ENY3005 Lab Final Practical
Estimated economic value of insects
$57 billion
Species richness
Abundance of species per area
Which statement is FALSE ?
An IPM program is exclusively a biological control program.
What way does the hemolymph flow through the hemocoel?
Anterior to posterior in the haemocoel Ostia-> heart-> aorta->
Which of the following are ametabolous orders
Archaeognatha Zygentoma Collembola
Which is not a way that insects obtain oxygen in an aquatic environment?
Collecting air bubbles that have accumulated underneath objects under water.
Which of the following operations would an IPM strategy be appropriate for?
Community Gardens Residential Gardens Commercial Farms
Eusociality
Cooperative brood care, reproductive castes, overlapping generations
Value of Insects
Cultural Scientific Agricultural Economic
Types of control in IPM
Cultural control Biological control Physical control Chemical control
What is the definitive host and intermediate host of malaria
Definitive: mosquitoes Intermediate: human
Which of the following is NOT a part of an IPM plan?
Determining the quickest treatment time
Whaat terms refer to wing structure
Elytra, hemelytra, halteres
What is the order that lives in colonies in silken galleries spun in leaf litter, under stones, in bark and in epiphytic plants, and also has enlarged foretibia containing silk glands?
Embioptera/embiidina
Do juvenile fleas mature on the host?
They do not mature on a specific host, so they can have lots of different animals as prey
What is the overall function of the digestive system?
To extract nutrients and other substances from the food it consumes in the form of macromolecules and complex substances
Which of the following cannot be found on an insect head?
Trochanter
Fleas are external parasites of mammals
True
What are the vision organs?
Two general kinds of eye: compound and ocelli
What are the parts of the nervous system
Ventral nerve chord Ganglia: Integration and innervation
How can threats to insects impact vertebrate populations?
Vertebrates like fish, birds, mammals and reptiles which rely on insects for food may find themselves unable to consume enough calories,
Odonata has gills, which has external and which has internal?
External- damselflies Internal- dragonflies
Which of the following are thought to be major contributors to the recent declines of insects?
Widespread pesticide usage Urbanization, and subsequent destruction of insect habitat Manipulation of waterways for the decline of aquatic species
What insects cause the bubonic plague?
Fleas
What are the three regions of the digestive system and what are their functions?
Foregut: mechanical digestion storage Midgut: chemical digestion absorption Hindgut: excretion reabsorption
What is eat section of the digestive system lines with?
Foregut: cuticle Midgut: no cuticle Hindgut: cuticle
Which of the following are not part of the insect respiratory system?
Ganglia
Honey bees use waggle dance to tell the other workers that the food is less than 15 meters away from the colony.
false- it is for sources greater from the colony: 15-100 m. the round dance is used for less that 15 meters
Why might insects need different kinds of ovipositors
female insects have a different genital opening for oviposition vs copulation
What starts and stops the midgut?
gastric caecum and Malpighian tubules
Trichopteran have _______ wings
hairy
Diptera have one pair of wings, as well as ________ that act as balance organs that oscillate during flight
halteres
Hymenoptera have ______, where the reduced hindwing are connected to the forewings
hamuli
The dorsal vessel is functionally similar to what human organ?
heart
Insect blood is called [1]. It flows relatively freely throughout the body cavity named the [2]
hemolymph & hemocoel
Coleoptera have _______________ metamorphosis
holometabolous
Select all of the ectoparasites from the list below
horn fly flea mosquito
What carries typhus and where do they live?
human body lice on human clothing- they prefer colder climates
Cooperative brood care
individuals within the colony that may or may not be directly related conduct care of the immature offspring
What does the 'I' stand for in IPM?1
integrated
The process by which sensory information is interoperated by the central nervous system, and behavioral decisions are made is called ________________.
integration
How is hemolymph different than blood?
it doesn't have red blood cells and isn't involved in oxygen transport
What is the purpose of the spermathecae?
its responsible for receiving, maintaining, and releasing sperm to fertilize the eggs
Saltatorial Legs
jumping legs
What insect orders are sensitive to water pollution?
juvenile trichopteran, ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and megaloptera (EPT)
Populations tend to stay around __, or the carrying capacity
k
Life table
keeps track of birth, deaths, and development rates of a pop
Examples of secondary consumers
lady beetles feeding on aphids Creeping water bugs feeding on amphipods preying mantis feeding on planthoppers
Which of the following characters can be used to distinguish immature dragonflies from immature damselflies?
location of the gills
Which of the following orders does not contain ANYeusocial species?
mantodea
Males in the order ____ often have genitalia that resemble a scorpion's stinger (even though they don't sting).
mecoptera
Which two segments of the thorax are the wings attached to (in the correct order from most anterior to most posterior)?
meso- and meta- thorax
Microinvertebrates such as ______, _______ and ____ _____ play major roles in soil communities
mites, collembolans, and small insects
What insects are vectors for human diseases?
mosquitoes fleas
What starts and stops the foregut?
mouth and proventriculus
Aquatic Hemipterans and Coleopterans use their specially modified legs for swimming. These types of legs are called ____ legs.
natatorial
Are fleas host specific?
no, because then they wouldn't be able to jump between humans and lice
Which structure is only able to detect differences in light and dark?
ocelli
Overlapping generations
offspring contribute to colony labor while their parents are still alive
Where are Gustatory receptors found?
on feet and mouthparts
Degree Day
one degree day is the amount of development in the 24 hrs at the development threshold
______________ generations is a characteristic of social insects.
overlapping
What is the external female reproductive structure?
ovipositor
Small insects can get enough oxygen through the more permeable parts of the cuticle by using
passive diffusion
Which is one way that insects do not do harm to humans?
performing ecosystem functions
Many aquatic insects carry atmospheric oxygen in the form of a permanent bubble to consume underwater. This bubble is called a ____.
plastron
Different Trophic Levels
producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers
Which type of sociality fits the following definition? "members of the same generation use the same composite nest and also cooperate in brood care"
quaisisocial
Which characteristic of social insects fits the following definition? "Sterile (or less fecund) individuals work for the benefit of a few reproductive individuals"
reproductive division of labor
Lepidopterans have ________ wings
scaled
Antennae are used for ________
smell
The common name for Collembola is _____________
springtails
Reproductive division of labor
sterile or less fecund individuals work for the benefit of a few reproductive individuals
Natatorial Legs
swimming legs
Hairs that insects like water striders use to walk on the surface of water
tarsal hairs
Development threshold
temp below which no development will occur
all ______ are eusocial
termites
_______ are silvery-white tubes that start at the spiracles and branch out into finer and finer like tree roots throughout the insect body.
tracheae
All termites are eusocial.
true
Caddisflies undergo holometabolous metamorphosis
true
Hymenoptera have a haplo-diploid sex determination system where females arise from fertilized diploid eggs and males arise from unfertilized haploid eggs.
true
Insects can be be host to a parasite, and a parasite themselves.
true
Once an IPM plan is in place, it requires constant assessment and monitoring.
true
Parasitic insects do not just cause harm by parasitizing their hosts, but also through stress and fear of insects
true
Replication and Consistency of Methods are the two main ways to control for variation in an experiment
true
Small insects can get enough oxygen by passive diffusion through the more permeable parts of the cuticle.
true
Species evenness is a measure of the relative abundance of species in an area, whereas species richness is just a measure of how many species there are
true
Termites have a king and a queen, who mate constantly, whereas honeybee colonies have no king, and their queen mates only once in her life.
true
The three castes of honeybees are workers, drones, and queens.
true
The tracheal system delivers oxygen to internal organs and tissues
true
Raptorial legs
used to grasp prey
independent variable
variable that is manipulated
Types of Legs in Insects
Hemolytra
Examples of biological controls
Herbivores Predators Disease Parasitoids Parasites
The lip-like sclerite on the head is called the:
Labrum
What starts and stops the hindgut?
Malpighian tubules and anus
____ are the "jaw-like" structures used for chewing
Mandibles
Are bed bugs common vectors of disease?
No- more of a nuisance
Parts of the sclerites (box)
Nota (top) Pleura (sides) Sterm (bottom)
Which order has immatures that are predators and have gills located inside the abdomen?
Odonata- dragonflies
Insect Sensory Systems
Olfactory/Gustatory (chemoreception) Touch/Proprioception Vision Auditory
Which of the following are density-dependent secondary ecological effects?
Only a few suitable places in an area to build beehives
Which order of insects is not typically found in an aquatic habitat?
Orthoptera
What is the purpose of ganglia?
Paired nerve centers that accept and interpret sensory information
Three types of symbiosis
Parasitism, Commensalism, Mutualism.
The ____ is the second segment of the insect antennae.
Pedicel
Types of Mouthparts
Piercing-Sucking Biting, chewing, mandibulate
In terms of thermoregulation, insects are:
Poikilotherms and Ectotherms
Where are Olfactory parts found?
Primary olfactory organ is antennae, secondary is maxillae
What are the three parts of the abdomen
Pro Meso Meta
Which of the following is not part of the insect head?
Pronotum
Species Evenness
Relative abundance
R
Replacement rate R>1 population is increasing R=1 population is stable
What is the first segment of the antennae called?
Scape
The dorsal abdominal segments are called what?
Terga
Parts of sclerites (oval)
Tergites (top) Stermites (bottom)
______ are the only hymenopteran with non-eusocial species
bees
Poikilotherm
body temperature fluctuates with ambient
Sensory neurons connect to the _________ nervous system, where the signal is integrates and a decision is made about what response will follow
central
What is the primary sense that insects use to detect the world around them?
chemoreception (taste/smell)
Which of the following might be considered soil microinvertebrates?
collembolan, termites, psocodea
Three parts of Eusociality in insects
cooperative brood care reproductive division of labor overlapping generations
The trophic levels of insects is frequently considered ______ and _______ ________
decomposers primary consumers
Fossorial legs
digging legs
The "heart" is located where?
dorsal vessel
What is the final step in a basic IPM program?
evaluation
All bees are eusocial.
false
Ametabolous insects have 2 life stages, holometabolous insects have 4 life stages, and hemimetabolous insects have 6 life stages.
false
Behaviors which result from sensory stimuli are always simple reactions, and complex behaviors always arise from internal stimuli
false
Biological controls are usually the first place to begin when creating an IPM strategy, and they are simple and worry free to implement.
false
Delusory parasitosis is the term used to describe a general fear of insects.
false
Grazer insects feed by using feeding fans that they use to filter food.
false
Hearing is common among insects
false
IPM is a sustainable approach to managing pests because the use of chemical pesticides is completely eliminated
false
IPM is the dominant form of pest control in the United States.
false
IPM's goal is eradication of pest species in order to prevent future pest control issues.
false
Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, three body regions and four pairs of jointed legs
false
Mark-Release-Recapture is a tool, useful for understanding energy's flow through a community
false
Miami Blue Butterflies are threatened primarily due to high pollution in their native range, which is impacting juvenile development. This has led to them receiving legal protection from the Florida state government
false
Mosquitoes are classified as disease vectors because they transmit disease-causing agents known as pathogens.
false
Smell (olfaction) and taste (gustation), are fundamentally different ways that insects experience the world, and the structures responsible for each work differently.
false
The central nervous system controls the "involuntary" reactions of the insect and coordinates insect activity.
false
The development threshold is the temperature above which no development will take place
false
The malpighian tubules are known to increase the surface area for nutrient absorption.
false
What are the three body sections
1. Head 2. Thorax 3. Abdomen
What are the three nervous systems
1. Peripheral 2. Central 3. Somatogastric
Aquatic Adaptations of Insects to allow them to breathe underwater
1. Plastron: hairs that keep oxygen around the body 2. Gills 3. Snorkels 4. Direct diffusion
Steps in IPM development
1. identification 2. education 3. monitoring 4. establishing action threshold 5. managing 6. evaluating
Insects have ____ body regions
3
Insects account for ___% of all known species
80
How many segments of the thorax
9-11
Which of the following orders does not have any aquatic life stages?
Hymenoptera
What are touch/proprioception organs?
Insect hairs with attached neurons
Which of these statements is correct? Insect nerve chords are dorsally located in the insect body cavity Insects have an open circulatory system where portions of the dorsal vessel act as the heart The lining of trachea does not need to be shed when insects molt their exoskeleton Hemolymph is pumped from anterior to posterior
Insects have an open circulatory system where portions of the dorsal vessel act as the heart
How does the insect circulatory system differ from mammalian circulatory systems in structure?
Insects have an open circulatory system, which means they don't have arteries and veins and the hemolymph flows freely through their body
Hemelytra
The half leathery, half membranous wings of true bugs like stink bugs.
dependent variable
The measurable variable
Elytra
a beetle's hardened forewings
What is the purpose of the dorsal vessel?
a structural component that collects hemolymph in the abdomen and conducts it forward toward the head
what is the external male reproductive structure
adeagus (penis)
Where are ganglia found?
along the ventral nerve chord
The only eusocial species of beetle is the __________ beetle
ambrosia
What mosquito causes malaria
anapholes
Almost all ____ species are eusocial
ant
what are the two sections of the dorsal vessel
anterior aorta and posterior heart
How does Hemolymph flow through the hemocoel
anterior to posterior then enters the dorsal vessel then flows posterior to anterior
Arthropod decline due to human causes is called ____________, such as agricultural expansion or habitat loss
anthropogenic