Exam #1
Which is one of the three criteria used to determine what behaviors are made criminals?
- The effects of the law - The existence of other means to protect society from undesirable behavior. - The enforceability of the law
Terrorism
- Threat of violence against a state or other political entity - Political violence
In 2015, Yakima, Wash., with a population of 249,480, reported 8,825 property offenses. What was the property crime rate?
3,537 property offenses per 100,000 inhabitants
In 2015, Albuquerque, N.M., with a population of 905,803, reported 7,179 violent criminal offenses. What was the violent crime rate?
793 violent offenses per 100,000 inhabitants
Which group of people is not included in considerations of victimization?
All of the above may be included
In attempt
An individual tries to break the law
Property Crime
Arson
Self-report Study
Ask the students to identify any criminal offenses they have committed
Corpus delicti
Body of the crime
White-collar Crime
Business for financial gain
Top Layer
Celebrated Cases
Role of courts
Charging > preliminary hearing > arraignment > plea bargaining > adjudication > sentencing
Written on an ancient stone tablet, this collection of over 250 laws covered a wide range of issues.
Code of Hummurabi
This is sometimes called case law, judiciary law, or unwritten law.
Common Law
Criminal Justice
Controls crime by detecting, detaining, adjudicating, and punishing
Coporate Crime
Corporation's officers who pursue illegal activity
Research has shown that children who are physically abused are at a greater risk for this.
Crime
What is the number of Crime Index offenses divided by the population of an area called?
Crime rate
Affirmative Defense
Defendant must provide evidence that excuses the legal consequences
Laws
Enforceable rules of conduct in a society.
Sociological Imagination
Examine issues
Due Process Model
Expectation of a just and fair
Crime Control Model
Expectation of an efficient
Children in this age range account for the highest percentage of child abuse and neglect victims.
From birth to age 3
National Incident-Based Reporting System
Gather data
This writ is issued to bring a party before the court.
Habeas Corpus
Criminal Law
Specifying the prosecution by the government
Bound by the decisions of previous courts called?
Stare decisis
This type of offense tends to involve offenses in which the public's welfare is at issue.
Strict Liability
Probation
Subject to certain conditions and supervision in the community
This type of law sets forth what behaviors are defined as crime.
Substantive
Uniform Crime Reports
Summarize the incidence and rate of reported crime
Most extensive and useful measure of crime available
Uniform Crime Reports
Which choice best describes the sources of error in the Uniform Crime Reports?
Unintentional and intentional
Misdemeanor
Up to one year
About 100 family members of the victims spoke in court about how the crime affected them
Victim-impact statement
The advantage of the NIBRS over the UCR is that it allows law enforcement to precisely identify
All of the above
Burglary
"Breaking and entering" With intent of commit a felony or a theft
Justice
- Administration of a punishment or reward - Morals that a given society considers correct
Case Law
- Create new interpretations - This type of law comes from judicial decisions and requires judges to consider how previous cases dealt with similar issues.
Victimless Crime
- Deemed undesirable - Offend community standards
Street Crime
- Interpersonal violence and property crime - Small scale personal offenses
Adjudicate
- Legal process of judging - Pronounce a judgement
Discretion
- Make decisions -Use this to decide what to do with individual cases
Sutton breaks into a house when the owner is away and looks for valuable items to steal. However, he does not find anything worth taking and leaves. The owner returns later and does not notice anything amiss, nor even realizes the house was entered. How will Sutton's offense be recorded?
- Not recorded - Part of the dark figure of crime
Laws must be
- Published in the criminal code - Enacted by the legislature - Enforced in a fair and even-handed manner by the authorities.
Social Control
- Rules, habits, and customs - Conformity to its norms
Robbery
- Taking or attempting to take anything of value - By force or threat of force - Putting the victim in fear
Attendant Circumstances
Additional conditions that define a given criminal offense
Plea Bargain
Agreement between a prosecutor and a defendant that the defendant will plead guilty to a lesser offense to avoid having to stand trial for a more serious offense.
Which is not one of these?
All individual agencies organize their policies and operations exactly the same way
Public-order Crime
Includes drug use, disturbing the peace, drunk nesses, prostitution, etc.
Role of law enforcement
Initial contact > investigation > arrest > booking
Victimization Survey
Interviews her about the incident
Arrest
Law enforcement detains and holds a suspect Crime > arrest > trail > punishment
Entrapment
Law enforcement to pressure someone to break the law
Prison
Longer than a year
This major English document contributed to U.S. law.
Magna Carta
Bottom Layer
Misdemeanors
Preponderance of the evidence
More than 50 percent of the evidence
Felonies
More than a year in a state prison
Why is it difficult to measure white-collar and corporate crime?
Much of the investigation and regulation of corporate and white-collar crime is not done by law enforcement.
Violent Crimes
Murder and non-negligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault
Solicitation
One person encourages another to break the law
Chronic Offender
Person who persistently violates laws and has multiple arrests and convictions over an extended time.
Four issues guide precedent
Predictability, reliability, efficiency, equality
Conspiracy
Two or more people agree to break the law
Measuring crime effectively and efficiently
Problems of definitions, resources, and politics
This type of law prescribes the methods for the enforcement and use of the law.
Procedural
War of drug
Reduce the sale and illegal drugs
Dictates what is acceptable and what is punished?
Rules, laws, folkways
Second Layer
Serious Felonies 3rd Less-serious Felonies
Parole
Served part of their sentence and remains under the court's control
Larceny
Take possessions that don't belong to them
Why does the National Crime Victimization Survey not account for successfully completed drug transactions?
The buyers do not consider themselves crime victims.
Rule of Law
The government cannot punish any individual without strict adhere to clear, fair, and defined rules, laws, and procedures
Beyond reasonable doubt
The highest level of proof
For rape and sexual assault victims, the criminal justice process is often described this way.
The second victimization
Which is not included in the typical definition of elder abuse?
The victim is not dependent on a caregiver
Which is not a reason that a victim would not report an offense?
The victim may have committed the offense
Mass Murder
Three or more in a single incident
Serial Murder
Three or more in different periods of time
This type of law covers personal wrongs and damage and includes libel, slander, assault, trespass, and negligence.
Tort Law
Crime
Violations of the laws
Victim Perception
When a victim plays an active role in initiating conflict
Arson
Willful burning or attempt to burn
Statutes
Written laws enacted by legislatures.
Warrants
Written orders authorizing a person to make an arrest, a seizure, or a search.