Ethical Leadership quiz 2 (LEAD 320)

Supervisors and instructors signal positive expectations by giving adequate time to employees and students, holding appointments in pleasant surroundings, sitting or standing close to workers or class members, nodding and smiling, making frequent eye contact, and using a warm tone of voice

true

The majority of us believe that our greatest moral responsibility lies with those who are closest to us.

true

Those who use maintaining norms moral reasoning schema are concerned with following rules and laws and making sure that regulations apply to everyone

true

Virtues operate independently of the particular situation

true

We are more likely to obey when persuaders have fancy titles or prestige.

true

In the ______ stage of the four-component model of ethical decision-making, the leader must put moral values above other considerations in order to follow through on ethical choices. A. moral focus (motivation) B. moral hypocrisy C. moral rendering D. moral character

A. moral focus (motivation)

When people are focused solely on consequences, which level of moral development is this? A. preconventional B. conventional C. postconventional D. principled

A. preconventional

Our moral identity is both a ______ and a ______. A. trait; state B. framework; outlook C. idea; thought D. reason; framework

A. trait; state

What do utilitarianism and the categorical imperative have in common? A. Both focus on the moral integrity of each person. B. Both involve the application of universal rules to specific situations. C. Both are growing increasingly popular among philosophers. D. These approaches have nothing in common

B. Both involve the application of universal rules to specific situations.

______ are repeated behaviors or routines that foster virtuous behavior. A. Values B. Habits C. Ethics D. Roles

B. Habits

According to ______, what is right for one is right for all. A. Rawls B. Kant C. Dewey D. Bentham

B. Kant

______ is/are our sensitivity to moral issues and options. A. Moral ideals B. Moral imagination C. Moral insight D. Moral beliefs

B. Moral imagination

______ is a proactive managerial influence tactic that offers factual evidence, explanations, and logical arguments to illustrate that a proposal or request will attain task and organization objectives. A. Appraising B. Rational persuasion C. Inspirational appeals D. Consultation

B. Rational persuasion

15. ______ is acknowledging that there is a greater power than the self. A. Humility B. Transcendence C. Integrity D. Openness

B. Transcendence

______ is based on the premise that ethical choices should be based on their consequences. A. Altruism B. Utilitarianism C. Functionalism D. Pragmatism

B. Utilitarianism

Leaders generally rely on ______ when they want to influence others who take a different side on controversial issues like immigration reform or tax increases. A. persuasion B. arguments C. communication D. direct tactics

B. arguments

19. Workplace spirituality emphasizes inner life, meaningful work, and ______. A. beauty B. community C. purpose D. ethics

B. community

Most people are at the ______ level of moral reasoning. A. preconventional B. conventional C. postconventional D. moral

B. conventional

Deceiving ourselves into thinking we are acting morally when we are not is called ______. A. ethical reflection B. ethical fading C. ethical confusion D. ethical silence

B. ethical fading

Which of the following is not a suggestion from Infante on how to respond to those who verbally attack you? A. do not reciprocate the attack B. hold firm in your position C. threaten to leave if the attacks don't cease D. refute the verbally aggressive claim underlying a personal attack

B. hold firm in your position

16. Which "face of evil" is committed by people who are convinced they are doing good? A. ordinary B. idealism C. bureaucracy D. choice

B. idealism

Which of the following will increase your ethical sensitivity? A. employing euphemisms when talking about unethical behavior B. imagining other perspectives C. ignoring emotions D. relying on external motivation

B. imagining other perspectives

According to LMX, the ______ have high levels of trust, mutual influence, and support that characterize their exchanges with the leader. A. out-groups B. in-groups C. role models D. mentors

B. in-groups

Leaders use ______ to persuade themselves that their harmful behavior is actually moral and beneficial. A. advantageous comparison B. moral justification C. euphemistic labeling D. moral reasoning

B. moral justification

Which of the following is not one of the applications of Kant's perspective? A. be duty-bound B. moral obligations may conflict with one another C. always ask yourself if you would want everyone to make the same choice D. demonstrate respect for others

B. moral obligations may conflict with one another

ALT theorists seem to equate self-awareness with ______. A. transparency B. morality C. authenticity D. self-efficacy

B. morality

All of the following are examples of ethical blind spots EXCEPT ______. A. overestimating our ethicality B. out-group bias C. forgiving our own unethical behavior D. in-group favoritism

B. out-group bias

For which type of leadership is stewardship one of the characteristics? A. aesthetic B. servant C. relational D. transformational

B. servant

Bystander effect is an example of ______. A. cognitive reasoning B. social proof C. social isolation D. social reasoning

B. social proof

In the event of large-scale medical emergencies, a medical staff may need to make tough decisions on who should be prioritized for medical care based on a patient's likelihood to survive. This is an example of which ethical approach? A. altruism B. utilitarianism C. kant's categorical imperative D. justice as fairness

B. utilitarianism

Which type of thinker looks to others for guidance when deciding how to act? A. postconventional B. preconventional C. conventional D. principled

C. conventional

Leadership is based on the exercise of ______. A. power B. control C. influence D. liking

C. influence

The ______ principle is based on the notion that when opportunities are less available, they appear more valuable. A. liking B. social proof C. scarcity D. reciprocity

C. scarcity

Authentic leaders remain objective even when receiving negative feedback. Which component of authenticity does this reflect? A. awareness B. relational orientation C. unbiased (balanced) processing D. behavior

C. unbiased (balanced) processing

Utilitarian analysis can also be used when choosing between two negative alternatives.

True

One of the cautions of pragmatism lacks a ______. A. moral center B. moral reason C. moral landscape D. moral compass

A. moral center

______ leadership emphasizes the sensory and emotional dimension of organizational life. A. Aesthetic B. Servant C. Relational D. Transformational

A. Aesthetic

______ typically adopt either a distributive or integrative approach to negotiation. A. Bargainers B. Leaders C. Consumers D. Partner

A. Bargainers

______ are the verbal tactics that leaders and others use to get their way. A. Compliance-gaining strategies B. Solution presentations C. Feedback loops D. Legitimizing tactics

A. Compliance-gaining strategies

______ leaders put self-interest ahead of the public interest. A. Corrupt B. Abusive C. Incompetent D. Rigid

A. Corrupt

______ is the conviction that we have motivation and skills to make an ethical choice and follow through on it. A. Ethical efficacy B. Ethical fallacy C. Ethical perspective D. Ethical reasoning

A. Ethical efficacy

______ leaders lack self-control. A. Intemperate B. Callous C. Incompetent D. Rigid

A. Intemperate

______ argued that people should do what is morally right no matter the consequences. A. Kant B. Gandhi C. Dewey D. Bentham

A. Kant

______ is when leaders and followers have strong opinions about right or wrong but can't explain why they feel as they do. A. Moral dumbfounding B. Moral obligation C. Moral reasoning D. Moral process

A. Moral dumbfounding

______ recognizes the presence of an ethical issue. A. Moral sensitivity B. Moral hypocrisy C. Moral focus D. Moral character

A. Moral sensitivity

______ means being conscious of our motives, desires, feelings, and self-concepts. A. Self-awareness B. Self-efficacy C. Self-confidence D. Self-regulation

A. Self-awareness

______ is hostile communication that attacks the self-concepts of others instead of (or in addition to) their stands on the issues. A. Verbal aggressiveness B. Communication sabotage C. Self-confidence tactics D. Arguments

A. Verbal aggressiveness

12. Values have to be translated into ______. A. action B. wealth C. common ground D. stories

A. action

In ______, people are never a means to an end; they are the ends. A. altruism B. utilitarianism C. functionalism D. pragmatism

A. altruism

In ______, decision-makers conduct a series of imaginary thought experiments to visualize how their decisions could turn out. A. dramatic rehearsal B. ethical behavior C. social relationships D. self-sacrifice

A. dramatic rehearsal

What is it called when an individual practices mental imagination of a decision for the purpose of visualizing how a decision might play out? A. dramatic rehearsal B. justice as fairness C. pragmatic temperament D. moral obligation

A. dramatic rehearsal

Communicating high ______ to everyone in the group or organization is an ethical alternative to deception and ability grouping. A. expectations B. feedback C. reinforcement D. outcomes

A. expectations

A leader submits a false expense report, thinking he deserves the extra money because of his importance to the company. He is demonstrating which type of faulty assumption? A. faulty theories about ourselves B. faulty theories about other people C. faulty theories about how the world operates D. faulty theories about leadership

A. faulty theories about ourselves

Psychologists report that self-interest and ______ undermine moral motivation. A. hypocrisy B. ethics C. fear D. hate

A. hypocrisy

Individuals with a/an ______ locus of control believe that they can determine what happens to them. A. internal B. external C. open D. closed

A. internal

______ can be compared to a performance on a stage. A. Scientific management B. Role management C. Impression management D. Equity management

C. Impression management

______ refers to the attention and focus given to followers. A. Feedback B. Climate C. Input D. Output

C. Input

______ is a proactive managerial influence tactic that is meant to generate enthusiasm by appealing to values and ideas, arousing emotions. A. Appraising B. Rational persuasion C. Inspirational appeals D. Consultation

C. Inspirational appeals

Which ethical approach may focus on an individual being duty bound? A. altruism B. pragmatism C. Kant's categorical imperative D. justice as fairness

C. Kant's categorical imperative

_____ reasoning is the most advanced level of moral reasoning, according to Lawrence Kohlberg. A. Preconventional B. Conventional C. Postconventional D. Moral

C. Postconventional

11. Which of the following is not a noted feature about virtues? A. Virtues shape the way leaders see and behave. B. Once developed, they are less influenced by a situation. C. Virtues don't make a leader's life better. D. Virtues develop over time.

C. Virtues don't make a leader's life better.

20. The FIRST step of the forgiveness process is ______. A. finding meaning in undeserved suffering B. dropping our anger and becoming emotionally neutral C. acknowledging the hurt D. recognizing the high price of dwelling on the injury

C. acknowledging the hurt

President John F. Kennedy is an example of ______ leadership because he was youthful, energetic, and glamorous. A. relational B. servant C. aesthetic D. transformational

C. aesthetic

A ______ leader may demonstrate concern for a follower on and off the job. A. moral B. authoritative C. benevolent D. mindful

C. benevolent

Which of the following is not part of the dark triad of leadership? A. narcissism B. Machiavellianism C. borderline personality D. psychopathy

C. borderline personality

______ argued that ethical dilemmas should be approached scientifically as well. A. Immanuel Kant B. Jeremy Bentham C. Gandhi D. John Dewey

D. John Dewey

______ theory is best applied to democratic societies. A. Altruism B. Utilitarianism C. Kant's categorical imperative D. Justice as fairness

D. Justice as fairness

______ claim the right or authority to make a request, aligning the request with the organization's rules, policies, and traditions. A. Compliance-gaining strategies B. Solution presentations C. Feedback loops D. Legitimating tactics

D. Legitimating tactics

______ is the tendency to live up to the expectations others place on us. A. Hawthorne effect B. Golem effect C. bystander effect D. Pygmalion effect

D. Pygmalion effect

______ is integral to altruistic leadership. A. Dramatic rehearsal B. Ethical behavior C. Following rules D. Self-sacrifice

D. Self-sacrifice

______ leaders engage in destructive behaviors and display dysfunctional personal characteristics. A. Abusive B. Callous C. Rigid D. Toxic

D. Toxic

18. Which of the following is a benefit of forgiving others? A. a greater sense of well-being B. better physical health C. improved relationships D. all of these

D. all of these

Ethical argument is based on the recognition of the difference between ______ and verbal aggression. A. expression B. negotiation C. conflict D. argumentation

D. argumentation

Transformational leaders act as coaches or mentors who foster personal development. This is referred to as ______. A. inspirational motivation B. idealized influence C. intellectual stimulation D. individualized consideration

D. individualized consideration

Transformational leadership has been criticized as ______ for paying too much attention to leaders. A. leader heavy B. leader powerful C. leader exchange D. leader centric

D. leader centric

Which one is not a level in Kohlberg's moral development? A. conventional B. postconceptual C. preconventional D. motivational

D. motivational

17. Which of the following is not a component of the 5-R model for evaluating apologies? A. recognition B. repetition C. remorse D. reevaluating

D. reevaluating

Which of the following was not part of Virginia Held's ethic of care model? A. focuses on the importance of noting and meeting the needs of those we are responsible for B. values emotions C. specific needs and relationships take priority above universal principles D. values integrity

D. values integrity

Followers may unintentionally cast shadows because they lack the necessary knowledge, skills, and experience.

FALSE

According to Rest's model, moral character implies motivation.

false

According to the four steps of principled negotiation, combining the people from the problem is the first step.

false

Moral justification involves comparing unethical or criminal acts with even worse activities, thus making them appear more tolerable

false

One caution of altruism is that the extent of obligations is a little too clear.

false

The principle of reciprocity is based on the idea that most of us recognize that we are more likely to comply with the requests of people we like.

false

There are no nonverbal indicators that would classify as an aggressive tactic.

false

Those tagged as low performers are given more opportunities to speak, to offer their opinions, and to disagree.

false

To forgive, we must forget past wrongs and move on.

false

U.S. workers prefer leaders who rely on legitimate power

false

One caution is that Rawls's principles can only be applied to democratic societies

true

One of the cautions of utilitarianism is that there may be unanticipated consequences

true

Rewards encourage decision makers to follow through on their ethical choices.

true

A number of scholars argue that we become good or evil through a series of small, incremental decisions

true

Character is often "more caught than taught.

true

Ethical leaders use impression management to convey information, to build positive interpersonal relationships, and to facilitate good decisions.

true

Evildoers are often ordinary people

true

Externally oriented people (externals) believe that life events are beyond their control and are the product of fate or luck instead.

true

Hard power uses bonuses, raises, or threats to get people to go along

true

In the maintaining norms schema, people believe they have a moral obligation to maintain social order.

true

Incorporating intuition into ethics training can improve ethical behavior.

true

Often we comply with the appearance of authority, not real authority.

true