ENY3005 Lab Final Practical

Estimated economic value of insects

$57 billion

Species richness

Abundance of species per area

Which statement is FALSE ?

An IPM program is exclusively a biological control program.

What way does the hemolymph flow through the hemocoel?

Anterior to posterior in the haemocoel Ostia-> heart-> aorta->

Which of the following are ametabolous orders

Archaeognatha Zygentoma Collembola

Which is not a way that insects obtain oxygen in an aquatic environment?

Collecting air bubbles that have accumulated underneath objects under water.

Which of the following operations would an IPM strategy be appropriate for?

Community Gardens Residential Gardens Commercial Farms

Eusociality

Cooperative brood care, reproductive castes, overlapping generations

Value of Insects

Cultural Scientific Agricultural Economic

Types of control in IPM

Cultural control Biological control Physical control Chemical control

What is the definitive host and intermediate host of malaria

Definitive: mosquitoes Intermediate: human

Which of the following is NOT a part of an IPM plan?

Determining the quickest treatment time

Whaat terms refer to wing structure

Elytra, hemelytra, halteres

What is the order that lives in colonies in silken galleries spun in leaf litter, under stones, in bark and in epiphytic plants, and also has enlarged foretibia containing silk glands?

Embioptera/embiidina

Do juvenile fleas mature on the host?

They do not mature on a specific host, so they can have lots of different animals as prey

What is the overall function of the digestive system?

To extract nutrients and other substances from the food it consumes in the form of macromolecules and complex substances

Which of the following cannot be found on an insect head?

Trochanter

Fleas are external parasites of mammals

True

What are the vision organs?

Two general kinds of eye: compound and ocelli

What are the parts of the nervous system

Ventral nerve chord Ganglia: Integration and innervation

How can threats to insects impact vertebrate populations?

Vertebrates like fish, birds, mammals and reptiles which rely on insects for food may find themselves unable to consume enough calories,

Odonata has gills, which has external and which has internal?

External- damselflies Internal- dragonflies

Which of the following are thought to be major contributors to the recent declines of insects?

Widespread pesticide usage Urbanization, and subsequent destruction of insect habitat Manipulation of waterways for the decline of aquatic species

What insects cause the bubonic plague?

Fleas

What are the three regions of the digestive system and what are their functions?

Foregut: mechanical digestion storage Midgut: chemical digestion absorption Hindgut: excretion reabsorption

What is eat section of the digestive system lines with?

Foregut: cuticle Midgut: no cuticle Hindgut: cuticle

Which of the following are not part of the insect respiratory system?

Ganglia

Honey bees use waggle dance to tell the other workers that the food is less than 15 meters away from the colony.

false- it is for sources greater from the colony: 15-100 m. the round dance is used for less that 15 meters

Why might insects need different kinds of ovipositors

female insects have a different genital opening for oviposition vs copulation

What starts and stops the midgut?

gastric caecum and Malpighian tubules

Trichopteran have _______ wings

hairy

Diptera have one pair of wings, as well as ________ that act as balance organs that oscillate during flight

halteres

Hymenoptera have ______, where the reduced hindwing are connected to the forewings

hamuli

The dorsal vessel is functionally similar to what human organ?

heart

Insect blood is called [1]. It flows relatively freely throughout the body cavity named the [2]

hemolymph & hemocoel

Coleoptera have _______________ metamorphosis

holometabolous

Select all of the ectoparasites from the list below

horn fly flea mosquito

What carries typhus and where do they live?

human body lice on human clothing- they prefer colder climates

Cooperative brood care

individuals within the colony that may or may not be directly related conduct care of the immature offspring

What does the 'I' stand for in IPM?1

integrated

The process by which sensory information is interoperated by the central nervous system, and behavioral decisions are made is called ________________.

integration

How is hemolymph different than blood?

it doesn't have red blood cells and isn't involved in oxygen transport

What is the purpose of the spermathecae?

its responsible for receiving, maintaining, and releasing sperm to fertilize the eggs

Saltatorial Legs

jumping legs

What insect orders are sensitive to water pollution?

juvenile trichopteran, ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and megaloptera (EPT)

Populations tend to stay around __, or the carrying capacity

k

Life table

keeps track of birth, deaths, and development rates of a pop

Examples of secondary consumers

lady beetles feeding on aphids Creeping water bugs feeding on amphipods preying mantis feeding on planthoppers

Which of the following characters can be used to distinguish immature dragonflies from immature damselflies?

location of the gills

Which of the following orders does not contain ANYeusocial species?

mantodea

Males in the order ____ often have genitalia that resemble a scorpion's stinger (even though they don't sting).

mecoptera

Which two segments of the thorax are the wings attached to (in the correct order from most anterior to most posterior)?

meso- and meta- thorax

Microinvertebrates such as ______, _______ and ____ _____ play major roles in soil communities

mites, collembolans, and small insects

What insects are vectors for human diseases?

mosquitoes fleas

What starts and stops the foregut?

mouth and proventriculus

Aquatic Hemipterans and Coleopterans use their specially modified legs for swimming. These types of legs are called ____ legs.

natatorial

Are fleas host specific?

no, because then they wouldn't be able to jump between humans and lice

Which structure is only able to detect differences in light and dark?

ocelli

Overlapping generations

offspring contribute to colony labor while their parents are still alive

Where are Gustatory receptors found?

on feet and mouthparts

Degree Day

one degree day is the amount of development in the 24 hrs at the development threshold

______________ generations is a characteristic of social insects.

overlapping

What is the external female reproductive structure?

ovipositor

Small insects can get enough oxygen through the more permeable parts of the cuticle by using

passive diffusion

Which is one way that insects do not do harm to humans?

performing ecosystem functions

Many aquatic insects carry atmospheric oxygen in the form of a permanent bubble to consume underwater. This bubble is called a ____.

plastron

Different Trophic Levels

producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers

Which type of sociality fits the following definition? "members of the same generation use the same composite nest and also cooperate in brood care"

quaisisocial

Which characteristic of social insects fits the following definition? "Sterile (or less fecund) individuals work for the benefit of a few reproductive individuals"

reproductive division of labor

Lepidopterans have ________ wings

scaled

Antennae are used for ________

smell

The common name for Collembola is _____________

springtails

Reproductive division of labor

sterile or less fecund individuals work for the benefit of a few reproductive individuals

Natatorial Legs

swimming legs

Hairs that insects like water striders use to walk on the surface of water

tarsal hairs

Development threshold

temp below which no development will occur

all ______ are eusocial

termites

_______ are silvery-white tubes that start at the spiracles and branch out into finer and finer like tree roots throughout the insect body.

tracheae

All termites are eusocial.

true

Caddisflies undergo holometabolous metamorphosis

true

Hymenoptera have a haplo-diploid sex determination system where females arise from fertilized diploid eggs and males arise from unfertilized haploid eggs.

true

Insects can be be host to a parasite, and a parasite themselves.

true

Once an IPM plan is in place, it requires constant assessment and monitoring.

true

Parasitic insects do not just cause harm by parasitizing their hosts, but also through stress and fear of insects

true

Replication and Consistency of Methods are the two main ways to control for variation in an experiment

true

Small insects can get enough oxygen by passive diffusion through the more permeable parts of the cuticle.

true

Species evenness is a measure of the relative abundance of species in an area, whereas species richness is just a measure of how many species there are

true

Termites have a king and a queen, who mate constantly, whereas honeybee colonies have no king, and their queen mates only once in her life.

true

The three castes of honeybees are workers, drones, and queens.

true

The tracheal system delivers oxygen to internal organs and tissues

true

Raptorial legs

used to grasp prey

independent variable

variable that is manipulated

Types of Legs in Insects

Hemolytra

Examples of biological controls

Herbivores Predators Disease Parasitoids Parasites

The lip-like sclerite on the head is called the:

Labrum

What starts and stops the hindgut?

Malpighian tubules and anus

____ are the "jaw-like" structures used for chewing

Mandibles

Are bed bugs common vectors of disease?

No- more of a nuisance

Parts of the sclerites (box)

Nota (top) Pleura (sides) Sterm (bottom)

Which order has immatures that are predators and have gills located inside the abdomen?

Odonata- dragonflies

Insect Sensory Systems

Olfactory/Gustatory (chemoreception) Touch/Proprioception Vision Auditory

Which of the following are density-dependent secondary ecological effects?

Only a few suitable places in an area to build beehives

Which order of insects is not typically found in an aquatic habitat?

Orthoptera

What is the purpose of ganglia?

Paired nerve centers that accept and interpret sensory information

Three types of symbiosis

Parasitism, Commensalism, Mutualism.

The ____ is the second segment of the insect antennae.

Pedicel

Types of Mouthparts

Piercing-Sucking Biting, chewing, mandibulate

In terms of thermoregulation, insects are:

Poikilotherms and Ectotherms

Where are Olfactory parts found?

Primary olfactory organ is antennae, secondary is maxillae

What are the three parts of the abdomen

Pro Meso Meta

Which of the following is not part of the insect head?

Pronotum

Species Evenness

Relative abundance

R

Replacement rate R>1 population is increasing R=1 population is stable

What is the first segment of the antennae called?

Scape

The dorsal abdominal segments are called what?

Terga

Parts of sclerites (oval)

Tergites (top) Stermites (bottom)

______ are the only hymenopteran with non-eusocial species

bees

Poikilotherm

body temperature fluctuates with ambient

Sensory neurons connect to the _________ nervous system, where the signal is integrates and a decision is made about what response will follow

central

What is the primary sense that insects use to detect the world around them?

chemoreception (taste/smell)

Which of the following might be considered soil microinvertebrates?

collembolan, termites, psocodea

Three parts of Eusociality in insects

cooperative brood care reproductive division of labor overlapping generations

The trophic levels of insects is frequently considered ______ and _______ ________

decomposers primary consumers

Fossorial legs

digging legs

The "heart" is located where?

dorsal vessel

What is the final step in a basic IPM program?

evaluation

All bees are eusocial.

false

Ametabolous insects have 2 life stages, holometabolous insects have 4 life stages, and hemimetabolous insects have 6 life stages.

false

Behaviors which result from sensory stimuli are always simple reactions, and complex behaviors always arise from internal stimuli

false

Biological controls are usually the first place to begin when creating an IPM strategy, and they are simple and worry free to implement.

false

Delusory parasitosis is the term used to describe a general fear of insects.

false

Grazer insects feed by using feeding fans that they use to filter food.

false

Hearing is common among insects

false

IPM is a sustainable approach to managing pests because the use of chemical pesticides is completely eliminated

false

IPM is the dominant form of pest control in the United States.

false

IPM's goal is eradication of pest species in order to prevent future pest control issues.

false

Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, three body regions and four pairs of jointed legs

false

Mark-Release-Recapture is a tool, useful for understanding energy's flow through a community

false

Miami Blue Butterflies are threatened primarily due to high pollution in their native range, which is impacting juvenile development. This has led to them receiving legal protection from the Florida state government

false

Mosquitoes are classified as disease vectors because they transmit disease-causing agents known as pathogens.

false

Smell (olfaction) and taste (gustation), are fundamentally different ways that insects experience the world, and the structures responsible for each work differently.

false

The central nervous system controls the "involuntary" reactions of the insect and coordinates insect activity.

false

The development threshold is the temperature above which no development will take place

false

The malpighian tubules are known to increase the surface area for nutrient absorption.

false

What are the three body sections

1. Head 2. Thorax 3. Abdomen

What are the three nervous systems

1. Peripheral 2. Central 3. Somatogastric

Aquatic Adaptations of Insects to allow them to breathe underwater

1. Plastron: hairs that keep oxygen around the body 2. Gills 3. Snorkels 4. Direct diffusion

Steps in IPM development

1. identification 2. education 3. monitoring 4. establishing action threshold 5. managing 6. evaluating

Insects have ____ body regions

3

Insects account for ___% of all known species

80

How many segments of the thorax

9-11

Which of the following orders does not have any aquatic life stages?

Hymenoptera

What are touch/proprioception organs?

Insect hairs with attached neurons

Which of these statements is correct? Insect nerve chords are dorsally located in the insect body cavity Insects have an open circulatory system where portions of the dorsal vessel act as the heart The lining of trachea does not need to be shed when insects molt their exoskeleton Hemolymph is pumped from anterior to posterior

Insects have an open circulatory system where portions of the dorsal vessel act as the heart

How does the insect circulatory system differ from mammalian circulatory systems in structure?

Insects have an open circulatory system, which means they don't have arteries and veins and the hemolymph flows freely through their body

Hemelytra

The half leathery, half membranous wings of true bugs like stink bugs.

dependent variable

The measurable variable

Elytra

a beetle's hardened forewings

What is the purpose of the dorsal vessel?

a structural component that collects hemolymph in the abdomen and conducts it forward toward the head

what is the external male reproductive structure

adeagus (penis)

Where are ganglia found?

along the ventral nerve chord

The only eusocial species of beetle is the __________ beetle

ambrosia

What mosquito causes malaria

anapholes

Almost all ____ species are eusocial

ant

what are the two sections of the dorsal vessel

anterior aorta and posterior heart

How does Hemolymph flow through the hemocoel

anterior to posterior then enters the dorsal vessel then flows posterior to anterior

Arthropod decline due to human causes is called ____________, such as agricultural expansion or habitat loss

anthropogenic