Exam 1: A&P

The energy released by the breakdown of this molecule is used by cells for muscle contraction

adenosine triphosphate

The replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue is called

fibrosis

Which of the following is not a type of fibrous connective tissue

hyaline cartilage

This kind of bonding, though quite weak, causes large molecules to fold into three dimensional shape

hydrogen bond

Most transmembrane proteins have ________ regions facing the intra- and extracellular fluid, and ________ regions embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

hydrophilic; hydrophobic

Which of the following is not one of the three basic components of a cell

interstitial fluid

If you wanted to prove that DNA but not RNA synthesis was proceeding, then what radioactive compound would you use

you could study the uptake and usage of thymine rather than uracil or you could use deoxyribose rather than ribose for DNA v. RNA, respectively. Because the bases are easier to follow metabolically in a cell compared to the sugars, the classic experiments to determine questions similar to this used radioactive thymine and uracil

If a DNA molecule were known to be 22% thymine (T), what would be the percentage of guanine (G) present

28%

What is the complementary DNA base sequence to the DNA strand TGCCAT

ACGGTA

In the process on transcription, mRNA is copied from this

DNA

This best describes the atomic number

The number of protons the number of electrons it is unique for each element ALL OF THESE

Clinical Application Question: As a medical examiner, it is part of your job to identify unknown bodies brought in. Suppose that two torsos were taken out of the river. You know that there is a missing person who was an alcoholic and long-time barbiturate-user. Both of the bodies fit the description of that person in some other ways. Using the information in Chapter 3, what might you look for in the bodies to help you narrow the search down.

There should be an abnormal proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the liver and kidney cells if the toros belonged to the alcoholic drug-user

Which of the following is not a feature that connective tissues have in common

a calcified matrix

The membrane that lines passageways that open to the exterior environment is called _______

a mucous membrane (mucosa)

Oven cleaner, which has a pH of 14, is ______ and contains ______ OH- than a neutral solution

basic, more

The Golgi apparatus produces vesicles which contain proteins that can

be secreted by exocytosis become part of the plasma membrane be enzymes that are used within the cell ALL OF THESE

New triglycerides are constantly being synthesized and stored, while others are hydrolyzed and released into the circulation by the cells found in ______

adipose tissue

It is normal for breast to shrink after lactation ceases. This is a consequence of _______ in human breast cells

apoptosis

_______ exhibits a lot of apparently empty space, and is found in many serous membranes

areolar tissue

an example of a highly vascular tissue is ________ tissue. An example of a tissue that is not highly vascular is ________

aroelar; cartilage

A nonpolar covalent bond occurs when this happens

atoms attract electrons eqully

Substances that accept H+ are known as this

bases

What do facilitated diffusion and active transport have in common

both are examples of carrier-mediated transport

These substances may diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane

carbon dioxide and oxygen

Why will cardiac muscles have more mitochondria than a typical adult fat cell? Keep in mind that energy is required if one is to move matter about

cardiac muscle cells contract all through a person's life and so need more energy from ATP than do quieter tissues

Substances that speed up the rate of chemical reaction without being changed by that reaction are this

catalysts

This is the smallest unit or an organism that carries out the basic function of life

cell

This polysaccharide provides humans with dietary fiber of bulk

cellulose

The rubbery matrix of cartilage is secreted be _______, whereas _______ produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of fibrous connective tissue

chondroblasts; fibroblasts

Which of the following does not account for the gelatinous consistency of connective tissue ground substance

collagen

The proteins found in the blood are this

colloid

A connective tissue fiber refers to a(n) _______, a nerve refers to a(n) ________, and a muscle fiber refers to a(n) ________

complex of macromolecules; part of a cell; entire cell

Glands that have branched ducts and secretory cells that form sacs at one end of the ducts are classified as ______ glands

compound acinar

This kind of reaction occurs when a large molecule, such as starch, is broken down into smaller ones, such as glucose

decomposition

Fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both ______ and _______

dense regular; dense irregular connective tissues

This structure separates the ventral body cavity into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

diaphragm

This occurs when the cations and anions are attracted to the positive and negative ends of water molecules

dissociation

This directional term describes the position of the antebrachium compared to the brachium

distal

The shape of a person's external ear is due to the presence of

elastic cartilage

_______ secrete _______ into ________

endocrine glands; hormones; the blood

The covering of body surfaces and the lining of body cavities is composed of _______ tissue

epithelial

The membrane that lines the lumenal surfaces of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts consist of _______

epithelium and lamina propria

The basement membrane is found between ________ and _______

epithelium; connective tissue

_______ tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential

excitable

The fluid outside of a cell is called

extracellular fluid

The four primary tissue types found in adult organs include all of the following except

fibrous

______ provide motility to a sperm cell, _______ act as sensory "antennae" in many cells, and ________ increase a cell's surface area

flagella; cilia; microvilli

A __________ contains the necessary information for the production of a molecule of RNA

gene

In humans, this polysaccharide is used for energy storage

glycogen

A protein that is bound to a carbohydrate is called a

glycoprotein

Some simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia have _______ cells, which produce a protective mucous coating over the mucous membranes

goblet

Which of the following organelles sorts, cuts, splices, and packages newly formed proteins into membrane-bound vesicles

golgi complex

Which of the following is not a feature that almost all connective tissues have in common?

ground substance is so scarce that it is not visible with a light microscope

A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. This means the concentration of solutes in the solution is ________ than the concentration of solutes in the intracellular fluid, and will cause the cell to _______

higher; shrink

Tom used a pH test strip on his urine and found that it showed it to be pH6. He wonders how much more concentrated the hydrogen ions are in his coffee (pH5)

his coffee has ten time the hydrogen ion concentration of his urine

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) help give the ground substance some of its qualities, including ______

holding water and maintaining electrolyte balance

Would a truly fat-free diet be healthy? Why or why not?

human bodies cannot manufacture certain kinds of lipids, the essential fatty acids

Marfan syndrome is a hereditary defect of elastin fibers. People with this syndrome have _______

hyperextensive joints

After six months of lifting weights at the gym, you notice that some of your muscles have increased in size. This increase in size is due to _______ of muscle cells

hypertrophy

A red blood cell is placed into an unknown solution. Later, the cells appear to be swollen and come have burst. you conclude that the solution is this

hypotonic

When a boy is standing on his head, his chin is _________ to his mouth

inferior

Sodium chloride (NaCl) is held together by this kind of bonding

ionic

A patient was severly dehydrated, losing a large amount of fluid. The patient was given intravenous fluids of normal saline. Normal saline is ________ to your blood cells and is about ______ NaCl

isotonic; 0.9%

Na+ (sodium) is a cation because of this

it is positively charged

This can be said of translation

it requires tRNA and ribosomes a codon specifies for one amino acid proteins are synthesized ALL OF THESE

In its second-messenger role, cAMP enzymes ________, whose job is to regulate other enzymes by adding phosphate groups to them

kinases

Cells that synthesize large amounts of lipids would have this

large amounts of smooth ER

The histological section that divides a specimen along its long axis is called a(n) _________ section

longitudinal

The following statement can be said about enzymes

lowers activation energy of reactions regulates chemical activities in the body 3D shape is essential for normal functions ALL OF THESE

What organelle is most active in causing programmed cell death

lysosome

______ glands (such as tear glands) have vesicles that release their secretion via exocytosis. ________ glands (such as oil-producing glands) secrete a mixture of disintegrated cells and their products

merocrine; holocrine

The pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi in smokers may transform into stratified squamous epithelium. this is an example of

metaplasia

The plasma membrane of cells lining the small intestine has _________, which are specialized for absorption of nutrients

microvilli

Muscle cells contain numerous ______ to serve their high demand for ATP

mitochondria

This organelle produces large amounts of ATP

mitrochondria

Mucin is secreted by _________ glands, which combines with water to form a think and sticky product. ________ glands produce a relatively watery fluid

mucous; serous

Nervous tissue consists predominantly of two cell types, neurons and ______

neuroglia

These channel proteins are always open and are responsible for the permeability of the plasma membrane to ions

nongated ion channels

_______ epithelium provides a moist and slippery surface and is well suited to resist stress, as seen in the ________

nonkeratinized; vagina

Transcription occurs in the ________, but most translation occurs in the _______

nucleus; cytoplasm

The number of particles of a solute in a solution is described by its _______. The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume in a cell is referred to as its _________

osmolarity; tonicity

This occurs when an excess of H+ are added to a solution

pH decreases, acidity increases

Proteins that do not produce into the phospholipid bilayer, but adhere to the surface of the plasma membrane, are called

peripheral proteins

__________ decompose fatty acids, and detoxify alcohol, free radicals, and drugs

peroxisomes

With regard to the healing of a skin wound, macrophages ________

phagocytize and digest tissue debris

The most abundant molecules in the plasma membrane are

phospholipids

The plasma membrane is mostly made of molecules that have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. These molecules are called

phospholipids

These molecules make up the bilayer found in the cell membrane

phospolipids

What function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed

protein synthesis

These subatomic particles account for most of the mass of an atom

protons and neutrons

All cells in _______ epithelium reach the basement membrane, but only cells that reach the free surface area have cilia

pseudostratified columnar

Membrane proteins that bind to signals by which cells communicate are called

receptors

In the intestine, ______ ensure(s) that most digested nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not between them

tight junctions

The term _______ refers to a membrane that allows some things to pass through it, but not others

selectively permeable

An epithelium whose cells are tall and narrow, with each one touching the basement membrane and reaching the apical surface, is called ______ epithelium

simple columnar

A brush border of microvilli is found in ________ epithelium, which can be found in the _______

simple columnar; small intestine

Most kidney tubules are made of ______ epithelial tissue, which is specialized for absorption and secretion

simple cuboidal

Rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs takes place through _____ epithelium

simple squamous

_______ epithelium is associated with rapid transport of substances through a membrane, whereas ______ epithelium is associated with resistance to abrasion

simple squamous; stratified squamous

Which of the following organelles is not involved in protein synthesis

smooth ER

Among other functions, hepatocytes (liver cells) are specialized for detoxifying drugs or other chemicals. Hepatocytes have large amounts of

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Which organelle synthesizes steroids in the ovary and stores calcium in muscle cells

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Astronauts in zero gravity are able to more food through their digestive tracts because______

smooth muscle produces waves of contractions that propel material through the digestive tract

________ epithelium is the most widespread epithelium in the body, whereas _______ epithelium is rare

stratified squamous; stratified columnar

Skeletal muscle is described as _______

striated and voluntary

Collagenous fibers are very abundant in ________

tendons, ligaments, and the deeper portion of the skin

This structure of a protein comes from the further bending and folding of pleated sheets and helices

tertiary

This level of organization consists of groups of similar looking cells with its surrounding material working together to perform a function

tissue

Copying genetic information from DNA into RNA is called ________; using the information contained in mRNA to make a polypeptide is called _______

transcription; translation

Found in the urinary bladder, ______ epithelium resembles _______ epithelium, but the apical cells are rounded, not flattened

transitional; stratified squamous

Blood functions to ________

transport nutrients to the tissues

Which of these is an example of active transport?

transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration

The sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump transports both sodium and potassium _______ their concentration gradients in a process called ________

up; active transport

The sodium-potassium pump performs this function

uses ATP moves sodium ions out of the cell moves potassium ions into the cell ALL OF THESE

Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If solution A has a higher concentration of a nonpermeating solute than solution B, then ______

water will pass down its concentration gradient from solution B to A

Why are fat-soluble toxins more rapidly taken in through diffusion than water-soluble poisons

we would expect a fat-soluble materials to be more easily passed through the cell membrane since it consists of around 98% lipids. A number of the nerve gases enter the body through the skin quite easily since they are lipid-soluble