans have been found to have the greatest social benefits when focused on men

Cabbages and Condoms is

The name of a restaurant chain in Thailand

The two countries that account for the greatest amount of ethanol production as a fuel are

USA and Brazil

Carbon dioxide emissions by which one of the following countries have decreased the most since 2005?

United States

Which one of the following countries has the shortest life expectancy?

United States

The site recommended by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for long-term disposal of radioactive waste from the nuclear power industry in the United States is

Yucca Mountain, Nevada

Which one of the following sources of calories in the human diet requires the greatest amount of land per calorie to produce?

beef

Roughly 99% of crop irrigation globally is done by

flood irrigation and center pivot methods

Electricity produced by which one of the following is not an example of green power?

natural gas

Temperatures are projected to rise more at high latitudes in the northern hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere by the end of this century because ________________ .

melting the ice on the Arctic Ocean will decrease the albedo of the Arctic Ocean

The three principal greenhouse gases emitted as a result of agricultural activities are

methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide

Which one of the following is the best soil for agriculture?

mollisoil

The three crops that account for the greatest areas of farmland devoted to the production of genetically modified (GM) crops do not include which one of the following?

rice

The three crops that account for about 50% of global food demands are

rice, wheat, and corn