Exam 2
Hank is helping his friend Marie conduct a study on helping behavior by pretending to drop a pile of papers and seeing if people offer to help him pick them up. Marie hides behind a tree and observes the interactions. This is an example of ______. A. naturalistic observation B. overt observation C. covert observation D. nonparticipant observation
Covert observation
Which of the following is an advantage of observational research compared to survey research? A. Observational research examines what people actually do, not what they say they do. B. Observational research is less time-consuming than survey research. C. They are less prone to observer bias than survey research. D. Observational research requires less training of experimenters compared to survey research.
Observational research examines what people actually do, not what they say they do.
Which of the following is an advantage of archival research? A. The data analyses have already been completed. B. Some archives span a large time frame so they allow for analysis of historical trends. C. The fit between your hypothesis and the data is likely to be quite good. D. Access to personal information can be obtained without informed consent.
Some archives span a large time frame so they allow for analysis of historical trends
Gus is asking a standard set of questions to each of his participants one-on-one. He doesn't vary the order or manner in which they are asked. He is using which descriptive method? A. semi-structured interview B. questionnaire C. observational research D. structured interview
Structure interview
A preliminary study with a small sample to test measures and/or procedures is known as a(n) ______ study. A. interview B. covert C. blind D. pilot
pilot
The group of people, animals, or archives you are interested in examining is your ______. A. population B. subpopulation C. sample D. sampling bias
population
The order in which runners finish a 5K race represents the ______ scale of measurement. A. interval B. ordinal C. ratio D. nominal
ordinal
35. Researchers typically aim for a ______ confidence interval. A. 99% B. 95% C. 10% D. 5%
5%
36. Researchers often choose a ______ confidence level. A. 95% B. 75% C. 10% D. 5%
5%
32. Which of the following is an example of a cluster? A. a sample B. a neighborhood C. a participant D. a population
B. a neighborhood
Jesse is conducting an observational study of fast food purchases and before starting the observation period, he creates a list of possible purchases (e.g., "soda," "hamburger," "fries") so when collecting data, he can quickly mark what each person purchases. He has chosen to use a ______ to collect his data. A. narrative B. rating scale C. checklist D. questionnaire Ans: C
C. Checklist
17. Which of the following is true? A. Covert observation is more likely to be influenced by the social desirability bias than overt observation. B. Overt observation is better at capturing participants' natural and spontaneous reactions to situations than covert observation. C. Researchers are more likely to give participants time to acclimate to being observed with covert observation than with overt observation. D. Covert observation requires consideration of the ethics involved with observing someone without their awareness while overt observation does not. Ans: D
Covert observation requires consideration of the ethics involved with observing someone without their awareness while overt observation does not.
1. ______ research is designed to answer the "who, what, where, when, and how" questions. A. Correlational B. Descriptive C. Experimental D. Relational
Descriptive
Which of the following is true about validity and observational research? A. Neither internal validity nor external validity need be considered with observational research. B. Both internal validity and external validity need to be considered with observational research. C. Internal validity needs to be considered more than external validity when conducting observational research. D. External validity needs to be considered more than internal validity when conducting observational research.
External validity needs to be considered more than internal validity when conducting observational research.
6. Construct validity is almost impossible to establish in psychology because we deal with so many hypothetical constructs.
F
8. Results of a study cannot be reliable unless they are valid.
F
Divergent validity is supported when a researcher finds a positive correlation between the scores of two tests measuring different constructs.
F
28. After computing Cronbach's alpha on her scale of verbal aggression, Makayla finds = .72. What can she conclude? A. Her scale shows acceptable internal consistency. B. Her scale shows acceptable content validity. C. Her scale is not reliable. D. Her scale is not valid.
Her scale shows acceptable internal consistency.
7. ______ are one-on-one conversations directed by a researcher. A. Questionnaires B. Interviews C. Experiments D. Observational studies
Interviews
23. How is inter-rater reliability different from the other forms of measurement reliability? A. It requires ratings by at least two of the participants. B. It is only computed on forced-choice response formats. C. It requires that at least two observers or raters provide independent scores. D. It measures the global sense of consistency rather than that of individual participants.
It requires that at least two observers or raters provide independent scores.
40. Which of the following is true of nonprobability sampling? A. It's less time-consuming than probability sampling. B. It relies on random selection. C. It is less prone to sampling bias than probability sampling. D. You can always be certain to have a representative sample. E. all of these
It's less time-consuming than probability sampling.
Runners rate their energy level on a 7-point scale as they finish the race, with 1 = no energy and 7 = a great deal of energy. This measure is a commonly used type of interval scale response and is called a(n) ______. A. equal interval rating scale B. likability rating scale C. Likert-type scale D. ranking of options scale
Likert-type scale
10. Which of the following is an advantage of using questionnaires rather than interviews? A. Participants are likely to take the research more seriously. B. Observations of how participants answer questions can be included in the study. C. Maintaining anonymity is easier with questionnaires. D. The accuracy of responses is likely to increase.
Maintaining anonymity is easier with questionnaires.
18. Saul examines flirting behavior at a fraternity party where the partygoers are unaware that they are being watched. Rather than be present at the party making observations, Saul uses footage from security cameras located around the fraternity's public spaces. Saul is conducting ______. A. naturalistic observations B. contrived observations C. overt observations D. participant observation Ans: A
Naturalistic observation.
A preliminary study with a small sample to test measures and/or procedures is known as a(n) ______ study. A. interview B. covert C. blind D. pilot
Pilot
You are training for a 10K race and want to know if your running time is decreasing so you use your cell phone to time your runs which follow the same course each day. You find that your running times vary by more than 5 min and not always in the same direction. According to your cell phone, sometimes you go faster and sometimes slower. You begin to question the ______ of the stopwatch on your cell phone. A. reliability B. validity C. confounding variability D. warranty
Reliability
33. Which of the following is true about the size of a probability sample? A. The larger the sample, the closer it will be to representing the full population. B. The smaller the sample, the closer it will be to representing the full population. C. You should always strive to have an extremely large probability sample. D. You should always strive to have an extremely small and specific probability sample.
The larger the sample, the closer it will be to representing the full population
A measure can be reliable but not valid.
True
26. Criterion validity assesses the correlation between ______. A. a scale and its alternate form B. a scale and a behavioral measure C. two scales measuring the same concept D. the even and odd items in a scale
a scale and a behavioral measure
Validity deals with ______, while reliability deals with ______. A. accuracy; consistency B. consistency; accuracy C. confounds; causation D. causation; correlation
accuracy; consistency
The external validity of a study refers to the ability to ______. A. generalize findings to other settings B. generalize findings to other people C. generalize findings to other methods D. all of the above are accurate
all of the above are accurate
29. What is the first step you should complete before entering data for analysis? A. check the reliability of any scales B. enter codes for missing data C. check the accuracy of your data entry D. recode variables as necessary
check the accuracy of your data entry
Questionnaire items that use a Likert-type response are one example of a(n) ______. A. close-ended response format B. open-ended response format C. scale score D. items that will need coding
close-ended response format
Hank is helping his friend Marie conduct a study on helping behavior by pretending to drop a pile of papers and seeing if people offer to help him pick them up. Hank's role in this study is as a ______. A. surveyor B. sample C. participant D. confederate Ans: D
confederate
A ______ is an estimation of the margin of error for your scores. A. confidence level B. confidential level C. quasi-experimental interval D. confidence interval
confidence interval
Although Joan found that the type of cell phone ring affected test scores, she also discovered that over half of the students in the control (no ring) condition wore earplugs while taking the test. The earplugs are a possible ______. A. confounding variable B. control variable C. random variable D. systematic condition
confounding variable
24. Alex studies the literature before developing items for his scale on plagiarism. He then sends the scale to three faculty members who have published in this area for their evaluation of whether the items represent plagiarism. Alex is trying to establish the ______ validity of his scale. A. criterion B. concurrent C. convergent D. content Ans: D
content
25. Alice has developed a scale assessing the extroversion of young adults. She has college students complete her new scale and an existing scale of extroversion. She is hoping to find that scores on the two scales are positively correlated. Alex is testing the ______ of her scale. A. alternate forms reliability B. content validity C. convergent validity D. criterion validity
convergent validity
Too much focus on the internal validity of a study tends to ______ the external validity of the study. A. increase B. have no effect on C. decrease D. multiply
decrease
30. What is the first step in simple random sampling? A. randomly select a sample from your population B. identify all members of the population C. define the population D. identify the groups that you want to be proportionately represented in your sample
define the population
Many studies in psychology use students in lower level psychology classes as participants. This fact means the ______ of these studies may be limited to students in these classes. A. external validity B. internal validity C. reliability D. control
external validity
The degree to which we can say that a study's results are accurate for other settings and people assessed with different procedures is called ______. A. experimentation B. correlation C. external validity D. internal validity
external validity
Focusing on the external validity of a study will increase its internal validity.
false
6. Which of the following represents the best operational definition of plagiarism? A. making a higher grade than expected B. including a phrase of more than three words from another source without citing that source C. copying work D. not paraphrasing properly
including a phrase of more than three words from another source without citing that source
The degree to which we can say that changes in one variable were caused by changes in another variable is called ______. A. replication B. correlation C. external validity D. internal validity
internal validity
Runners rate their energy level on a 10-point scale as they finish the race. This measure represents the ______ scale of measurement. A. interval B. ordinal C. ratio D. nominal
interval
30. A researcher repeats a study in exactly the same way. This is called a ______ and tests study ______. A. literal replication; validity B. conceptual replication; validity C. literal replication; reliability D. conceptual replication; reliability
literal replication; reliability
A sampling technique in which the researcher seeks out the full range of extremes in the population is also known as ______. A. cluster sampling B. quota sampling C. maximum variation sampling D. snowball sampling
maximum variation sampling
12. The number each runner is assigned to wear in a 5K race represents the ______ scale of measurement. A. interval B. ordinal C. ratio D. nominal
nominal
Dr. Gomez wasn't able to collect data from 100% of his selected sample. Unfortunately, the people he was able to collect data from differed from those people who didn't provided data. In other words, he was dealing with ______. A. nonresponse bias B. observer bias C. sampling bias D. population bias Ans: A
nonresponse bias
4. Survey research can allow researchers to ______. A. measure physiological responses B. obtain information about people's feelings that they don't want to share C. obtain information about behaviors that cannot be observed D. tell if people are lying Pros
obtain information about behaviors that cannot be observed
Questionnaire items that require respondents to generate their own answers use a(n) ______ response format. A. free response B. open-ended C. close-ended D. recoded
open-ended
A precise explanation of a variable in terms of how it is measured or manipulated is called a(n) ______. A. qualitative measure B. operational definition C. construct D. quantitative measure
operational definition
27. A researcher uses scores of first year students on the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) to predict whether the students will be active members of a campus club, sports team, or organization at the end of their first year. The researcher is testing the ______ of the survey. A. concurrent validity B. predictive validity C. convergent validity D. content validity
predictive validity
26. When all members of a population have an equal chance of being selected to participate in a study, you are using ______. A. random assignment B. cluster sampling C. nonresponse bias D. probability sampling
probability sampling
7. A researcher is interested in children's attention during reading lessons. She has second grade teachers write a summary of a different target child's behavior during the lesson each day for a week. This measure is an example of a(n) ______. A. ratio measure B. operational measure C. qualitative measure D. quantitative measure
qualitative measure
A researcher is interested in children's attention during reading lessons. He has observers in a second grade classroom count the number of times a target child looks away from the reading passage within a 5-min period. This measure is an example of a(n) ______. A. nominal measure B. operational measure C. qualitative measure D. quantitative measure
quantitative measure
41. Which of the following is a type of nonprobability sampling? A. cluster sampling B. stratified random sampling C. quota sampling D. simple random sampling
quota sampling
The time it takes to run a 5K race represents the ______ scale of measurement. A. interval B. ordinal C. ratio D. nominal
ratio
You are training for a 10K race and want to know if your running time is decreasing so you use your cell phone to time your runs which follow the same course each day. You find that your running times vary by more than 5 min and not always in the same direction. According to your cell phone, sometimes you go faster and sometimes slower. You begin to question the ______ of the stopwatch on your cell phone. A. reliability B. validity C. confounding variability D. warrant
reliability
31. Aaron found that educating first year undergraduates in an English class about the penalties for plagiarism resulted in fewer violations for the class than for those not exposed to the education. He then provided the same education program the next year to another group of first year undergraduates in an English class. The term used to describe the process Aaron followed is ______. A. experimentation B. random sampling C. random assignment D. replication
replication
Holly decides to do archival research using data from several governmental agencies. In other words, she is using ______. A. primary data B. secondary data C. confederate data D. pilot data
secondary data
5. Self-reports may be inaccurate due to the ______. A. descriptive nature of surveys B. external validity of surveys C. social desirability bias D. internal validity of surveys Cons
social desirability bias
21. Chris wants to assess whether the responses to a self-control scale are internally consistent. She could do this by computing the ______ reliability of her scale. A. alternate forms B. test-retest C. inter-rater D. split-half
split-half
28. Which of the following is a type of probability sampling? A. snowball sampling B. convenience sampling C. stratified random sampling D. quota sampling Ans: C
stratified random sampling
The type of probability sampling that results in the sample representing key subpopulations based on specific characteristics is ______. A. simple random sampling B. convenience sampling C. stratified random sampling D. cluster sampling
stratified random sampling
If Skyler asks people about their attitudes toward the current mayor, she is conducting ______. A. an experimental study B. survey research C. a quasi-experimental study D. archival research
survey research
22. A measure that assesses the reliability of scale scores over time is called ______. A. Cronbach's alpha B. test-retest reliability C. split-half reliability D. alternate forms reliability Ans: B
test-retest reliability
2. Validity and reliability are dealt with from two perspectives or in regard to ______. A. personal issues and professional examples B. participant confounds and experimenter measures C. the study level and the measurement level D. the manipulation of variables and the data collection
the study level and the measurement level
2. A descriptive study would NOT be appropriate to use to meet which of the following goals? A. to describe the prevalence of a particular disease B. to explore a phenomenon in depth C. to examine a phenomenon in a different population D. to determine a cause-and-effect relationship between variables
to determine a cause-and-effect relationship between variables
3. Researchers are suspicious of face validity because it is often based on only one person's view.
true
Internal validity of a study is at risk when something other than the independent variable (IV) caused a change in the dependent variable (DV).
true
he internal consistency of a scale is questioned when Cronbach's α < .70.
true
Noting the dirt paths at the end of the school year that were created by students as they walk across grass spaces on campus is an example of a(n) ______ measure. A. unobtrusive B. open-ended C. explicit D. overt
unobtrusive
A scale that measures what it is supposed to measure is ______. A. reliable B. valid C. true D. operational
valid
