Exam 1: A&P
The energy released by the breakdown of this molecule is used by cells for muscle contraction
adenosine triphosphate
The replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue is called
fibrosis
Which of the following is not a type of fibrous connective tissue
hyaline cartilage
This kind of bonding, though quite weak, causes large molecules to fold into three dimensional shape
hydrogen bond
Most transmembrane proteins have ________ regions facing the intra- and extracellular fluid, and ________ regions embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
hydrophilic; hydrophobic
Which of the following is not one of the three basic components of a cell
interstitial fluid
If you wanted to prove that DNA but not RNA synthesis was proceeding, then what radioactive compound would you use
you could study the uptake and usage of thymine rather than uracil or you could use deoxyribose rather than ribose for DNA v. RNA, respectively. Because the bases are easier to follow metabolically in a cell compared to the sugars, the classic experiments to determine questions similar to this used radioactive thymine and uracil
If a DNA molecule were known to be 22% thymine (T), what would be the percentage of guanine (G) present
28%
What is the complementary DNA base sequence to the DNA strand TGCCAT
ACGGTA
In the process on transcription, mRNA is copied from this
DNA
This best describes the atomic number
The number of protons the number of electrons it is unique for each element ALL OF THESE
Clinical Application Question: As a medical examiner, it is part of your job to identify unknown bodies brought in. Suppose that two torsos were taken out of the river. You know that there is a missing person who was an alcoholic and long-time barbiturate-user. Both of the bodies fit the description of that person in some other ways. Using the information in Chapter 3, what might you look for in the bodies to help you narrow the search down.
There should be an abnormal proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the liver and kidney cells if the toros belonged to the alcoholic drug-user
Which of the following is not a feature that connective tissues have in common
a calcified matrix
The membrane that lines passageways that open to the exterior environment is called _______
a mucous membrane (mucosa)
Oven cleaner, which has a pH of 14, is ______ and contains ______ OH- than a neutral solution
basic, more
The Golgi apparatus produces vesicles which contain proteins that can
be secreted by exocytosis become part of the plasma membrane be enzymes that are used within the cell ALL OF THESE
New triglycerides are constantly being synthesized and stored, while others are hydrolyzed and released into the circulation by the cells found in ______
adipose tissue
It is normal for breast to shrink after lactation ceases. This is a consequence of _______ in human breast cells
apoptosis
_______ exhibits a lot of apparently empty space, and is found in many serous membranes
areolar tissue
an example of a highly vascular tissue is ________ tissue. An example of a tissue that is not highly vascular is ________
aroelar; cartilage
A nonpolar covalent bond occurs when this happens
atoms attract electrons eqully
Substances that accept H+ are known as this
bases
What do facilitated diffusion and active transport have in common
both are examples of carrier-mediated transport
These substances may diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane
carbon dioxide and oxygen
Why will cardiac muscles have more mitochondria than a typical adult fat cell? Keep in mind that energy is required if one is to move matter about
cardiac muscle cells contract all through a person's life and so need more energy from ATP than do quieter tissues
Substances that speed up the rate of chemical reaction without being changed by that reaction are this
catalysts
This is the smallest unit or an organism that carries out the basic function of life
cell
This polysaccharide provides humans with dietary fiber of bulk
cellulose
The rubbery matrix of cartilage is secreted be _______, whereas _______ produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of fibrous connective tissue
chondroblasts; fibroblasts
Which of the following does not account for the gelatinous consistency of connective tissue ground substance
collagen
The proteins found in the blood are this
colloid
A connective tissue fiber refers to a(n) _______, a nerve refers to a(n) ________, and a muscle fiber refers to a(n) ________
complex of macromolecules; part of a cell; entire cell
Glands that have branched ducts and secretory cells that form sacs at one end of the ducts are classified as ______ glands
compound acinar
This kind of reaction occurs when a large molecule, such as starch, is broken down into smaller ones, such as glucose
decomposition
Fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both ______ and _______
dense regular; dense irregular connective tissues
This structure separates the ventral body cavity into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
diaphragm
This occurs when the cations and anions are attracted to the positive and negative ends of water molecules
dissociation
This directional term describes the position of the antebrachium compared to the brachium
distal
The shape of a person's external ear is due to the presence of
elastic cartilage
_______ secrete _______ into ________
endocrine glands; hormones; the blood
The covering of body surfaces and the lining of body cavities is composed of _______ tissue
epithelial
The membrane that lines the lumenal surfaces of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts consist of _______
epithelium and lamina propria
The basement membrane is found between ________ and _______
epithelium; connective tissue
_______ tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential
excitable
The fluid outside of a cell is called
extracellular fluid
The four primary tissue types found in adult organs include all of the following except
fibrous
______ provide motility to a sperm cell, _______ act as sensory "antennae" in many cells, and ________ increase a cell's surface area
flagella; cilia; microvilli
A __________ contains the necessary information for the production of a molecule of RNA
gene
In humans, this polysaccharide is used for energy storage
glycogen
A protein that is bound to a carbohydrate is called a
glycoprotein
Some simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia have _______ cells, which produce a protective mucous coating over the mucous membranes
goblet
Which of the following organelles sorts, cuts, splices, and packages newly formed proteins into membrane-bound vesicles
golgi complex
Which of the following is not a feature that almost all connective tissues have in common?
ground substance is so scarce that it is not visible with a light microscope
A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. This means the concentration of solutes in the solution is ________ than the concentration of solutes in the intracellular fluid, and will cause the cell to _______
higher; shrink
Tom used a pH test strip on his urine and found that it showed it to be pH6. He wonders how much more concentrated the hydrogen ions are in his coffee (pH5)
his coffee has ten time the hydrogen ion concentration of his urine
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) help give the ground substance some of its qualities, including ______
holding water and maintaining electrolyte balance
Would a truly fat-free diet be healthy? Why or why not?
human bodies cannot manufacture certain kinds of lipids, the essential fatty acids
Marfan syndrome is a hereditary defect of elastin fibers. People with this syndrome have _______
hyperextensive joints
After six months of lifting weights at the gym, you notice that some of your muscles have increased in size. This increase in size is due to _______ of muscle cells
hypertrophy
A red blood cell is placed into an unknown solution. Later, the cells appear to be swollen and come have burst. you conclude that the solution is this
hypotonic
When a boy is standing on his head, his chin is _________ to his mouth
inferior
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is held together by this kind of bonding
ionic
A patient was severly dehydrated, losing a large amount of fluid. The patient was given intravenous fluids of normal saline. Normal saline is ________ to your blood cells and is about ______ NaCl
isotonic; 0.9%
Na+ (sodium) is a cation because of this
it is positively charged
This can be said of translation
it requires tRNA and ribosomes a codon specifies for one amino acid proteins are synthesized ALL OF THESE
In its second-messenger role, cAMP enzymes ________, whose job is to regulate other enzymes by adding phosphate groups to them
kinases
Cells that synthesize large amounts of lipids would have this
large amounts of smooth ER
The histological section that divides a specimen along its long axis is called a(n) _________ section
longitudinal
The following statement can be said about enzymes
lowers activation energy of reactions regulates chemical activities in the body 3D shape is essential for normal functions ALL OF THESE
What organelle is most active in causing programmed cell death
lysosome
______ glands (such as tear glands) have vesicles that release their secretion via exocytosis. ________ glands (such as oil-producing glands) secrete a mixture of disintegrated cells and their products
merocrine; holocrine
The pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi in smokers may transform into stratified squamous epithelium. this is an example of
metaplasia
The plasma membrane of cells lining the small intestine has _________, which are specialized for absorption of nutrients
microvilli
Muscle cells contain numerous ______ to serve their high demand for ATP
mitochondria
This organelle produces large amounts of ATP
mitrochondria
Mucin is secreted by _________ glands, which combines with water to form a think and sticky product. ________ glands produce a relatively watery fluid
mucous; serous
Nervous tissue consists predominantly of two cell types, neurons and ______
neuroglia
These channel proteins are always open and are responsible for the permeability of the plasma membrane to ions
nongated ion channels
_______ epithelium provides a moist and slippery surface and is well suited to resist stress, as seen in the ________
nonkeratinized; vagina
Transcription occurs in the ________, but most translation occurs in the _______
nucleus; cytoplasm
The number of particles of a solute in a solution is described by its _______. The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume in a cell is referred to as its _________
osmolarity; tonicity
This occurs when an excess of H+ are added to a solution
pH decreases, acidity increases
Proteins that do not produce into the phospholipid bilayer, but adhere to the surface of the plasma membrane, are called
peripheral proteins
__________ decompose fatty acids, and detoxify alcohol, free radicals, and drugs
peroxisomes
With regard to the healing of a skin wound, macrophages ________
phagocytize and digest tissue debris
The most abundant molecules in the plasma membrane are
phospholipids
The plasma membrane is mostly made of molecules that have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. These molecules are called
phospholipids
These molecules make up the bilayer found in the cell membrane
phospolipids
What function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed
protein synthesis
These subatomic particles account for most of the mass of an atom
protons and neutrons
All cells in _______ epithelium reach the basement membrane, but only cells that reach the free surface area have cilia
pseudostratified columnar
Membrane proteins that bind to signals by which cells communicate are called
receptors
In the intestine, ______ ensure(s) that most digested nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not between them
tight junctions
The term _______ refers to a membrane that allows some things to pass through it, but not others
selectively permeable
An epithelium whose cells are tall and narrow, with each one touching the basement membrane and reaching the apical surface, is called ______ epithelium
simple columnar
A brush border of microvilli is found in ________ epithelium, which can be found in the _______
simple columnar; small intestine
Most kidney tubules are made of ______ epithelial tissue, which is specialized for absorption and secretion
simple cuboidal
Rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs takes place through _____ epithelium
simple squamous
_______ epithelium is associated with rapid transport of substances through a membrane, whereas ______ epithelium is associated with resistance to abrasion
simple squamous; stratified squamous
Which of the following organelles is not involved in protein synthesis
smooth ER
Among other functions, hepatocytes (liver cells) are specialized for detoxifying drugs or other chemicals. Hepatocytes have large amounts of
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Which organelle synthesizes steroids in the ovary and stores calcium in muscle cells
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Astronauts in zero gravity are able to more food through their digestive tracts because______
smooth muscle produces waves of contractions that propel material through the digestive tract
________ epithelium is the most widespread epithelium in the body, whereas _______ epithelium is rare
stratified squamous; stratified columnar
Skeletal muscle is described as _______
striated and voluntary
Collagenous fibers are very abundant in ________
tendons, ligaments, and the deeper portion of the skin
This structure of a protein comes from the further bending and folding of pleated sheets and helices
tertiary
This level of organization consists of groups of similar looking cells with its surrounding material working together to perform a function
tissue
Copying genetic information from DNA into RNA is called ________; using the information contained in mRNA to make a polypeptide is called _______
transcription; translation
Found in the urinary bladder, ______ epithelium resembles _______ epithelium, but the apical cells are rounded, not flattened
transitional; stratified squamous
Blood functions to ________
transport nutrients to the tissues
Which of these is an example of active transport?
transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration
The sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump transports both sodium and potassium _______ their concentration gradients in a process called ________
up; active transport
The sodium-potassium pump performs this function
uses ATP moves sodium ions out of the cell moves potassium ions into the cell ALL OF THESE
Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If solution A has a higher concentration of a nonpermeating solute than solution B, then ______
water will pass down its concentration gradient from solution B to A
Why are fat-soluble toxins more rapidly taken in through diffusion than water-soluble poisons
we would expect a fat-soluble materials to be more easily passed through the cell membrane since it consists of around 98% lipids. A number of the nerve gases enter the body through the skin quite easily since they are lipid-soluble