Exam 1
*An _______________ is composed of two or more tissues types, whereas ____________ are microscopic structures in a cell.* a. organ system; organs b. organ system; organelles c. organ; organelles d. organ; molecules e. organelle; molecules *Which of the following lists levels of human structure from the most complex to the simplest?* a. Organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system b. Organ system, organ, cell, tissue, organelle c. Organ system, organelle, tissue, cell, organ d. Organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle e. Organ, organ system, tissue, cell, organelle *All of the following are human organ systems except ___________.* a. skeletal b. endocrine c. epidermal d. reproductive e. lymphatic *All of the following are organs except __________.* a. teeth b. the skin c. nails d. the liver e. the digestive system *We live in an ever-changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is called __________.* a. homeostasis b. metastasis c. responsiveness d. adaptation e. evolution
*An _______________ is composed of two or more tissues types, whereas ____________ are microscopic structures in a cell.* c. organ; organelles *Which of the following lists levels of human structure from the most complex to the simplest?* d. Organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle *All of the following are human organ systems except ___________.* c. epidermal *All of the following are organs except __________.* e. the digestive system *We live in an ever-changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is called __________.* a. homeostasis
*During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of __________.* a. negative feedback b. positive feedback c. dynamic equilibrium d. integration control e. set point adjustment *When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates the release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of __________.* a. negative feedback b. positive feedback c. dynamic equilibrium d. integration control e. set point adjustment *Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of _________.* a. negative feedback b. positive feedback c. dynamic equilibrium d. integration control e. set point adjustment *Negative feedback loops are __________.* a. homeostatic mechanisms b. not homeostatic mechanisms c. associated with "vicious circles" d. self-amplifying cycles e. usually harmful *The study of normal body structures is called __________.* a. microscopy b. biology c. pathology d. anatomy e. physiology *The study of how the body functions is called __________.* a. histology b. anatomy c. neuroanatomy d. chemistry e. physiology
*During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of __________.* a. negative feedback *When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates the release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of __________.* b. positive feedback *Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of _________.* a. negative feedback *Negative feedback loops are __________.* a. homeostatic mechanisms *The study of normal body structures is called __________.* d. anatomy *The study of how the body functions is called __________.* e. physiology
*List the first 6 organ systems with their principal organs and principal functions* Know major organ and major function of each.
*List the first 6 organ systems with their principal organs and principal functions* 1. *Integumentary:* skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands. Protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, nonverbal communication. 2. *Skeletal system:* bones, cartilages, ligaments. Support, movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, mineral storage, electrolyte and acid-base balance 3. *Muscular system:* skeletal muscles. Movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, heat production. 4. *Lymphatic:* lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils. Recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease. 5. *Respiratory:* nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs. Absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech. 6. *Urinary:* Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra. Elimination of wastes; regulation of blood volume and pressure stimulation of red blood cell formation; control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance; detoxification.
*List the next 5 organ systems with their principal organs and principal functions* Know major organ and major function of each.
*List the next 5 organ systems with their principal organs and principal functions* 1. *Nervous:* Brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia. Rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control and sensation. 2. *Endocrine:* pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, and ovaries. Hormone production; internal chemical communication and coordination. 3. *Circulatory:* Heart, blood vessels. Distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance. 4. *Digestive:* Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas. Nutrient breakdown and absorption. Liver functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals; synthesis of plasma proteins; disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones; and cleansing of blood. 5. *Reproductive (male and female):*Testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis. Ovaries, uterine tubes, vagina, uterus, mammary glands. Production of eggs; site of fertilization and fetal development; fetal nourishment; birth; lactation; secretion of sex hormones. Production and delivery of sperm; secretion of sex hormones.
*Most of the stomach is located in the _________ of the abdomen.* a. right upper quadrant (RUQ) b. right lower quadrant (RLQ) c. left upper quadrant (LUQ) d. left lower quadrant (LLQ) e. left middle quadrant (LMQ) *The urinary bladder is located in the __________ region.* a. epigastric b. umbilical c. hypogastric d. inguinal e. hypochondriac *The __________ cavity contains the lungs, which are enfolded in the __________.* a. thoracic; pleurae b. thoracic; pericardium c. thoracic; peritoneum d. abdominopelvic; peritoneum e. abdominopelvic; pleurae *The surface of the heart is formed by a membrane called the __________.* a. parietal peritoneum b. visceral peritoneum c. parietal pericardium d. visceral pericardium e. parietal pleura *The abdominopelvic cavity contains a moist serous membrane called the __________.* a. peritoneum b. pleura c. pericardium d. mediastinum e. meninges *The thymus, spleen, and tonsils are principal organs of the __________ system.* a. endocrine b. respiratory c. lymphatic d. circulatory e. muscular
*Most of the stomach is located in the _________ of the abdomen.* c. left upper quadrant (LUQ) *The urinary bladder is located in the __________ region.* c. hypogastric *The __________ cavity contains the lungs, which are enfolded in the __________.* a. thoracic; pleurae *The surface of the heart is formed by a membrane called the __________.* d. visceral pericardium *The abdominopelvic cavity contains a moist serous membrane called the __________.* a. peritoneum *The thymus, spleen, and tonsils are principal organs of the __________ system.* c. lymphatic
*Serous membranes* Think of a water balloon. *Outer balloon wall (comparable to __________ serous membrane)* *Air (comparable to __________ cavity)* *Inner balloon wall (comparable to __________ serous membrane)* *Visceral layer: ______ organ* *Parietal layer: ________ most layer.* *Heart:* parietal pericardium, pericardial cavity with serous fluid, and visceral pericardium. *Lungs:* parietal pleura, visceral pleura, pleural cavity (between parietal and visceral pleura), diaphragm *Abdomen:*
*Outer balloon wall (comparable to __________ serous membrane)* parietal *Air (comparable to __________ cavity)* serous *Inner balloon wall (comparable to __________ serous membrane)* visceral *Visceral layer: ______ organ* touching *Parietal layer: ________ most layer.* outer
*The __________ cavity is inferior to the _____________ cavity.* a. cranial; thoracic b. thoracic; abdominopelvic c. pericardial; pleural d. thoracic; peritoneal e. thoracic; cranial *Which one of the following is not in the correct anatomical position?* a. Arms at sides b. Standing upright c. Face and eyes facing forward d. Feet flat on the floor e. Palms facing hips *The plane that passes vertically through the body or an organ and divides it into anterior and posterior portions is called the __________ plane.* a. sagittal b. frontal c. median d. transverse e. oblique *The sternum (breastbone) is __________ to the vertebral column.* a. anterior b. posterior c. superior d. inferior e. medial *The right shoulder is __________ and __________ to the umbilical region.* a. superior; lateral b. superior; medial c. inferior; lateral d. inferior; medial e. posterior; lateral *In the cat, the head is _________ to the tail. In the human, the head is ________ to the gluteal region (buttock).* a. superior; superior b. anterior; superior c. posterior; dorsal d. ventral; distal e. anterior; posterior
*The __________ cavity is inferior to the _____________ cavity.* e. thoracic; cranial *Which one of the following is not in the correct anatomical position?* e. Palms facing hips *The plane that passes vertically through the body or an organ and divides it into anterior and posterior portions is called the __________ plane.* b. frontal *The sternum (breastbone) is __________ to the vertebral column.* a. anterior *The right shoulder is __________ and __________ to the umbilical region.* a. superior; lateral *In the cat, the head is _________ to the tail. In the human, the head is ________ to the gluteal region (buttock).* b. anterior; superior
*The aorta is ________ to the vertebral column.* *The vertebral column is ______ to the aorta* *The sternum is __________ to the heart.* *The esophagus is __________ to the trachea.* *The _________ end of the embryonic neural tubed develops into the brain* *The forebrain is ________ to the brainstem.* *The spinal cord is __________ to the brain.* *The heart is _________ to the diaphragm.*
*The aorta is ________ to the vertebral column.* ventral *The vertebral column is ______ to the aorta* dorsal *The sternum is __________ to the heart.* anterior *The esophagus is __________ to the trachea.* posterior *The _________ end of the embryonic neural tubed develops into the brain* cephalic *The forebrain is ________ to the brainstem.* rostral *The spinal cord is __________ to the brain.* caudal *The heart is _________ to the diaphragm.* superior
*The liver is ________ to the diaphragm.* *The heart is _________ to the lungs.* *The eyes are ________ to the nose.* *The elbow is ________ to the wrist.* *The fingernails are at the ________ ends of the fingers.* *The liver is ________ to the appendix.* *The spleen is ________ to the liver.* *The skin is _________ to the muscles.* *The bones are _________ to the muscles.*
*The liver is ________ to the diaphragm.* inferior *The heart is _________ to the lungs.* medial *The eyes are ________ to the nose.*lateral *The elbow is ________ to the wrist.* proximal *The fingernails are at the ________ ends of the fingers.* distal *The liver is ________ to the appendix.* ipsilateral *The spleen is ________ to the liver.* contralateral *The skin is _________ to the muscles.* superficial *The bones are _________ to the muscles.* deep.
*What is a self-amplifying cycle? What does it do?* *What are some examples of self-amplifying cycles?* *How can this be dangerous?* *List out a positive feedback and rapid change*
*What is a self-amplifying cycle? What does it do?* positive feedback and rapid change. Feedback loop is repeated - change produces more change. *What are some examples of self-amplifying cycles?* childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, and generation of nerve signals. *How can this be dangerous?* vicious circle of runaway fever *List out a positive feedback and rapid change* 1. Fetus' head pushes against cervix 2. Nerves send signals to brain 3. Brain stimulates pituitary to secrete oxytocin 4. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contraction 5. Fetus' head applies more pressure to cervix and cycle repeats, strengthens
*What is the definition for homeostasis?* *__________ __________ allows for ____________ ____________ within a limited range around a set point* *What does loss of homeostatic control cause?* *Because feedback mechanisms alter the original changes that triggered them, they are called ___________ ______* *Explain the 6 step mechanism for a room.*
*What is the definition for homeostasis?* The ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions. *__________ __________ allows for ____________ ____________ within a limited range around a set point* negative feedback dynamic equilibrium *What does loss of homeostatic control cause?* causes illness or death. *Because feedback mechanisms alter the original changes that triggered them, they are called ___________ ______* feedback loops *Explain the 6 step mechanism for a room.* 1. room temp falls 2. thermostat activates furnace 3. furnace puts out heat 4. room temp rises 5. thermostat shuts off furnace 6. room cools down
*What is the definition of a receptor?* *What is the definition of integrating (control) center?* *What is the definition of an effector?*
*What is the definition of a receptor?* structure that senses change in the body (e.g., stretch receptors above heart that monitor blood pressure) *What is the definition of integrating (control) center?* control center that processes the sensory information, "makes a decision," and directs the response (e.g., cardiac center of the brain) *What is the definition of an effector?* cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis (e.g., the heart)
*What is the definition of anatomy?* *What are the ways of examining the human body?* *What are some ways that we can look at anatomy of the body?* *What is the definition of radiology?* *What do we call looking at the structures that can be seen with the naked eye?* *What type of anatomy is microscopic anatomy?* (examination of tissues with a microscope) *What is the microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease?* *What is the study of structure and function of cells?* *What do we call it to view detail under electron microscope?*
*What is the definition of anatomy?* Anatomy is the study of form. *What are the ways of examining the human body?* Inspection: looking at something palpation: feeling something auscultation: hearing something percussion: tapping on something *What are some ways that we can look at anatomy of the body?* Exploratory surgery: cut them open and see what they look like. Medical imaging: viewing inside the body without surgery *What is the definition of radiology?* branch of medicine concerned with imaging *What do we call looking at the structures that can be seen with the naked eye?* gross anatomy *What type of anatomy is microscopic anatomy?* (examination of tissues with a microscope) histology *What is the microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease?* histopathology *What is the study of structure and function of cells?* cytology *What do we call it to view detail under electron microscope?* ultrastructure
*What is the definition of physiology?* *List some of the sub-disciplines of physiology* *What are some benefits of comparative physiology?* *What is the hierarchy of complexity? List it out* *1. List and recognize examples of "levels of organization"*-final exam
*What is the definition of physiology?* The study of function *List some of the sub-disciplines of physiology* Neurophysiology (physiology of nervous system) Endocrinology (physiology of hormones) Pathophysiology (mechanisms of disease) *What are some benefits of comparative physiology?* study of different species to learn about body functions. Basis for much of our understanding of human physiology and the development of new drugs and medical procedures. *What is the hierarchy of complexity? List it out* Organism Organ System Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Molecules Atoms
*Think about the chart from class, hot to cold temp what happens to the body.* *What is the definition of vasodilation? Why is it important?* If too warm, vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins (heat-losing mechanism) *What is the definition of vasoconstriction? Why is it important?* If too cold, vessels in the skin constrict and shivering begins (heat-gaining mechanism) *What is the receptor that measures blood pressure in brain?* *Show the negative feedback loop for if someone stands up too quick.* it is easy to pump blood flat on back, it requires more blood pressure to send blood to brain, all blood drains from head when you stand up too quick.
*What is the definition of vasodilation? Why is it important?* open up blood vessels in the skin. Take heat away from the core (organs) and bring them to skin. *What is the definition of vasoconstriction? Why is it important?* generates heat, shrinking the blood vessels. Keep heat in. *What is the receptor that measures blood pressure in brain?* baroreceptors *Show the negative feedback loop for if someone stands up too quick.* 1. person rises from bed 2. blood drains from upper body, creating homeostatic imbalance 3. baroreceptors above heart respond to drop in blood pressure 4. baroreceptors send signals to cardiac center of brainstem 5. cardiac center accelerates heartbeat 6. blood pressure rises to normal; homeostasis is restored.
*LAB* Label the following diagram, but first... *Check Your Understanding Describe the location of the following body parts using proper directional terms:* a. The nose is ___________ to the chin. b. The elbow is ____________ to the wrist. c. The sternum is ____________to the abdomen. d. The thumb is ___________ to the ring finger. e. The ankle is ____________ to the hip.
*a. The nose is ___________ to the chin.* superior *b. The elbow is ____________ to the wrist.* proximal *c. The sternum is ____________to the abdomen.* superior *d. The thumb is ___________ to the ring finger.* lateral *e. The ankle is ____________ to the hip.* distal
*Final* *3. List the body cavities and the four quadrants. What organs are found in each cavity and quadrant? Name serous membranes surrounding lungs, heart, and abdominal viscera* *Cranial cavity:* brain, meninges *Vertebral canal:* spinal cord, meninges *Thoracic cavity* -*Pleural cavities (2)* lungs, pleurae -*Pericardial cavity* heat, pericardium *Abdominopelvic cavity:* -*Abdominal cavity* digestive organs, spleen, kidneys, peritoneum -*pelvic cavity* bladder, rectum, reproductive organs, peritoneum
RUQ: Liver, gallbladder, pancreas LUQ:Spleen, stomach RLQ: ascending colon LLQ: Descending colon, sigmoid colon
*List out *4. Directional terms—be able to use. Describe the different planes and sections. Review the anatomical terms for body parts and regions.*
Sagittal (midsagittal, parasagittal) Frontal or *coronal* Transverse Oblique