Exam 2

MNCs would be wise to apply motivation-hygiene theory on _______ basis.

A country-by-country or a regional

Salary under Herzberg's theory is:

A hygiene factor

Content-oriented theories examine motivation in more general terms and are more useful in creating a composite picture of employee motivation in _____.

A particular country or region

The least important goal for professional technical personnel from various countries is:

A successful company

To negotiate effectively, which of the following is not recommended?

Accept the tendency to formulate simple, consistent, stable images.

_____ theory holds that individuals can have a need to get ahead, to attain success, and to reach objectives.

Achievement motivation

This individual monitors follower performance and takes corrective action when deviations from standards occur.

Active management-by-exception leader

The process of evaluating how well a family is likely to stand up to the stress of overseas life is referred to as:

Adaptability screening

In recent years, international human resources management scholars have developed theoretical models that help to explain the factors involved in effectively adjusting to overseas assignments. These models are called:

Adjustment models

Hygiene factors include all of the following except:

Advancement

This style of communication is characterized by language, which requires the listener to carefully note what is being said and to observe how the sender is presenting the message.

Affective

These are an expensive feature of expatriate compensation packages.

Allowances

The leadership process used by Japanese managers places a strong emphasis on _____ goals.

Ambiguous

Research by Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner shows that Arab negotiators:

Analyze things subjectively and treat deadlines as only general guidelines for wrapping up negotiations

Compared to nonentrepreneurs, entrepreneurs typically

Are more creative and innovative

A(n) _____ is an evaluation tool that is used to identify individuals with the potential to be selected or promoted to higher-level positions.

Assessment center

General Motors' decision to close some of its U.S. factories and to establish production operations on a worldwide basis is a strategic move aiming to:

Attack competition

French and German managers tend to use work-centered and _____ approach to leadership.

Authoritarian

The focus of attention of this leadership style usually is on work progress, work procedures, and roadblocks that are preventing goal attainment.

Authoritarian

This leadership style is widely used by Theory X managers, who believe that final decisions should be in the hands of the higher-level employees and that a continued focus on the task is compatible with the kind of people they are dealing with.

Authoritarian

Leader behaviors can be translated into three commonly recognized styles. These are:

Authoritarian, paternalistic, and participative

The most common elements in the typical expatriate compensation package include:

Base salary, benefits, allowances, incentives, and taxes

Nevis suggested that a Chinese hierarchy of needs would have four levels, which from lowest to highest would be:

Belonging, physiological, safety, and self-actualization in the service of society

______ do not use silent periods at all during negotiations, but they do make frequent use of other nonverbal behaviors.

Brazilians

Research conducted by John L. Graham shows that during a buyer-seller negotiation simulation:

Brazilians use self-disclosures more than the Americans

This approach to developing an expatriate compensation package entails giving the individual a series of options and letting the person decide how to spend the available funds.

Cafeteria approach

A company is likely to ________ decision-making processes when there are important brand names or patent rights involved as it wants to create as much protection as possible.

Centralize

The more sophisticated the level of technology, the greater the use of _____ decision making.

Centralized

When the subsidiary is selling new products in growing markets, _____ decision making is more likely.

Centralized

Which of the following leaders has explored how the individual ability of an executive works to inspire and motivate his/her subordinates?

Charismatic

In the United States, it is common to wear black when one is in mourning, while in some locations in India people wear white when they are in mourning. This is an example of:

Chromatics

The way in which time is used in a culture is referred to as:

Chronemics

Researchers have suggested that Maslow's theory needs a(n):

Collectivist perspective

All of the following are relevant to leadership examined in the now classic Haire, Ghiselli, and Porter study except:

Communication skills

Work-motivation theories can be broken down into two general categories, which are:

Content and process

Work-motivation in terms of what arouses, energizes, or initiates employee behavior are explained by:

Content theories

Most research in international human resource management has been _____.

Content-oriented

_____ is the information that surrounds a communication and helps convey the message.

Context

Which style of communication focuses on the speaker and relationship of the parties?

Contextual

Which of the following leaders clarifies what needs to be done and provides both psychic and material rewards to those who comply with his/her directives?

Contingent reward leader

One technique associated with TQM is the use of ongoing training to achieve:

Continual improvement

Kaizen is a Japanese term that means:

Continuous improvement

All of the following are accurate depictions of the Japanese approach to leadership except:

Control mechanisms are very explicit; people know exactly what to control and how to do it.

The process of evaluating results in relation to plans or objectives and deciding what action, if any, to take is referred to as:

Controlling

A(n) _____ is a programmed learning technique that is designed to expose members of one culture to some of the basic concepts, attitudes, role perceptions, customs, and values of another.

Cultural assimilator

An individual who is responsible for ensuring that a firm's business systems are in accord with those of the local culture is a(n):

Cultural integrator

A worker's QWL is directly related to his or her country's:

Culture

Today, MNCs taking a TQM approach are:

Customer-driven

Identify the statement which accurately depicts a difference between French and Danish managers in their approach to the decision-making process.

Danes do not emphasize control in operations

Achievement motivation theory is associated with the work of Harvard psychologist:

David McClelland

In domestic situations, when competition increases, management will:

Decentralize authority

The process of choosing a course of action among alternatives is referred to as:

Decision making

If decentralized decision making is in place, decisions are:

Delegated to operating personnel

During the planning stage of negotiations, consideration should be given to all but which of the following areas?

Determining the location in which to discuss the various issues

Two common ways of looking at how MNCs control operations are:

Determining whether the enterprise chooses to use internal or external control and by looking at the ways in which the organization uses direct and indirect controls

Controls that involve face-to-face or personal meetings to monitor operations are:

Direct

Visits by top executives to overseas affiliates or subsidiaries is a common form of:

Direct control

The leadership scholar that coined the terms "Theory X" and "Theory Y" management was:

Douglas McGregor

The transmission of information from manager to subordinate is referred to as:

Downward communication

Which of the following statements about third-country nationals are false?

During periods of rapid expansion, TCNs can substitute for expatriates in well-established operations

The three degrees of communication quantity are:

Elaborate, exacting and succinct

The process of giving individuals and teams the resources, information, and authority they need to develop ideas and effectively implement them is referred to as:

Empowerment

The external control process differs from the internal control in that the external control:

Encourages harmony, responsiveness, and sensibility

Many multinational corporations use _____ as the common language for international communication.

English

This is the primary language of international business and most expatriates from all countries can converse in it.

English

Which of the following is not a quality needed to be a servant leader?

Entrepreneurship

Areas that are examined by the ISO 9000 certification team include all of the following except:

Environmental management standards

Content theories of work motivation include all of the following except the ______ theory.

Equity

According to this theory, if people believe they are not being treated fairly, especially in relation to relevant others, they will be dissatisfied, and this belief will have a negative effect on their job performance.

Equity theory

The tables from Hofstede's research show that _____ needs rank highest for professionals and managers.

Esteem and self-actualization

A(n) _____ MNC puts home-office people in charge of key international management positions.

Ethnocentric

These MNCs do all of their training at their headquarters.

Ethnocentric

The four basic philosophical positions that multinationals can assume and influence a company's training program are:

Ethnocentric, polycentric, regiocentric, and geocentric

The belief that one's own way of doing things is superior to that of others is:

Ethnocentrism

This is common in many large MNCs where managers believe that the home office's approach to doing business can be exported intact to all other countries because this approach is superior to anything at the local level.

Ethnocentrism

The following are accurate representation of the differences in control measures used by European and American managers except:

European firms are more centralized than American firms

Which style of communication focuses on precision and the use of the right amount of words to convey the message?

Exacting

In which step of the negotiation process does each group set forth its position on critical issues?

Exchanging task-related information

________ are most effective when they were in charge of larger subsidiaries or those with a marketing theme similar to that at headquarters.

Expatriates

A Theory X manager believes that under the right conditions, people not only will work hard but seek increased responsibility and challenge.

FALSE

A Theory Z manager believes that, by their nature, people do not like to work and will avoid it whenever possible.

FALSE

A leader who monitors follower performance and takes corrective action when deviations from standards occur is referred to as a contingent reward leader.

FALSE

According to the GLOBE study, humane-oriented leadership is independent and individualistic.

FALSE

All parties to an offshoring arrangement should understand that mutual respect for cultures, both national and corporate, is negotiable.

FALSE

Amazon's target market is significantly larger, but less loyal, than Alibaba's.

FALSE

An approach to developing an expatriate compensation package that involves giving the expat a predetermined amount of money and letting the individual make his/her own decisions regarding how to spend it is referred to as localization.

FALSE

An ethnocentric MNC puts host-office people in charge of key international management positions.

FALSE

As a TQM technique, rewards and recognition tend to be effective universally.

FALSE

Base salary is the amount of money that an expatriate normally receives in the home country plus a cost-of-living adjustment.

FALSE

British managers tend to use a highly autocratic approach to leadership.

FALSE

Communicating through the use of written means is referred to as haptics.

FALSE

Direct controls are particularly important in international management because of the great expense associated with indirect methods.

FALSE

Direct controls use reports and other written forms of communication to control operations.

FALSE

From culture to culture, nonverbal gestures are universal, that is, they mean the same thing.

FALSE

Geert Hofstede and others have suggested that need-satisfaction profiles are a very useful way of addressing motivation

FALSE

General Motors designed and built an inexpensive vehicle, the Ikon, for the Indian market.

FALSE

High achievers tend to be high-risk takers.

FALSE

Historically, MNCs have staffed key positions in their foreign affiliates with host-country nationals.

FALSE

Home-country nationals are local managers who are hired by the MNC.

FALSE

In Germany, managers place a greater emphasis on managing subordinates than on productivity and product quality.

FALSE

In high-context societies, the succinct style of communication is very common.

FALSE

In low-context societies, messages are often highly coded and implicit.

FALSE

Larger organizations typically emphasize decentralized decision making in their international operations.

FALSE

Managers everywhere avoid using rewards to motivate their personnel.

FALSE

Many countries exert real and subtle pressures to staff the upper-management ranks with expatriates.

FALSE

Monochronic time schedules are characterized by people tending to do several things at the same time and placing higher value on personal involvement than on getting things done on time.

FALSE

Paternalistic leadership is the use of work-centered behavior that is designed to ensure task accomplishment.

FALSE

Process theories of work motivation include the achievement motivation theory, the goal-setting theory, and the expectancy theory.

FALSE

Proxemics is the study of communication through body movement and facial expressions.

FALSE

Repatriation agreements typically promise an expatriate a specific position and salary when he/she returns to the home office.

FALSE

Surprisingly one of the least common approaches to personnel performance evaluation is the periodic appraisal of work performance.

FALSE

The drive to satisfy safety needs is greater than the drive to satisfy any other type of need.

FALSE

The equity theory postulates that motivation is largely influenced by a multiplicative combination of a person's beliefs.

FALSE

The expectancy theory focuses on how motivation is affected by people's perception of how fairly they are being treated.

FALSE

The hardest training, in terms of preparation time is to place a cultural integrator in each foreign operation.

FALSE

The hierarchy-of-needs theory is based primarily on work by David McClelland, a well-known humanistic psychologist.

FALSE

The importance of work in individuals' life relative to other areas of interest is referred to as work salience.

FALSE

The limiting of uncertainty and the focusing of action on a limited number of alternatives is referred to as variety amplification.

FALSE

The primary purpose of downward communication flow is to provide feedback, ask questions or obtain assistance from higher-level management.

FALSE

The process of giving individuals and teams the resources, information, and authority they need to develop ideas and effectively implement them is referred to as reengineering.

FALSE

The process of influencing people to direct their efforts toward the achievement of some particular goal is referred to as motivation.

FALSE

The two-factor theory of motivation holds that two sets of factors influence job satisfaction: intrinsic and extrinsic.

FALSE

There are three major types of adjustments that an expatriate must make when going on an overseas assignment: anticipatory adjustment, in-country adjustment, and new-job-skill adjustment.

FALSE

Time limits cannot be used tactically if the negotiators meet at a neutral site.

FALSE

When local managers are inexperienced or not highly effective, decision making tends to be decentralized.

FALSE

________ concerns have been cited as the most common reason for assignment refusal.

Family

To motivate employees, especially in foreign countries with high individualism companies tend to offer:

Financial incentives

According to the work of Horovitz, all of the following are common characteristics of British control except:

Financial reports were simple and lightly emphasized

Which of the following is not a principle advocated by Fisher and Ury, authors of the book Getting to Yes, to help avoid disasters while negotiating for mutual benefit?

Focus on positions rather than interests

Positive organizational scholarship:

Focuses on positive outcomes, processes, and attributes of organizations and their members

The internal control process differs from the external control in that the internal control:

Focuses on the self, function, one's own group, and one's own organization

Positive organizational scholarship consists of the following subunits except:

Followers

The two-factor theory was formulated by well-known work-motivation theorist:

Frederick Herzberg

This type of MNC seeks to integrate diverse regions of the world through a global approach to decision making.

Geocentric

Which researcher concluded that "the Herzberg model appears to have validity across occupational levels"?

George Hines

In which of the following countries do people like to be greeted by their title?

Germany

The theory that focuses on how individuals go about setting goals and responding to them and the overall impact of this process on motivation is:

Goal-setting theory

In China _____ is an important need and _____ is a goal.

Group affiliation; harmony

Communicating through the use of bodily contact is known as:

Haptics

The gesture of putting the thumb and index finger together to form an "O" as the sign for "okay" in the United States is an example of:

Haptics

In the context of negotiations, all of the following is true of a neutral third party except:

He/she has the right to force the parties to the negotiation to accept its proposal

The following factors encourage the use of centralized decision making except:

Heterogeneous product lines

One reason that Americans and Japanese work such long hours is due to:

High cost of living

The following factors encourage the use of decentralized decision making except:

High degree of technology

Messages are implicit and often highly coded in:

High-context societies

Researchers have found that the contextual style is often associated with:

High-power distance, collective, high-context cultures

U.S. managers believe that to motivate workers, it is necessary to satisfy their:

Higher-order needs

Which of the following is an accurate depiction of the leadership style adopted by the managers of many Middle Eastern companies?

Highly authoritarian tone; rigid instructions

Which of the following factors encourages the use of centralized decision making?

Highly competitive environment

"Balance in synergy" would require a moving away from all of the following except:

Holistic and idealistic thinking

Headquarters nationals are another term used for:

Home-country nationals

There are four basic sources that MNCs can tap for positions. These are:

Home-country nationals, host-country nationals, third-country nationals, and inpatriates

Many MNCs use _______ at the middle- and lower-level ranks.

Host-country nationals

The two-factor theory of motivation holds that two sets of factors influence job satisfaction. These are:

Hygiene, motivators

Bass found that through the use of higher-order factor analysis it is possible to develop a leadership model that illustrates the effectiveness of all five types of leaders:

I's (transformational), CR, MBE-A, MBE-P, and LF

According to Bass, the most effective leaders were characterized by four interrelated factors. These are:

Idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration

Steps can be taken to improve communication effectiveness in the international arena; these include all but:

Incorporating U.S. values regarding time into international operations

Controls that are generally used by MNCs to monitor performance on a monthly basis are:

Indirect

The use of monthly operating reports that are sent to the home office is a common example of:

Indirect control

An individual from a host-country or a third-country national who is assigned to work in the home country is a(n):

Inpatriate

"Transformational leaders are able to get their followers to question old paradigms and to accept new views of the world regarding how things now need to be done." Which characteristic factor of transformational leaders is being described?

Intellectual stimulation

According to the two-factor theory, efforts to motivate human resources must provide recognition, a chance to achieve and grow, advancement, and ______.

Interesting work

Which of the following is a persuasion tool generally used by the Japanese during negotiations?

Intergroup connections

The most common types of performance measures used for control purposes include the following except:

International monetary performance

Factors used to choose personnel for international assignments are referred to as:

International selection criteria

In an Israeli kibbutz, the following hygiene factor was regarded as a source of satisfaction rather than dissatisfaction:

Interpersonal relations

Which of the following is used for communicating very confidential communication?

Intimate distance

Integrative negotiation:

Involves cooperation between the two groups to integrate interests, create value and invest in the agreement

Chromatics

Is the use of color to communicate messages

All of the following are true of negotiation except:

It is a learnable skill that is imperative for the international manager but not for the domestic manager

Authoritarian leadership has all of the following characteristics except:

It is widely used by Theory Y managers.

All of the following are true of an extreme bargaining position except:

It lets the bargainer gain less than would probably be possible if a more extreme initial position had been taken

In terms of communication styles, which of the following countries has a high-context society?

Japan

The philosophy, "Anything worth doing in the area of quality is worth overdoing," is the management attitude of the

Japanese

The use of quality circles is a TQM technique associated with the control function which was popularized by the:

Japanese

In work motivation, factors internally controlled, such as responsibility, achievement, and the work itself are referred to as:

Job content factors

In work motivation, factors controlled by the organization, such as conditions, hours, earnings, security, benefits, and promotions are referred to as:

Job context factors

_____ consists of a job's content, the methods that are used on the job, and the way in which the job relates to others in the organization.

Job design

This leader avoids intervening or accepting responsibility for follower actions.

Laissez-faire leader

Some believe that _____ are born, but _____ can be shaped.

Leaders; managers

This is the acquisition of skills, knowledge, and abilities that results in a relatively permanent change in behavior.

Learning

One study found that ______ were most effective in subsidiaries located in developing countries or those that relied on a local customer base.

Local managers

An approach to developing an expatriate compensation package that involves paying the expat a salary comparable to that of local nationals are referred to as:

Localization

In contrast to the contextual style, the personal style is more popular in:

Low-power distance, individualistic, low-context cultures

A basic assumption of Maslow's theory is that:

Lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs become motivators

An approach to developing an expatriate compensation package that involves giving the expat a predetermined amount of money and letting the individual make his/her own decisions regarding how to spend it is referred to as the:

Lump-sum method

The Haire and follow-up studies dealt only with:

Managers

According to the text, one of the primary areas where TQM is having a big impact is:

Manufacturing

_____ is a psychological process through which unsatisfied wants or needs lead to drives that are aimed at goals or incentives.

Motivation

In the two-factor motivation theory, the job content factors which include achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, and the work itself are referred to as:

Motivators

The three basic elements in the process of motivation are:

Needs, drives, and goal attainment

The ________ approach involves working out a special, ad hoc arrangement that is acceptable to both the company and the expat.

Negotiation

The process of bargaining with one or more parties for the purpose of arriving at a solution that is acceptable to all is:

Negotiation

Which of the following places would be the best neutral site for a Chilean firm carrying on negotiations with a German firm?

New York City

In general, some evidence suggests that testing is:

Not extremely popular among MNCs

Distributive negotiation:

Occurs when two parties with opposing goals compete over a set value

The nonverbal method of communicating through the use of eye contact and gaze is:

Oculesics

A typical assessment center would involve simulation exercises that would include the following except:

Oral communications of a business plan

Training programs are useful in preparing people for overseas assignments for many reasons. These reasons can be put into two general categories which are:

Organizational and personal

In comparing the control mechanisms used by U.S. and European firms, it has been found that U.S. firms make greater use of _____ control, while European firms rely more heavily on _____ control.

Output; behavioral

This is a dynamic view that factors in fundamental concerns, but ultimately emphasizes positive human potential.

POS

As a general statement, most evidence indicates that European managers tend to use this approach to leadership.

Participative

British managers tend to use a highly _____ leadership approach.

Participative

Employees tend to be more creative and innovative when driven by leaders exhibiting this behavior.

Participative

There is a tendency toward ______ leadership styles among young Arab middle management, as well as among highly educated managers of all ages.

Participative

Which of the following leadership behaviors motivates employees by consulting with them, encouraging joint decisions, or delegating responsibilities?

Participative

Which type of leadership is popular in many technologically advanced countries?

Participative

_____ leaders typically encourage their people to play an active role in assuming control of their work, and authority usually is highly decentralized.

Participative

Which of the following leaders takes action or intervenes in situations only when standards are not met?

Passive management-by-exception leader

Identify the leadership style that is best summarized by the statement, "Work hard and the company will take care of you."

Paternalistic

These leaders expect everyone to work hard; in turn, the employees will be guaranteed employment and given security benefits such as medical and retirement programs.

Paternalistic

This type of leadership behavior has been shown to have a positive impact on employees' attitudes in collectivistic cultures because the care, support, and protection provided by these leaders may address employees' need for frequent contact and close personal relationships.

Paternalistic

Usually, this leadership behavior satisfies some employee needs and in turn subordinates tend to exhibit loyalty and compliance.

Paternalistic

All of the following are assumptions that underlie Theory Z management except:

People are motivated by financial rewards, but not by job security.

This style of communication focuses on the speaker and the reduction of barriers between the parties

Personal

Which of the following "distances" is used for talking with family and close friends?

Personal

Which of the following steps in the negotiation process is considered by many to be the most important?

Persuasion

Researchers like Hofstede recommended that lower-level personnel should be given:

Physical rewards

The desire to fulfill one's basic needs of food, clothing, and shelter are included in:

Physiological needs

Maslow postulated that everyone has five basic needs, which constitute a need hierarchy. In ascending order, beginning with the most basic, they are:

Physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs

In the context of negotiations, _____ starts with the negotiators identifying those objectives they would like to attain.

Planning

Which of the following MNCs places local nationals in key positions and allows these managers to appoint and develop their own people?

Polycentric

Borstorff and her associates examined the factors associated with employee willingness to work overseas and concluded that:

Prior international experience appears associated with willingness to work as an expatriate

According to the text, the amount of _____ directly relates to how well or how poorly a unit is judged to perform.

Profit

The amount remaining after all expenses are deducted from total revenues is referred to as:

Profit

Financial performance evaluation of a foreign subsidiary or affiliate usually is based on:

Profit and return on investment

Return on investment (ROI) is measured by dividing:

Profit by assets

Office layout is a good example of:

Proxemics

_____ distance is used when calling across the room or giving a talk to a group.

Public

A group of workers who meet on a regular basis to discuss ways of improving the quality of work is a:

Quality control circle

In the context of job design and work centrality, the acronym QWL stands for:

Quality of Work Life

ISO 9000 refers to the International Standards Organization (ISO) certification to ensure:

Quality products and services

This type of MNC relies on local managers from a particular geographic region to handle operations in and around that area.

Regiocentric

Which of the following approaches is used to develop an expatriate compensation package that involves setting a compensation system for all expats who are assigned to a particular region and paying everyone in accord with that system?

Regional system

An agreement whereby the firm tells the individual how long she/he will be posted overseas and promises to give the individual, on return, a job that is mutually acceptable is a:

Repatriation agreement

All of the following are accurate depictions of the U.S. approach to leadership except:

Responsibility is shared collectively.

Which of the following needs is correctly matched with its description?

Safety needs-the desire for security, stability, and the absence of pain

An allowance may cover a variety of expenses, including all of the following except:

Salary

The organizational input into anticipatory adjustment is most directly related and concerned with the:

Selection process

BMW intends to reduce its development and production costs and offer a reliable and competitively priced auto by:

Sharing engines, gearboxes, and electrical systems from its other offerings

In communicating on a face-to-face basis, _____ distance is used to handle most business transactions.

Social

The need to interact and affiliate with and, to feel wanted by others are included in:

Social needs

The following needs are correctly matched with their descriptions except:

Social needs-the need for power and status

_____ designs are job designs that blend personnel and technology.

Sociotechnical

Research shows that small firms undertaking international business generally rely on:

Standard training programs

Three sets of financial statements usually are required from subsidiaries; they do not include:

Statements prepared in response to investigations and queries from the SEC

This communication style is most common in Asia where people tend to say few words and allow understatements, pauses and silence to convey meaning.

Succinct

A number of research efforts have been undertaken to replicate the two-factor theory and they:

Support Herzberg's findings

Researchers found that _______ teams featured higher team orientation, flatter organizational hierarchies, and more open-minded and informal work attitudes.

Swedish

A Theory Y manager believes that under conditions of modern industrial life, the intellectual potential of the average human being is only partially tapped.

TRUE

A Theory Y manager believes that under proper conditions, the average human being learns not only to accept but also to seek responsibility.

TRUE

A legal system called codetermination requires workers and their managers to participate in the discussion of major decisions.

TRUE

A quality control circle is a group of workers who meet on a regular basis to discuss ways of improving the quality of work.

TRUE

An approach to developing an expatriate compensation package that is based on ensuring the expat is "made whole" and does not lose money by taking the assignment is referred to as the balance-sheet approach.

TRUE

An assessment center is an evaluation tool that is used to evaluate employees.

TRUE

Anticipatory and in-country factors will influence the expatriate's mode and degree of adjustment to an overseas assignment.

TRUE

Bass discovered that there was far more universalism in leadership that had been believed previously.

TRUE

Communication is the process of transferring meanings from sender to receiver.

TRUE

Decision making and controlling are two vital and often interlinked functions of international management.

TRUE

Decisions that are heavily economic in orientation concentrate on such aspects as return on investment (ROI) for overseas operations.

TRUE

Efficient processes become increasingly important as diversification or differences between the parent and subsidiary increase.

TRUE

Financial performance evaluation of a foreign subsidiary or affiliate usually is based on profit and return on investment.

TRUE

For expatriates, a cost-of-living allowance is a payment for differences between the home country and the overseas assignment.

TRUE

For most overseas managers, repatriation occurs within five years of the time they leave.

TRUE

Home-country nationals are managers who are citizens of the country where the MNC is headquartered.

TRUE

ISO 9000 certification is becoming a necessary prerequisite to doing business in the EU.

TRUE

In general, although the process for motivation may be the same across cultures, the content may change from one culture to another.

TRUE

In the new millennium, MNCs' learning focus applied to human resource development may go beyond learning organizations to "teaching organizations."

TRUE

In the two-factor motivation theory, job context variables such as salary, interpersonal relations, technical supervision, work conditions, and company policies and administration are referred to as hygiene factors.

TRUE

In work motivation, those factors controlled by the organization, such as conditions, hours, earning, security, benefits, and promotions are referred to as job context factors.

TRUE

Japan is well known for its paternalistic approach to leadership.

TRUE

Managers should concentrate on "building common ground—essentially, shared knowledge—across locations, so that employees working offshore can anticipate the actions and decisions of their onshore counterparts without the need for extensive discussion."

TRUE

Managers who live and work outside their home country are called expatriates.

TRUE

Maslow postulated that everyone has five basic needs, which constitute a need hierarchy. In ascending order, beginning with the most basic, they are physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs.

TRUE

Most MNCs strive for a balance between age and experience in their expatriate employees.

TRUE

Negotiation often follows assessing political risk and can be used as an approach to conflict management.

TRUE

One of the reasons why there has been a decline in the number of expats in recent years is that MNCs have found that the expense can be prohibitive.

TRUE

Participative leadership is the use of both a work-centered and a people-centered approach.

TRUE

Paternalistic leadership is common throughout Latin America.

TRUE

Paternalistic leadership uses work-centered behavior coupled with protective employee-centered concern.

TRUE

Process theories of worker motivation explain how employee behavior is initiated, redirected, and halted.

TRUE

Recent findings from a leadership study in India showed that participative leadership might be more common and more effective in developing countries than has been reported previously.

TRUE

Recent research reports that EU workers see a strong relationship between how well they do their jobs and the ability to get what they want out of life.

TRUE

Research generally shows that people throughout the world have needs that are similar to those described in Maslow's need hierarchy.

TRUE

Responsible global leadership encompasses value-based leadership, ethical decision-making, and quality stakeholder relationships.

TRUE

Romero found that Mexican managers who worked close to the U.S. border exhibited more participative behavior, and that trend enhanced as globalization increased.

TRUE

The Japanese make heavy use of a decision-making process called ringisei or decision making by consensus.

TRUE

The Japanese word for overwork or job burnout is Karoshi.

TRUE

The goal-setting theory focuses on how individuals go about setting goals and responding to them and the overall impact of this process on motivation.

TRUE

The instrumental style of communication is more commonly found in individualistic, low-context cultures such as the United States.

TRUE

The need for achievement is learned.

TRUE

The personal and impersonal systems of feedback help affiliates keep their home office aware of progress and, in turn, help the home office monitor and control affiliate performance as well as set goals and standards.

TRUE

The primary reason for training overseas managers is to improve their ability to interact effectively with local people in general and their personnel in particular.

TRUE

The stark differences in culture, some emanating from basic variation in political, geographic, and even climatic realities, can frustrate the coordination of global operations.

TRUE

Theory Z leadership combines Japanese and U.S. assumptions and approaches to leadership.

TRUE

There is some evidence that paternalistic leadership is still a common leadership approach in greater China, stemming from Confucian ideology.

TRUE

Though politically controversial, outsourcing can save companies significant costs and is very profitable for firms that specialize in providing these services on a contract basis.

TRUE

Through its diverse set of websites, Alibaba can cater to virtually any type of transaction.

TRUE

Timing and pauses within verbal behavior are one of the many common forms of nonverbal communication.

TRUE

Upward communication is the transfer of information from subordinate to superior.

TRUE

When negotiators make a definitive decision before engaging in discussion, they may soon find out that the terms never even surface.

TRUE

Work hours, vacation accrual, general business practices, and human resource issues vary widely from country to country.

TRUE

Written communication has been getting increased attention, because poor writing is proving to be a greater barrier than poor talking.

TRUE

Which of the following training programs are created for the specific needs of the participants?

Tailor-made

In Japan, what should be done is called _____, while what one really feels, which may be quite different is _____.

Tatemae; honne

Traditionally, what was the only selection criterion MNCs relied on for overseas assignments?

Technical competence

The two most common selection procedures used by MNCs are:

Tests and interviews

In terms of communication styles, which of the following countries has a low-context society?

The United States

The final step in the negotiation process is:

The agreement phase

Expectancy theory postulates all of the following except:

The employees are controlled by the external environment

All of the following are assumptions that underlie Theory X management except:

The expenditure of physical and mental effort at work is as natural to people as resting

Expatriate salaries typically are set according to the base pay of:

The home country

The following are common problems that MNCs face in attempting to control their overseas operations except:

The objectives of the foreign operation and the corporate objectives are similar

All of the following are assumptions that underlie Theory Y management except:

The primary need of employees is job security

PC firms are finding that they must keep on the cutting edge more than any other industry because of:

The relentless pace of technological change

Which of the following is not a form of direct control?

The use of financial ratios that provide insights into the unit's financial health

A _____ manager believes that people are basically lazy and that coercion and threats of punishment must be used to get them to work.

Theory X

According to this theory, a great deal of creative potential basically goes untapped and if these abilities can be tapped, workers will provide much higher quantity and quality of output.

Theory Y

This manager believes that, if people are committed to the goals, they will exercise self-direction and self-control.

Theory Y

The theory of leadership which combines Japanese and U.S. assumptions and approaches to leader behavior is referred to as:

Theory Z

All of the following are correct with regard to the impact of age, experience, and education on expatriate managers except:

There is universal agreement that degrees in marketing or engineering are the most desirable for expatriate managers

According to the theory of achievement motivation, all of the following are characteristics of high achievers except:

They tend to be team players

A monochronic time schedule is one in which:

Things are done in a linear fashion

_______ are managers who are citizens of countries other than the one in which the MNC is headquartered or the one in which they are assigned to work by the MNC.

Third-country nationals

Which of the following is not a reason to use home-country nationals?

To satisfy host-country requirements

If centralized decision making is in place, the most important decisions are made at the:

Top management level

An organizational strategy and the accompanying techniques that result in the delivery of high-quality products or services to customers is referred to as:

Total quality management

The top-ranking goal for professional technical personnel from various countries is:

Training

This is the process of altering employee behavior and attitudes in a way that increases the probability of goal attainment.

Training

"Learning organizations" continually focus on activities such as:

Training and development

The adjustment model of the selection procedure for international assignments would include:

Training and previous experience

The Japanese method of training workers for all jobs on the line, even though they eventually are assigned to a single workstation is known as:

Training overkill

These leaders are individuals who exchange rewards for effort and performance and work on a "something for something" basis.

Transactional

Communication is the process of:

Transferring meanings from sender to receiver

Bass found that the most effective managers were _____ leaders.

Transformational

These leaders are visionary agents with a sense of mission who are capable of motivating their followers to accept new goals and new ways of doing things.

Transformational

Strategies used to help smooth the adjustment from an overseas to a stateside assignment are:

Transition strategies

In the context of negotiation, Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner have noted that U.S. negotiators:

Typically have authority to bind their party to an agreement

The first assumption about the motivation process is that it is:

Universal

The primary purpose of subordinate-initiated _____ communication is to provide feedback, ask questions or obtain assistance from higher-level management.

Upward

Which of the following terms refer to the quality of being effective and producing the desired results?

Validity

The factors Welsh, Luthans, and Sommer observed among the Russian workforce that seemed to increase worker performance are:

Value of extrinsic reward and behavioral management

The creation of uncertainty and the analysis of many alternatives regarding future action is referred to as:

Variety amplification

U.S. executives are taught and tend to use _____, which is the limiting of uncertainty and the focusing of action on a limited number of alternatives.

Variety reduction

A number of thorny issues surround compensation for expatriates, including all of the following except:

Whether third-country benefits programs should be available to local nationals

Theory Z leadership is associated with the work of:

William Ouchi

The importance of work in an individual's life relative to other areas of interest is referred to as:

Work centrality

According to the text, the most important motivational variable in Zambia is:

Work nature

kaizen

a Japanese term that means "continuous improvement"

Ringisei

a Japanese term that means "decision making by consensus"

Tatemae

a Japanese term that means "doing the right thing" according to the norm

karoshi

a Japanese term that means "overwork" or "job burnout"

honne

a Japanese term that means "what one really wants to do"

intrinsic

a determinant of motivation by which an individual experiences fulfillment through carrying out an activity and helping others

extrinsic

a determinant of motivation by which the external environment and result of the activity are of grater importance due to competition and compensation of incentive plans

quality control circle QCC

a group of workers who meet on a regular basis to discuss ways of improving the quality of work

job design

a jobs content, the methods that are used on the job, and the way the job relates to other jobs in the organization

co-determination

a legal system that requires workers and their managers to discuss major decisions

theory x manager

a manager who believe that people are basically lazy and that coercion and threats of punishment often are necessary to get them to work

theory y manager

a manager who believe that under the right conditions people not only work hard but will seek increased responsibility and challenge

theory z manager

a manager who believes that workers seek opportunities to participate in management and are motivated by teamwork and responsibility sharing

positive organizational scholarship P.O.S.

a method that focuses on positive outcomes, processes, and attributes of organizations and their members

perception

a persons view of reality

goal-setting theory

a process theory that focuses on how individuals go about setting goals and responding to them and the overall impact of the process of motivation

equity theory

a process theory that focuses on how motivation is affected by peoples perception of how fairly they are being treated

expectancy theory

a process theory that postulates that motivation is influenced by a persons belief that 1. effort will lead to performance 2. performance will lead to specific outcomes and 3 the outcomes will be of value to the individual

cultural assimilator

a programmed leaning technique designed to expose members of one culture to some of the basic concepts, attitudes, role perceptions, customs, and values of another culture

motivation

a psychological process through which unsatisfied wants or needs lead to drives that are aimed at goals or incentives

two-factor theory of motivation

a theory that identifies two sets of factors that influence job satisfaction: hygiene factors and motivators

Achievement motivation theory

a theory which holds that individuals can have a need to get ahead, to attain success, and to reach objectives

poly-chronic time schedule

a time schedule in which people tend to do several things at the same time and place higher value on personal involvement than on getting things done on time

mono-chronic time schedule

a time schedule in which things are done in a linear fashion

repatriation agreements

agreements whereby the firm tells and individual how long she or he will be posted overseas and promises to give the individual, on return, a job that is mutually acceptable

polycentric MNC

an MNC that places local nationals in key position and allows these managers to appoint and develop their own people

regiocentric MNC

an MNC that relies on local managers from a particular geographic region to handle operations in and around that area

geocentric MNC

an MNC that seeks to integrate diverse regions of the world through a global approach to a decision makings

ethnocentric M.N.C.

an MNC that stresses nationalism and often puts home-office people in charge of key international management position

lump-sum method

an approach to developing an expatiate compensation package that involves giving the expat a predetermined amount of money and letting the individual make his or her own decisions regarding how to spend it

balance-sheet approach

an approach to developing an expatriate compensation package that ensure the

cafeteria approach

an approach to developing an expatriate compensation package that entails giving the individual a series of options and letting the person decide how to spend the available funds

localization

an approach to developing an expatriate compensation package that involves paying the expat a salary comparable to that of local nations

regional system

an approach to developing an expatriate compensation package that involves setting a compensation systems for all expats who are assigned to a particular region and paying everyone in accord with that system

assessment center

an evaluation tool used to identify individuals with potential to be selected or promoted to higher level positions

Total quality management TQM

an organizational strategy and the accompanying techniques that result in the delivery of high-quality products or services to customers

integrative negotiation

bargaining that involves cooperation between two groups to integrate interests, create value, and invest in the agreement

distributive negotiations

bargaining that occurs when two parties with opposing goals compete over a set value

negotiation

bargaining with one or more parties for the purpose of arriving at a solution acceptable to all

physiological needs

basic physical needs or water, food, clothing, and shelter

haptics

communicating through the use of body contact

Control in European MNCs requires more _____ of operating decision making than does control in U.S. MNCs.

decentralization

safety needs

desires for security, stability, and the absence of pain

social needs

desires to interact and affiliate with other and to feel wanted by others

self-actualization needs

desires to reach one's full potential, to become everything one is capable of becoming as a human being

intimate distance

distance between people that is used for very confidential communications

home-country nationals

expatriate managers who are citizens of the country where the multinational corporation is headquartered

international selection criteria

factors used to choose personnel for international assignments

social distance

in communicating, the distance used to handle most business transactions

public distance

in communicating, the distance used when calling across the room or giving a talk to a group

personal distance

in communicating, the physical distance used for talking with family and close friends

motivators

in the two-factor motivation theory, job-content factors such as achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, and the work itself

hygiene factors

in the two-factor motivation theory, job-context variables such as salary, interpersonal relations, technical supervision, working conditions, and company policies and administration

job-context factors

in work motivation, those factors controlled by the organization, such as conditions, hours, earnings, security, benefits, and promotions

job-content factors

in work motivation, those factors internally controlled, such as responsibility, achievement, and the work itself

inpatriates

individuals from a host country or third-country nationals who are assigned to work in the home country

transactional leaders

individuals who exchange regards for effort and performance and work on a "something for something" basis

context

information that surrounds a communication and helps to convey the message

sociotechnical designs

job designs that blend personnel and technology

transformational leaders

leaders who are visionary agents with a sense of mission and who are capable of motivating their followers to accept new goals and new ways of doing things

charismatic leaders

leaders who inspire and motivate employees through their charismatic traits and abilities

host-country nationals

local managers who are hired by the MNC

Tactics used in international negotiating include:

location, time limits, and buyer-seller relations

third-country nationals TCNs

managers who are citizens of countries other than the country in which the MNC is headquartered or the one in which the managers are assigned to work by the MNC

expatriates

managers who live and work outside their home country. They are citizens of the country where the multinational corporation is headquartered

esteem needs

needs for power and status

Return on investment R.O.I.

return measured by dividing profit by assets

transition strategies

strategies used to help smooth the adjustment form an overseas to a stateside assignment

learning

the acquisition of skills, knowledge, and abilities that result in a relatives permanent change in behavior

profit

the amount remaining after all expenses are deducted from total revenues

oculesics

the area of communication that deals with conveying messages through the use of eye contact and gaze

ethnocentrism

the believe that ones own way of doing things is superior to that of others

variety amplification

the creation of uncertainty and the analysis of many alternative regarding future action

work centrality

the importance of work in an individual life relative to other areas of interest

variety reduction

the limiting of uncertainty and the focusing of action on a limited number of alternative

training

the process of altering employee behavior and attitudes in a way that increases the probability of goal attainment

decision making

the process of choosing a course of action among alternatives

adaptability screening

the process of evaluating how well a family is likely to stand up to the stress of overseas life

controlling

the process of evaluating results in relation to plans or objective and deciding what action, if any, to take

empowerment

the process of giving individuals and teams the resources, information, and authority they need to develop ideas and effectively implement them.

leadership

the process of influencing people to direct their efforts toward the achievement of some particular goal or goals

Communication

the process of transferring meanings from sender to receiver

validity

the quality of being effective, of producing the desired results. a valid test or selection technique measures what it is intended to measure

repatriation

the return to one's home country from an overseas management assignment

positive organizational behavior

the study and application of positively oriented human resource strengths and physiological capacities that can be measured, developed, and effectively managed for performance improvement in today's workplace

kinesics

the study of communication through body movement and facial expression

proxemics

the study of the way people use physical space to convey messages

upward communication

the transfer of meaning from subordinate to superior

nonverbal communication

the transfer of meaning through means such as body language and the use of physical space

downward communication

the transmission of information from superior to subordinate

participative leadership

the use of both work- or task -centered and people-centered approaches to leading subordinates

Chromatics

the use of color to communicate messages

direct controls

the use of face-to-face or personal meetings for the purpose of monitoring operations

indirect controls

the use of reports and other written forms of communication to control operations

paternalistic leadership

the use of work-centered behavior coupled with a protective employee-centered concern

authoritarian leadership

the use of work-centered behavior designed to ensure task accomplishment

Chronemics

the way in which time is used in a culture

process theories of motivation

theories that explain work motivation by how employee behavior is initiated, redirected, and halted

content theories of motivation

theories that explain work motivation in terms of what arouses, energizes, or initiates employee behavior