Exam #1

Which is one of the three criteria used to determine what behaviors are made criminals?

- The effects of the law - The existence of other means to protect society from undesirable behavior. - The enforceability of the law

Terrorism

- Threat of violence against a state or other political entity - Political violence

In 2015, Yakima, Wash., with a population of 249,480, reported 8,825 property offenses. What was the property crime rate?

3,537 property offenses per 100,000 inhabitants

In 2015, Albuquerque, N.M., with a population of 905,803, reported 7,179 violent criminal offenses. What was the violent crime rate?

793 violent offenses per 100,000 inhabitants

Which group of people is not included in considerations of victimization?

All of the above may be included

In attempt

An individual tries to break the law

Property Crime

Arson

Self-report Study

Ask the students to identify any criminal offenses they have committed

Corpus delicti

Body of the crime

White-collar Crime

Business for financial gain

Top Layer

Celebrated Cases

Role of courts

Charging > preliminary hearing > arraignment > plea bargaining > adjudication > sentencing

Written on an ancient stone tablet, this collection of over 250 laws covered a wide range of issues.

Code of Hummurabi

This is sometimes called case law, judiciary law, or unwritten law.

Common Law

Criminal Justice

Controls crime by detecting, detaining, adjudicating, and punishing

Coporate Crime

Corporation's officers who pursue illegal activity

Research has shown that children who are physically abused are at a greater risk for this.

Crime

What is the number of Crime Index offenses divided by the population of an area called?

Crime rate

Affirmative Defense

Defendant must provide evidence that excuses the legal consequences

Laws

Enforceable rules of conduct in a society.

Sociological Imagination

Examine issues

Due Process Model

Expectation of a just and fair

Crime Control Model

Expectation of an efficient

Children in this age range account for the highest percentage of child abuse and neglect victims.

From birth to age 3

National Incident-Based Reporting System

Gather data

This writ is issued to bring a party before the court.

Habeas Corpus

Criminal Law

Specifying the prosecution by the government

Bound by the decisions of previous courts called?

Stare decisis

This type of offense tends to involve offenses in which the public's welfare is at issue.

Strict Liability

Probation

Subject to certain conditions and supervision in the community

This type of law sets forth what behaviors are defined as crime.

Substantive

Uniform Crime Reports

Summarize the incidence and rate of reported crime

Most extensive and useful measure of crime available

Uniform Crime Reports

Which choice best describes the sources of error in the Uniform Crime Reports?

Unintentional and intentional

Misdemeanor

Up to one year

About 100 family members of the victims spoke in court about how the crime affected them

Victim-impact statement

The advantage of the NIBRS over the UCR is that it allows law enforcement to precisely identify

All of the above

Burglary

"Breaking and entering" With intent of commit a felony or a theft

Justice

- Administration of a punishment or reward - Morals that a given society considers correct

Case Law

- Create new interpretations - This type of law comes from judicial decisions and requires judges to consider how previous cases dealt with similar issues.

Victimless Crime

- Deemed undesirable - Offend community standards

Street Crime

- Interpersonal violence and property crime - Small scale personal offenses

Adjudicate

- Legal process of judging - Pronounce a judgement

Discretion

- Make decisions -Use this to decide what to do with individual cases

Sutton breaks into a house when the owner is away and looks for valuable items to steal. However, he does not find anything worth taking and leaves. The owner returns later and does not notice anything amiss, nor even realizes the house was entered. How will Sutton's offense be recorded?

- Not recorded - Part of the dark figure of crime

Laws must be

- Published in the criminal code - Enacted by the legislature - Enforced in a fair and even-handed manner by the authorities.

Social Control

- Rules, habits, and customs - Conformity to its norms

Robbery

- Taking or attempting to take anything of value - By force or threat of force - Putting the victim in fear

Attendant Circumstances

Additional conditions that define a given criminal offense

Plea Bargain

Agreement between a prosecutor and a defendant that the defendant will plead guilty to a lesser offense to avoid having to stand trial for a more serious offense.

Which is not one of these?

All individual agencies organize their policies and operations exactly the same way

Public-order Crime

Includes drug use, disturbing the peace, drunk nesses, prostitution, etc.

Role of law enforcement

Initial contact > investigation > arrest > booking

Victimization Survey

Interviews her about the incident

Arrest

Law enforcement detains and holds a suspect Crime > arrest > trail > punishment

Entrapment

Law enforcement to pressure someone to break the law

Prison

Longer than a year

This major English document contributed to U.S. law.

Magna Carta

Bottom Layer

Misdemeanors

Preponderance of the evidence

More than 50 percent of the evidence

Felonies

More than a year in a state prison

Why is it difficult to measure white-collar and corporate crime?

Much of the investigation and regulation of corporate and white-collar crime is not done by law enforcement.

Violent Crimes

Murder and non-negligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault

Solicitation

One person encourages another to break the law

Chronic Offender

Person who persistently violates laws and has multiple arrests and convictions over an extended time.

Four issues guide precedent

Predictability, reliability, efficiency, equality

Conspiracy

Two or more people agree to break the law

Measuring crime effectively and efficiently

Problems of definitions, resources, and politics

This type of law prescribes the methods for the enforcement and use of the law.

Procedural

War of drug

Reduce the sale and illegal drugs

Dictates what is acceptable and what is punished?

Rules, laws, folkways

Second Layer

Serious Felonies 3rd Less-serious Felonies

Parole

Served part of their sentence and remains under the court's control

Larceny

Take possessions that don't belong to them

Why does the National Crime Victimization Survey not account for successfully completed drug transactions?

The buyers do not consider themselves crime victims.

Rule of Law

The government cannot punish any individual without strict adhere to clear, fair, and defined rules, laws, and procedures

Beyond reasonable doubt

The highest level of proof

For rape and sexual assault victims, the criminal justice process is often described this way.

The second victimization

Which is not included in the typical definition of elder abuse?

The victim is not dependent on a caregiver

Which is not a reason that a victim would not report an offense?

The victim may have committed the offense

Mass Murder

Three or more in a single incident

Serial Murder

Three or more in different periods of time

This type of law covers personal wrongs and damage and includes libel, slander, assault, trespass, and negligence.

Tort Law

Crime

Violations of the laws

Victim Perception

When a victim plays an active role in initiating conflict

Arson

Willful burning or attempt to burn

Statutes

Written laws enacted by legislatures.

Warrants

Written orders authorizing a person to make an arrest, a seizure, or a search.