ESS 3

who are the subjects in a case-control study?

person(s) with the disease or condition under investigation, person(s) without the disease or condition under investigation

In 1994, Congress passed the ______, a law that classified vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and botanicals as foods, thereby limiting FDA's ability to regulate dietary supplements.

dietary supplement health and education act (DSHEA)

true or false: the dynamic and rapidly advancing field of nutrition necessitates that scientists change their recommendations in the light of new, substantiated findings

true

which of the following are examples of scare tactics?

your doctor is not telling you all you need to know about your disease, the medical community is hiding information form you just to make money

dr. black is conducting a scientific study in which codes are used to identify a subject's group membership and this information is not revealed until the end of the study. Dr Black is conducting a

double blind study

to convert kilograms to pounds, you will divide a person's weight in pounds by

2.2 kg

_____ is a disease that was widespread in the United States during the early 1900s. People with this disease dealt with weakness, diarrhea, skin rashes, and mental confusion. Joseph Goldberger discovered that this disease was related to diet, rather than infection.

Pellegra

___ is the credential that flags a health professional as the most accurate and reliable source of up-to-date nutrition advice

RD

____ is the credential that flags a health professional as the most accurate and reliable source of up-to-date nutrition advice

RD

experimental epidemiology studies utilize

a treatment group, a control group

an ______ is a report of personal experiences

anecdote

popular sources of nutrition information such as news media and web sites ____ ____ peer-reviewed

are not

dietary supplements ________ interact and influence wit other medications

can

observational epidemiological studies ____ establish causation

cannot

the information we know about the relationship between diet and health is:

constantly evolving

a product that contains a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other plant product, an amino acid, or a dietary substance that supplements the diet by increasing total intake is called a

dietary supplement

sustainable agriculture involves farming methods that

do not harm the environment. do not deplete natural resources.

dietary supplements include

energy drinks, protein powders, nutrient pills

multivitamin and mineral supplements provide the best sources of nutrients

false

a drug

is a substance that alters body functions, may have beneficial as well as harmful effect, may be natural or man-made

organize the basic steps of experimental epidemiological research in order from start to finish

make observations, develop a hypothesis, design the study and perform tests, analyze data and draw conclusions, share results with peers

which of the following is an example of alternative health care?

massage therapy, chiropractic manipulation, homeopathy and naturopathy

malnourished children are especially susceptible to

measles

the study of how the body uses nutrients

nutrition

choose the food that is energy dense but not withe empty calories:

nuts

which of the following foods would be considered a provider of empty calories?

pastries, alcohol, sugar-sweetened soft drinks

lifestyle is a person's way of living that includes:

physical activity habits, use of drugs, dietary practices

which of the following should be considered when choosing a multivitamin and mineral supplement?

physician's thoughts, current food consumption, any chronic diseases

an inert ingredient does not produce any measurable physical changes. What type of treatment pill contains inert substances and does not produce any measurable physical changes?

placebo

control groups should be assembled

randomly

the best approach to solving nutrition imbalances include consulting a ________

registered dietician

a college-trained health-care professional who has extensive knowledge of foods and nutrition is called a

registered dietitian (RD), registered dietitian (RDN)

clinical dietetics, community nutrition, and food service systems management are three major professional divisions for _____ ______ ______

registered dietitians nutritionist

which of the following are less reliable sources of nutrition information?

television advertisements, commercial internet sites, magazines

_____ is the most essential nutrient

water

an example of an Internet website that might contain biased nutrition information is a _____

.com site

common usage aside, which of the following statements are technically accurate?

1 kilcalorie = 1 calorie 1 kilocalorie = 1000 calories

calorie cost for each of the nutrients in the following food

10 grams carbs: 40 kcal, 5 grams fat: 45 kcal, 4 grams protein: 16 kcal

to convert kilos to pounds you will divide a person's weight in pounds by ____

2.2 kg

a gram of protein contains _____ kilocalories per gram

4

your client weights 150 pounds what is her weight in kilograms?

68.2

how many kilocalories is provided by 10 grams of pure alcohol?

70 kilocalories

match the term to the definition. capitalization is important for the meaning of some terms!

Kilocalorie: 1000 grams of water 1 degree celsius calorie: 1 gram of water 1 degree celsius

an informercial for a new weight-loss supplement claims that the medical community has been keeping this formula secret for decades and features the testimonials of an ex-baseball player and a prominent pop music star, who say they lost 12 pounds in the first two weeks. Should you try this supplement?

No

the FDA usually begins regulating dietary supplements _____ they enter the marketplace

after

no specific food contains ______ the nutrients needed by the body

all of

homeopathy, naturopathy, and massage therapy are all examples of

alternative health care

which of the following are suggestions to help consumers make healthful and logical nutrition decisions?

avoid practitioners who prescribe unnecessary megadoses of nutrients, apply healthy nutrition practices to confirm or disprove claims, read product labels carefully, examine the scientific credentials of the individual or company making a claim

credible nutrition information includes _______

bias-free presentation of the research

in a ____ study, epidemiologists collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people over time

cohort

which of the following herbal supplements are considered toxic or cancer-causing?

comfrey, kava, sassafras

which of the following are the major professional divisions for registered dietitians?

community nutrition, food service systems management, clinical dietetics

_______ and ______ _____ includes a variety of practices and products that are not accepted by the majority of physicians

complementary and alternative care

dietary moderation can be achieved by

consuming food in reasonable amounts, obtaining nutrients from the food one eats

which of the following would be effective in decreasing a person's risk for premature death?

consuming fruits and veggies, exercsing

DSHEA of 1994 defines a supplement as a product that

contains one or more dietary ingredients, adds to a person's dietary intake

consumer are often unaware that the fda regulates dietary supplements as

food

to achieve nutritional adequacy one should consume a variety of foods from the following food groups:

fruits and vegetables, whole grains

which of the following are examples of whole foods?

fruits, whole-grain cereals, vegetables

poor eating habits contribute to the development of

heart disease, some types of cancer, type 2 diabetes, excess body fat

match the risk factor with the disease it is most likely to affect

heart disease: high-fat diet lung cancer: smoking skin cancer: sun exposure

probiotics are recommended when people are taking antibiotics to

help maintain a healthy balance of bacteria in the intestinal tract

nutrition deficiency diseases are a result of

lack of proper nutrition, poor diets

by making certain dietary changes (such as decreasing fat intake), a person may:

lessen the severity of a disease, forestall the development of certain diseases

the sum of all the chemical processes that provide energy for the body to perform work is termed:

metabolism

dietary supplements are also referred to as ______

nutraceuticals

____ promotes useless medical treatments

nutrition misinformation

Which of the following are examples of life-threatening and chronic diseases that result from a poor diet and lack of exercise?

obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease

which of the following studies involve human subjects?

observational studies, experimental (intervention) studies

the RD credential indicates that the person

participates in continuing education, has completed rigorous classroom work in nutrition, has completed rigorous clinical training in nutrition

before an article can be published, a critical analysis of the article is conducted by fellow research colleagues. This process is called

peer review

the journal of nutrition, the new england journal of medicine, and journal of the American Dietetic association are all examples of

peer-reviewed journals

the framingham heart study is a well-known _____ study

prospective

what is the term used to describe a study that looks forward in time?

prospective

_______ is the presentation of information masquerading as factual and obtained by scientific methods

pseudoscience

using a copper bracelet to treat arthritis is an example of ______

quackery

_________ assignment of subjects to groups in a research study helps to ensure that members of treatment and control groups have similar characteristics. This enhances the validity of the study results.

random

which of the following will assist consumers in identifying sources of credible nutrition information?

reading peer reviewed journals

a member of a treatment group

receives a medication or exercise that is being evaluated

major nutrition organizations pt together a list of red flags that signal poor nutrition advice. These include which of the following?

recommendations based on a single study, claims that sound too good to be true, recommendations that promise a quick fix

choose the objectives that are set by Healthy People 2020 for Nutrition and Weight Status

reduce the proportion of obese adults, increase whole grain intake among people who are 2 years of age and older, increase fruit intake among people who are 2 years of age and older

the most reliable nutrition advice is based on

research

publishing research in peer-reviewed journals helps to eliminate

research bias

having a family history of heart disease means that you have an increased chance of developing heart disease and is considered a

risk factor

evidence based information is supported by

scientific studies

epidemiologists often rely on _____ people to obtain health data

surveys of, physical examinations of

the term that best describes farming methods that do not deplete natural resources or harm the environment is _____ _______

sustainable farming

a _________ is a personal endorsement of a product. these endorsements are biased and often found in advertisements for various products

testimonial

when someone with notoriety is paid for their endorsement of a product, this is called a ______ and this is why it should not be considered valid

testimonial

consumers are often unaware that

the fda evaluates supplements as food, not medication

multivitamin/multimineral products are

the most commonly used dietary supplement in the United States

why might nutrition researchers reach conflicting results when performing similar studies?

the results were analyzed in different ways, studies may differ in design, a different set of subjects may alter the results

all of the following are macronutrients except

vitamins

a dietary supplement is a product that contains:

vitamins, amino acids, minerals

_____ has blood-thinning effects similar to aspirin

vitmin e, garlic, ginseng

which of the following are examples of dietary supplements?

echinacea, fish oil

true or false: dietary supplements are good substitutes for nutritious foods

false

true or false: expending more calories than consumed will result in a weight gain

false

what motivates the promoter of a product? are they more interested in your health or in selling the product? is the source of scientific information from a peer-reviewed journal? these questions are all examples of

how to evaluate nutrition information

which of the following questions should be asked when evaluating nutrition information?

is the information from an article in a peer-reviewed journal?, are the authors trying to sell me something?, who sponsored the research?

match the phytochemicals to their food sources

isoflavonoids: soybeans & legumes, reservatrol: red wine, purple grapes & grape juice, tannins: tea, coffee and chocolate, beta carotene: orange, red, and yellow fruits and vegetables

what is the term used to describe the intake of a vitamin or mineral that greatly exceeds the recommended amount?

megadose

medical researchers must be cautious wen applying the results of in vivo animal research to people because of the physiological differences between humans and other animals

true

within an experimental design, a person's age, weight, or environment are all examples of

variables

the nutritional needs of healthy people _____ during different life stages

vary

nutrition related factors that contribute to many worldwide deaths in children under 5 years include:

vitamin deficiency, undernutrition

products that would be considered a dietary supplement

vitamin, mineral, amino acid

match the nutrient with its major function in the body

vitamins: maintenance of immune function minerals: regulation of fluid balance water: regulation of body temperature lipids: energy source

experiments using whole, living organisms are classified as in ______ whereas "test tube" experiments are classified as in ______

vivo, vitro

the _____ amendment to the u.s. constitution guarantees freedom of the press and speech, so people can provide false nutrition information

1st

match the phytochemical with its possible health benefit

carotenoids: reduced risk of certain cancers and macular degeneration alkaloids: stimulant effects organosulfides: antioxidant effects, may improve immune system functioning

a ______ group, which receives no treatment, allows researchers to determine if an experimental treatment has any effect

control

a valid experiment requires both a treatment and _____ group

control

when two variables have a relationship they are said to be in ____ with each other but you cannot say there is a cause and effect relationship

correlation

which of the following are true statements about pseudoscience?

it sues vague or unprovable claims, it does not adhere to valid scientific methodology, it is a presentation of inaccurate information

which of the following are examples of peer-reviewed medical and nutrition journals?

journal of the american college of nutrition, journal of the american medical association, new england journal of medicine

what are examples of food/drug interactions?

kava acting as a sedative, ginseng increasing bleeding

a unit of heat energy needed to raise one liter of water one degree calsius

kilocalorie

when a population's intake of sugar-sweetened soft drinks increases and the percentage of overweight people in the population also increases, this is an example of a(n) _____ correlation

positive

nutrition researchers rely on the ____ method, which involves making observations, asking questions, and developing hypothesis

scientific

reliable information on the Internet can be found by ding which of the following things?

search sites that are managed by qualified health professionals

how many kilocalories are in one gram of alcohol?

seven

echinacea, acidophilus, and garlic are all examples of dietary _______

supplements

infant formula may be diluted with _____ by poor parents trying to extend use of the formula

water

which nutrient comprises the largest percentage of the body of a healthy man or woman?

water

a website that is authored or sponsored by one person tends to provide ______ information

biased

an energy intake greater than energy expenditure results in:

body fat increases

the best foods for young infants is

breast milk

what are major classes of nutrients

carbs, fats/lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water

an experimental design in which neither the investigator not the subjects are aware of each participant's group assignment is called

double-blind

a _____ is a possible explanation for an observation that guides scientific research

hypothesis

which of the following is true about a case-control study?

individuals with a health condition are matched with individuals without the condition but with similar characteristics

a placebo pill is considered to be _____ because the substances in the pill do not produce measurable physical changes

inert

a prospective study means that the research study will ____ in time

look forward

the standard measurement used in nutrition is the ______ system

metric

a _________ is a nutrient needed in milligram or microgram quantities in the diet

micromutrient

compared to the past, today's typical American consumes:

more refined products, more fish, cheese and poultry, less red meat, milk, and eggs

in the US, the most commonly used dietary supplements are

multivitamin/multimineral supplements

generally, a sham medicine or treatment used to mimic the treatments given to the participants in an experiment is called a

placebo

which of the following occurs after completion of an experiment?

scientists summarize the findings, scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals, scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis

true or false: botanical products can evoke allergic and inflammatory reactions because they often contain pollens

true

true or false: since tissue removed from a live organism may not functions the same way outside of the body, the results of in vitro studies in nutrition research must be interpreted cautiously.

true

correlations are relationships between

variables

when a nutrient is missing or deficient in the diet, a ______ disease occurs

deficiency

a specific way that people can change their eating habits in order to improve their health is to

eat fewer salty foods

a nutrient that must be supplied by food and cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body is called a _____ nutrient

essential

in order to test hypotheses, research scientists conduct

experiments

true or false: vitamins provide usable calories for the body

false

use of dietary supplements, especially medicinal herbs, should be shared with health case providers because

herbal ingredients may interact with prescription medications or other dietary supplements

the effects of malnutrition can be devastating on the following stages of rapid growth:

infancy, pregnancy, childhood

a control group is important for which of the following reasons?

it enables scientists to control the influence of other variables in the study, it allows scientists to determine if a treatment had an effect

humans

need to learn about the effects of food on their health to eat well. need to learn about the nutritional value of food to eat well.

the amount of a nutrient that allows the body to function optimally is called the _____ dose

physiological

many ______ are antioxidants that may reduce risks of heart disease and certain cancers

phytochemicals

what is the substance found in many plants that is not considered a nutrient but has many healthful benefits?

phytochemicals

people who take certain herbal products or use other unconventional medical therapies to prevent or treat diseases are often convinced the products and treatments are effective, despite the general lack of scientific evidence to support their beliefs. Such personal findings may be examples of the

placebo effect

which of the following are true statements about medicinal herbs?

they can interact negatively with medications, they should be treated as drugs, they can have negative interactions with other herbs

true or false: we are ultimately responsible for protecting ourselves when it comes to supplement use because the DFA does not regulate products until they enter the marketplace

true

nutrition misinformation, or nutrition fiction, ________

uses personal testimonials, is widespread in our culture, promotes purchase of special products

observational epidemiological research includes

case-control studies, cohort studies

epidemiology is the study of serval characteristics of health problems in populations including

their occurrence, their distribution

in vivo animal studies must be interpreted carefully because

there are physiological differences between humans and animals

In 2016, the national academy of sciences reported

there is no scientific evidence that states genetically engineered crops are unsafe for humans or harmful to the environment

why is it important to repeat scientific investigations?

to achieve greater acceptability among other scientists, to confirm the original researchers' conclusions