Exam 2

Hank is helping his friend Marie conduct a study on helping behavior by pretending to drop a pile of papers and seeing if people offer to help him pick them up. Marie hides behind a tree and observes the interactions. This is an example of ______. A. naturalistic observation B. overt observation C. covert observation D. nonparticipant observation

Covert observation

Which of the following is an advantage of observational research compared to survey research? A. Observational research examines what people actually do, not what they say they do. B. Observational research is less time-consuming than survey research. C. They are less prone to observer bias than survey research. D. Observational research requires less training of experimenters compared to survey research.

Observational research examines what people actually do, not what they say they do.

Which of the following is an advantage of archival research? A. The data analyses have already been completed. B. Some archives span a large time frame so they allow for analysis of historical trends. C. The fit between your hypothesis and the data is likely to be quite good. D. Access to personal information can be obtained without informed consent.

Some archives span a large time frame so they allow for analysis of historical trends

Gus is asking a standard set of questions to each of his participants one-on-one. He doesn't vary the order or manner in which they are asked. He is using which descriptive method? A. semi-structured interview B. questionnaire C. observational research D. structured interview

Structure interview

A preliminary study with a small sample to test measures and/or procedures is known as a(n) ______ study. A. interview B. covert C. blind D. pilot

pilot

The group of people, animals, or archives you are interested in examining is your ______. A. population B. subpopulation C. sample D. sampling bias

population

The order in which runners finish a 5K race represents the ______ scale of measurement. A. interval B. ordinal C. ratio D. nominal

ordinal

35. Researchers typically aim for a ______ confidence interval. A. 99% B. 95% C. 10% D. 5%

5%

36. Researchers often choose a ______ confidence level. A. 95% B. 75% C. 10% D. 5%

5%

32. Which of the following is an example of a cluster? A. a sample B. a neighborhood C. a participant D. a population

B. a neighborhood

Jesse is conducting an observational study of fast food purchases and before starting the observation period, he creates a list of possible purchases (e.g., "soda," "hamburger," "fries") so when collecting data, he can quickly mark what each person purchases. He has chosen to use a ______ to collect his data. A. narrative B. rating scale C. checklist D. questionnaire Ans: C

C. Checklist

17. Which of the following is true? A. Covert observation is more likely to be influenced by the social desirability bias than overt observation. B. Overt observation is better at capturing participants' natural and spontaneous reactions to situations than covert observation. C. Researchers are more likely to give participants time to acclimate to being observed with covert observation than with overt observation. D. Covert observation requires consideration of the ethics involved with observing someone without their awareness while overt observation does not. Ans: D

Covert observation requires consideration of the ethics involved with observing someone without their awareness while overt observation does not.

1. ______ research is designed to answer the "who, what, where, when, and how" questions. A. Correlational B. Descriptive C. Experimental D. Relational

Descriptive

Which of the following is true about validity and observational research? A. Neither internal validity nor external validity need be considered with observational research. B. Both internal validity and external validity need to be considered with observational research. C. Internal validity needs to be considered more than external validity when conducting observational research. D. External validity needs to be considered more than internal validity when conducting observational research.

External validity needs to be considered more than internal validity when conducting observational research.

6. Construct validity is almost impossible to establish in psychology because we deal with so many hypothetical constructs.

F

8. Results of a study cannot be reliable unless they are valid.

F

Divergent validity is supported when a researcher finds a positive correlation between the scores of two tests measuring different constructs.

F

28. After computing Cronbach's alpha on her scale of verbal aggression, Makayla finds = .72. What can she conclude? A. Her scale shows acceptable internal consistency. B. Her scale shows acceptable content validity. C. Her scale is not reliable. D. Her scale is not valid.

Her scale shows acceptable internal consistency.

7. ______ are one-on-one conversations directed by a researcher. A. Questionnaires B. Interviews C. Experiments D. Observational studies

Interviews

23. How is inter-rater reliability different from the other forms of measurement reliability? A. It requires ratings by at least two of the participants. B. It is only computed on forced-choice response formats. C. It requires that at least two observers or raters provide independent scores. D. It measures the global sense of consistency rather than that of individual participants.

It requires that at least two observers or raters provide independent scores.

40. Which of the following is true of nonprobability sampling? A. It's less time-consuming than probability sampling. B. It relies on random selection. C. It is less prone to sampling bias than probability sampling. D. You can always be certain to have a representative sample. E. all of these

It's less time-consuming than probability sampling.

Runners rate their energy level on a 7-point scale as they finish the race, with 1 = no energy and 7 = a great deal of energy. This measure is a commonly used type of interval scale response and is called a(n) ______. A. equal interval rating scale B. likability rating scale C. Likert-type scale D. ranking of options scale

Likert-type scale

10. Which of the following is an advantage of using questionnaires rather than interviews? A. Participants are likely to take the research more seriously. B. Observations of how participants answer questions can be included in the study. C. Maintaining anonymity is easier with questionnaires. D. The accuracy of responses is likely to increase.

Maintaining anonymity is easier with questionnaires.

18. Saul examines flirting behavior at a fraternity party where the partygoers are unaware that they are being watched. Rather than be present at the party making observations, Saul uses footage from security cameras located around the fraternity's public spaces. Saul is conducting ______. A. naturalistic observations B. contrived observations C. overt observations D. participant observation Ans: A

Naturalistic observation.

A preliminary study with a small sample to test measures and/or procedures is known as a(n) ______ study. A. interview B. covert C. blind D. pilot

Pilot

You are training for a 10K race and want to know if your running time is decreasing so you use your cell phone to time your runs which follow the same course each day. You find that your running times vary by more than 5 min and not always in the same direction. According to your cell phone, sometimes you go faster and sometimes slower. You begin to question the ______ of the stopwatch on your cell phone. A. reliability B. validity C. confounding variability D. warranty

Reliability

33. Which of the following is true about the size of a probability sample? A. The larger the sample, the closer it will be to representing the full population. B. The smaller the sample, the closer it will be to representing the full population. C. You should always strive to have an extremely large probability sample. D. You should always strive to have an extremely small and specific probability sample.

The larger the sample, the closer it will be to representing the full population

A measure can be reliable but not valid.

True

26. Criterion validity assesses the correlation between ______. A. a scale and its alternate form B. a scale and a behavioral measure C. two scales measuring the same concept D. the even and odd items in a scale

a scale and a behavioral measure

Validity deals with ______, while reliability deals with ______. A. accuracy; consistency B. consistency; accuracy C. confounds; causation D. causation; correlation

accuracy; consistency

The external validity of a study refers to the ability to ______. A. generalize findings to other settings B. generalize findings to other people C. generalize findings to other methods D. all of the above are accurate

all of the above are accurate

29. What is the first step you should complete before entering data for analysis? A. check the reliability of any scales B. enter codes for missing data C. check the accuracy of your data entry D. recode variables as necessary

check the accuracy of your data entry

Questionnaire items that use a Likert-type response are one example of a(n) ______. A. close-ended response format B. open-ended response format C. scale score D. items that will need coding

close-ended response format

Hank is helping his friend Marie conduct a study on helping behavior by pretending to drop a pile of papers and seeing if people offer to help him pick them up. Hank's role in this study is as a ______. A. surveyor B. sample C. participant D. confederate Ans: D

confederate

A ______ is an estimation of the margin of error for your scores. A. confidence level B. confidential level C. quasi-experimental interval D. confidence interval

confidence interval

Although Joan found that the type of cell phone ring affected test scores, she also discovered that over half of the students in the control (no ring) condition wore earplugs while taking the test. The earplugs are a possible ______. A. confounding variable B. control variable C. random variable D. systematic condition

confounding variable

24. Alex studies the literature before developing items for his scale on plagiarism. He then sends the scale to three faculty members who have published in this area for their evaluation of whether the items represent plagiarism. Alex is trying to establish the ______ validity of his scale. A. criterion B. concurrent C. convergent D. content Ans: D

content

25. Alice has developed a scale assessing the extroversion of young adults. She has college students complete her new scale and an existing scale of extroversion. She is hoping to find that scores on the two scales are positively correlated. Alex is testing the ______ of her scale. A. alternate forms reliability B. content validity C. convergent validity D. criterion validity

convergent validity

Too much focus on the internal validity of a study tends to ______ the external validity of the study. A. increase B. have no effect on C. decrease D. multiply

decrease

30. What is the first step in simple random sampling? A. randomly select a sample from your population B. identify all members of the population C. define the population D. identify the groups that you want to be proportionately represented in your sample

define the population

Many studies in psychology use students in lower level psychology classes as participants. This fact means the ______ of these studies may be limited to students in these classes. A. external validity B. internal validity C. reliability D. control

external validity

The degree to which we can say that a study's results are accurate for other settings and people assessed with different procedures is called ______. A. experimentation B. correlation C. external validity D. internal validity

external validity

Focusing on the external validity of a study will increase its internal validity.

false

6. Which of the following represents the best operational definition of plagiarism? A. making a higher grade than expected B. including a phrase of more than three words from another source without citing that source C. copying work D. not paraphrasing properly

including a phrase of more than three words from another source without citing that source

The degree to which we can say that changes in one variable were caused by changes in another variable is called ______. A. replication B. correlation C. external validity D. internal validity

internal validity

Runners rate their energy level on a 10-point scale as they finish the race. This measure represents the ______ scale of measurement. A. interval B. ordinal C. ratio D. nominal

interval

30. A researcher repeats a study in exactly the same way. This is called a ______ and tests study ______. A. literal replication; validity B. conceptual replication; validity C. literal replication; reliability D. conceptual replication; reliability

literal replication; reliability

A sampling technique in which the researcher seeks out the full range of extremes in the population is also known as ______. A. cluster sampling B. quota sampling C. maximum variation sampling D. snowball sampling

maximum variation sampling

12. The number each runner is assigned to wear in a 5K race represents the ______ scale of measurement. A. interval B. ordinal C. ratio D. nominal

nominal

Dr. Gomez wasn't able to collect data from 100% of his selected sample. Unfortunately, the people he was able to collect data from differed from those people who didn't provided data. In other words, he was dealing with ______. A. nonresponse bias B. observer bias C. sampling bias D. population bias Ans: A

nonresponse bias

4. Survey research can allow researchers to ______. A. measure physiological responses B. obtain information about people's feelings that they don't want to share C. obtain information about behaviors that cannot be observed D. tell if people are lying Pros

obtain information about behaviors that cannot be observed

Questionnaire items that require respondents to generate their own answers use a(n) ______ response format. A. free response B. open-ended C. close-ended D. recoded

open-ended

A precise explanation of a variable in terms of how it is measured or manipulated is called a(n) ______. A. qualitative measure B. operational definition C. construct D. quantitative measure

operational definition

27. A researcher uses scores of first year students on the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) to predict whether the students will be active members of a campus club, sports team, or organization at the end of their first year. The researcher is testing the ______ of the survey. A. concurrent validity B. predictive validity C. convergent validity D. content validity

predictive validity

26. When all members of a population have an equal chance of being selected to participate in a study, you are using ______. A. random assignment B. cluster sampling C. nonresponse bias D. probability sampling

probability sampling

7. A researcher is interested in children's attention during reading lessons. She has second grade teachers write a summary of a different target child's behavior during the lesson each day for a week. This measure is an example of a(n) ______. A. ratio measure B. operational measure C. qualitative measure D. quantitative measure

qualitative measure

A researcher is interested in children's attention during reading lessons. He has observers in a second grade classroom count the number of times a target child looks away from the reading passage within a 5-min period. This measure is an example of a(n) ______. A. nominal measure B. operational measure C. qualitative measure D. quantitative measure

quantitative measure

41. Which of the following is a type of nonprobability sampling? A. cluster sampling B. stratified random sampling C. quota sampling D. simple random sampling

quota sampling

The time it takes to run a 5K race represents the ______ scale of measurement. A. interval B. ordinal C. ratio D. nominal

ratio

You are training for a 10K race and want to know if your running time is decreasing so you use your cell phone to time your runs which follow the same course each day. You find that your running times vary by more than 5 min and not always in the same direction. According to your cell phone, sometimes you go faster and sometimes slower. You begin to question the ______ of the stopwatch on your cell phone. A. reliability B. validity C. confounding variability D. warrant

reliability

31. Aaron found that educating first year undergraduates in an English class about the penalties for plagiarism resulted in fewer violations for the class than for those not exposed to the education. He then provided the same education program the next year to another group of first year undergraduates in an English class. The term used to describe the process Aaron followed is ______. A. experimentation B. random sampling C. random assignment D. replication

replication

Holly decides to do archival research using data from several governmental agencies. In other words, she is using ______. A. primary data B. secondary data C. confederate data D. pilot data

secondary data

5. Self-reports may be inaccurate due to the ______. A. descriptive nature of surveys B. external validity of surveys C. social desirability bias D. internal validity of surveys Cons

social desirability bias

21. Chris wants to assess whether the responses to a self-control scale are internally consistent. She could do this by computing the ______ reliability of her scale. A. alternate forms B. test-retest C. inter-rater D. split-half

split-half

28. Which of the following is a type of probability sampling? A. snowball sampling B. convenience sampling C. stratified random sampling D. quota sampling Ans: C

stratified random sampling

The type of probability sampling that results in the sample representing key subpopulations based on specific characteristics is ______. A. simple random sampling B. convenience sampling C. stratified random sampling D. cluster sampling

stratified random sampling

If Skyler asks people about their attitudes toward the current mayor, she is conducting ______. A. an experimental study B. survey research C. a quasi-experimental study D. archival research

survey research

22. A measure that assesses the reliability of scale scores over time is called ______. A. Cronbach's alpha B. test-retest reliability C. split-half reliability D. alternate forms reliability Ans: B

test-retest reliability

2. Validity and reliability are dealt with from two perspectives or in regard to ______. A. personal issues and professional examples B. participant confounds and experimenter measures C. the study level and the measurement level D. the manipulation of variables and the data collection

the study level and the measurement level

2. A descriptive study would NOT be appropriate to use to meet which of the following goals? A. to describe the prevalence of a particular disease B. to explore a phenomenon in depth C. to examine a phenomenon in a different population D. to determine a cause-and-effect relationship between variables

to determine a cause-and-effect relationship between variables

3. Researchers are suspicious of face validity because it is often based on only one person's view.

true

Internal validity of a study is at risk when something other than the independent variable (IV) caused a change in the dependent variable (DV).

true

he internal consistency of a scale is questioned when Cronbach's α < .70.

true

Noting the dirt paths at the end of the school year that were created by students as they walk across grass spaces on campus is an example of a(n) ______ measure. A. unobtrusive B. open-ended C. explicit D. overt

unobtrusive

A scale that measures what it is supposed to measure is ______. A. reliable B. valid C. true D. operational

valid