Exam 2

recognize a familiar object.

A mouse with a perirhinal cortex lesion will not be able to

prefrontal cortex

During experiments with monkeys using the delayed response task, activity in this area of the brain is highest during the delay.

delayed non-matching to sample test

A researcher wants to study the effects of stimulating various medial temporal lobe structures on recognition memory in monkeys. Which of the following tasks should she use in her study?

radial arm maze

A rodent whose hippocampus is lesioned will perform poorly on this task.

Schaffer collaterals ; CA1

Long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus has been particularly well-studied in axons called the _______________________ , which synapse onto neurons in an area called _______________________.

Sodium; AMPA

When LTP is induced, glutamate is released from presynaptic neurons and ___________________ ions enter through the _________________ receptor channels in the postsynaptic neuron.

caudate nucleus

When a rat learns to turn a certain direction in a T maze, a new pattern of activity is established in neurons of the

less; more

When comparing brain activity during REM sleep vs. waking, frontal areas are _________________ active and limbic areas are ______________ active during REM.

Morris water maze

Compared to wildtype (normal) mice, the "Doogie" mice take less time to find the platform in this task.

more

Do we consume more or less oxygen while in REM sleep?

GABA

Drugs that enhance the activity of this neurotransmitter in the brain are effective anticonvulsants (i.e., they reduce seizures).

EPSPs; CA1; Schaffer collaterals

In the hippocampus, LTP is measured by comparing the magnitude of ________________ in _________________ before vs. after high-frequency stimulation of the _____________________________.

high; Schaffer collaterals

In the hippocampus, long-term potentiation (LTP) is induced by applying ___________ frequency stimulation to the __________________________________.

hypocretin

Individuals with narcolepsy display a severe reduction of _____________________ in the brain.

Bipolar disorder

Mutations in Clock genes are linked to this psychiatric disease.

Stage 3

Night terrors are most likely to occur during this stage of sleep.

Early morning

Period and timeless (protein) levels are at their lowest at this time of the day.

Parkinson's disease

REM sleep behavior disorder is linked to an increased risk of developing this disease

Decreasing activity of locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons

Regarding activity of the diffuse modulatory neurotransmitter systems during sleep/wake states, which of the following is most likely to be seen when a person is falling asleep?

hippocampus

A rodent that cannot use spatial cues to find a hidden platform likely has a lesion to its

pineal gland

The suprachiasmatic nucleus indirectly controls production of the hormone melatonin by the

hippocampus

This part of the brain is known to contain place cells.

Decreased EPSPs

Following habituation of the gill withdrawal reflex in Aplysia, which of the following changes was observed at the synapse between the sensory neuron and the motor neuron?

NMDA

The "Doogie" mice in the Tang et al 1999 study were genetically engineered to express an _____________ receptor channel that stays open longer.

Activity of groups of pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex

What does an EEG record?

Increasing activity of pons acetylcholine neurons

Which of the following is most likely to be seen when a person is transitioning from non-REM to REM sleep?

True

T/F: Individuals with Parkinson's disease generally do well on tests of declarative memory.

Histamine and hypocretin

These neurotransmitters promote wakefulness.

Alpha waves

An EEG recording from a person who is relaxed but awake would mostly show these types of waves.

High neuronal activity but functionally paralyzed (atonia)

Why is REM called paradoxical sleep.

Protein kinase M zeta

A certain molecule, activated following the induction of LTP, was once thought to be crucial to the maintenance of long-term memories. What is the name of this molecule?

High; low

An EEG recording of an awake person engaged in a complex cognitive task would likely show waves that are __________ in frequency and ____________ in amplitude.

Increased number and size of dendritic spines on CA1 neurons.

Give an example of a structural change that can be observed at synapses after they have undergone long-term potentiation (LTP).

perihinal cortex

Lesions to this brain area result in poor performance on the DNMS task.

False

T/F: Individuals with medial temporal lobe damage perform poorly on the weather prediction task.

recognition

The delayed non-matching to sample (DNMS) task is used to measure _____________________ memory in monkeys.

hippocampus

The patient H.M. underwent a surgery that removed a substantial portion of his medial temporal lobes, including his

suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

This area is considered to be the brain's "clock"

Narcolepsy

This sleep disorder is thought to be caused by a severe reduction of hypocretin neurons in the brain.

Delayed response task

This task can be used to assess working memory.

dentate gyrus to CA3 to CA1

What is the "trisynaptic pathway" of the hippocampus?

The patients perform poorly on both tasks.

A group of patients with Parkinson's disease is tested on the weather prediction task and the mirror tracing task. Which of the following results would most likely be found?

caudate nucleus

A lesion to this brain area would impair a rat's performance in the T maze.

antagonist; adenosine

Caffeine promotes wakefulness by acting as an ________________ at __________________ receptors.

Stage 2; Stage 3

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are typically seen during ________________________ sleep, whereas delta waves are characteristic of ________________________ sleep.

False

T/F: The London taxi driver study found that taxi drivers have fewer neurons in the hippocampus.

True

T/F: The drug bicuculline inhibits the action of GABA in the brain. This means bicuculline can cause seizures.

True

T/F: non-declarative memories are not easily formed and not easily forgotten.

False

T/F; A histamine agonist would likely serve as an effective hypnotic drug (i.e. sleep aid).

glutamine; motor

When the tail of an Aplysia is repeatedly shocked, more _______________ is released onto the ___________ neuron of the reflex circuit.

Prefrontal cortex

Which brain area is thought to be critical for working memory abilities?

perihinal cortex

Which brain area would be most likely to enhance performance in the delayed non-matching to sample test when it is stimulated?

Acetylcholine neurons in the pons

Which of the following groups of neurons shows an INCREASE in activity during REM sleep?