Exam 2
GAGs (glycosaminoglycans)
the ground substance that improves water retention in connective tissue
hyaline cartilage
which of the following is NOT a type of fibrous connective tissue
circumferential lamellae
The entire bone area of compact bone las harge circles going around the entire bone called ________
fibrous
The four primary tissue types found in adult organs include all of the following except
sweat glands
The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin.
nail root
fastens the nail to the finger or toe by fitting into a groove in the skin
collagen fibers
make the bone flexible
Hydroxyapatite
makes bone hard
Osteocytes
mature bone cells
synovial membrane
membrane lining the capsule of a joint
supportive connective tissue
cartilage and bone
eccrine
Which mode of secretion is presented in this picture
osteoclast
large cells to recycle bones
Avascularity
no blood vessels
8th, 9th, & 10th ribs
which ribs are false but not floating
A
which tissue would be found lining the lumen of the small intestine
B
which tissue would be found lining the lumen of the trachea
C
which tissue would be found lining the lumen of the vagina
clavicle and scapula
which two bones of the pectoral girdle are located in the thoracic area but do not belong to the axial skeleton
smooth muscle
which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organ?
cell body
which type of the following parts of a neuron receive and process information?
epithelial tissue
A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out
connective tissue
A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts
Condyle
A smooth, rounded articular process
histological section
A thin, stained slice of tissue mounted on a microscope is called a
simple columnar epithelium
An epithelium with a single layer of tall cells wound be classified as which type of epithelium
interstitial lamellae
Between each osteon, there are little incomplete circle called _______
sinus
Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
muscular tissue
Contracts and moves the various parts of the body.
reticular layer
Deeper layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients dense irregular connective tissue
Epi, thelia
Epithelial has its name because _________ means top and _______ means layer, basically meaning top layer
dense regular; dense irregular connective tissue
Fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both ______ and ________ dense regular; dense irregular connective tissue plasma; formed elements elastic cartilage; hyaline cartilage spongy bone; compact (dense) bone adipose tissue; reticular tissue
endochondral ossification
For long bones, _________ starts with hyaline cartilage replaced step by step (7 steps) from the shaft of the bone (diaphysis) to the end (epiphysis) by bone during oppositional growth (long and thick). Between the diaphysis and the epiphysis, the connecting line is called metaphysis, where the actual growth happens. So the chondrocytes (cells of hyaline cartilage) grow to become osteocytes.
totipotent
For the first couple of days after fertilization, human stem cells have the potential to develop into any type of fully differentiated cell. Because of this, they are called ________ stem cells
urothelium; stratified squamous epithelium
Found in the urinary bladder, __________ resembles __________, but the apical cells are rounded, not flattened.
compound acinar
Glands that have branched ducts and secretory cells that form sacs at one end of the ducts are classified as ___________ glands.
nail plate
Hardened keratin plate that sits on and covers the natural nail bed. It is the most visible and functional part of the natural nail unit.
tight junctions
In the intestine, __________________ ensure(s) that most digested nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not between them.
Eponychium
Living skin at the base of the natural nail plate that covers the matrix area (cuticle)
Hyperextensible joints
Marfan syndrome is a hereditary defect in elastin fibers. People with this syndrome have
serous membrane
Membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body
mucous membrane
Membrane that secretes mucus that lubricates the surface of organs and keeps them moist.
tight junctions
Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid
False
OSteogenic cells are NOT osteoprogenitors cells ( bone stem cells)
alveolus process
Portion of the jaw that supports the teeth
alveolar process
Portion of the maxillary bones that form the support for teeth of the maxillary arch
Telogen
Resting phase of hair growth
foramen
Round or oval opening through a bone
striated and voluntary
Skeletal muscle is described as
sutural bones
Small, irregular bones Found between the flat bones of the skull
goblet
Some simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia have _________ cells, which produce a protective mucous coating over the mucous membranes.
trabeculae
Spongy bone is made of mesh like network called _____ which contain the red bone marrow
True
T or F Bone is supportive connective tissue
True
T or F In thick skin there are no hair or oil gland, but sweat glands exist
True
T or F The adult male pelvis is narrower and less flared, exhibiting an oval or heart-shaped pelvic inlet, and the angle of the pubic arch is less than 90 degrees. The adult female pelvis is usually broader and exhibits a round pelvic inlet, and the angle of the pubic arch is greater than 90 degrees.
True
T or F The hair bulb forms the base of the hair follicle. In the hair bulb, living cells divide and grow to build the hair shaft
True
T or F we need exercise, hormones, vitamin A, C, K and B12 for bone growth
epidermis
The ________ has nerves which makes us feel things on our skin
nervous system; epiderm
The ___________ and the ________ both came from the ectoderm
ectoderm; nervous system and epidermis
The _______________ gives rise to the _______________.
osteocytes, endostium, osteoblasts, osteoid, osteocytes
The __________start early as osteogenic or osteoprogenitor cells (stem cells) from the __________ and develop into ____________.It is the osteoblasts that secrete all the _______ (bone matrix what makes the bone the actual bone) while growing to become older and stronger to become _________ ( which maintain bones) word bank endostium, osteoblast, osteocytes, osteocytes osteoid
epithelium; connective tissue
The basement membrane is found between _______ and _______
femur
The lesser and greater trochanters are located on which bone?
extracellular fluid (interestital fluid)
The liquid between cells is called the
temporal bone
The mandibular fossa and the mastoid process is located on which bone?
Hydroxyapatite, collagen fibers
The matrix of bone is the mixture of __________ and _________
epithelium and lamina propria
The membrane that lines digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts consists of
tarsals
The navicular bone is located on which group of bones?
2%, 66%, 32%
The osseous tissue is made of _____ cells (osteocytes), _______ ground substance hydroxyapatite ( calcium mixed with phosphate) and _______ protein fiber ( collagen)
True
The papillary layer of the dermis determines fingerprints
papillae
The papillary layer of the dermis has its name because it has ________
Anagen
The period of active growth in hair
catagen
The period of break down and change of hair growth
Chondroblasts; fibroblasts
The rubbery matrix of cartilage is secreted by __________, whereas _________ produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of fibrous connective tissue.
cutaneous membrane
The skin; composed of epidermal and dermal layers
Tibia
The tibial tuberosity and the medial malleolus is located on which bone?
Melanocytes
These cells determine skin color
endocrine
This gland produces hormones
mesoderm; mesenchyme
This primary germ layer is the middle layer, called ______, and gives rise to a gelatinous material called ________________, which gives rise to different types of connective tissue such as bone, muscle, and blood.
Nueral Tissue
Tissue that conducts electrical impulses, carries information, generates nerve impulses, and detects changes and conditions inside and outside the body
unicellular exocrine
What type of gland is pictured at D
cuticle (eponychium)
Where does mitosis happen in the nail
ischium, illium, pubis
Which 3 bones are located in the pelvic girdle but do not belong to the axial skeleton?
sternum
Which bone has the manubrium?
calcified matrix
Which of the following is not a feature that connective tissues have in common?
elastic tissue
Which type of connective tissue is abundant in the walls of arteries, and in the airway?
phagocytize and digest tissue debris
With regard to the healing of a skin wound, macrophages ___________.
Bones
__________ are connective tissues from the mesoderm
stratified squamous; stratified columnar
________________ epithelium is the most widespread epithelium in the body, whereas _______________ epithelium is rare.
excitable
__________________ tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential.
hypophyseal fossa
a depression within the sella turcica, holds the pituitary gland
lunule
an opaque white crescent at proximal end of nail
dendritic cells
antigen-presenting cells in the skin that stand guard against toxins, microbes, and other pathogens that penetrate the skin.
cancer
any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division
loose connective tissue
areolar, adipose, reticular
basal surface
attached to basement membrane
osteon
basic unit of bone formed by circles of lamellae with osteocytes
sagittal suture
between parietal bones
lambdoid suture
between parietal bones and occipital bone
squamosal suture
between temporal and parietal bones
liquid connective tissue
blood and lymph
transport nutrients
blood functions to ________ to the tissues
Os
bone
osteolysis
bone breaking process
osteogenesis
bone formation process
osteoid
bone matrix made by osteoblast
osteoporosis
bones becomes porous, weak loss of bone density
osseous
bony
Homeostasis
calcitonin (bone growth) and PTH ( bone breaking) maintain
cellularity
composed almost entirely of tightly packed cells
lamellar corpuscles
deep pressure receptors in reticular layer
sella turcica
depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located
dense irregular connective tissue
dermis of the skin that makes leather, capsules around organs
lamellae, canaliculi
each osteon is arranged as concentric layers called ________ around a central canal containing blood vessels with osteocytes laying in little areas called lacunae communication through small canals called________
hirsutism
excessive hair growth
intramembranous ossification
for flat bones or irregular bones where each bone start somewhere with its own little immature bone cells, not from cartilage. This one has 5 steps: mesenchymal cells become osteoblasts and secrete osteoid that is mineralized and grow into osteocytes in small pockets called spicules with blood vessels, making it look like spongy bone that is calcified with the osteoblast along with the connective tissues on the surface becoming the periosteum (the outer layer of the bone).
holding water and maintaining electrolyte balance
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) help give the ground substance some of its qualities, including _______
pilus
hair
alopecia
hair loss
polarity
has an apical surface and a basal surface
true ribs (1-7)
have a direct attachment to the sternum via cartilage
Osteoblasts
immature bone cells
integumentary system
includes skin, hair, nail and associated glands
Endosteum
inside layers of bones lines the medullary cavity
cytosol
inside the cell there is a gel type liquid called the
Humerus
intertubercular sulcus is located on which bone
concentric lamellae
layers of calcified matrix making the actual osteons
tactile corpuscles
light touch
osteopenia
loss of bone tissue
mesoderm
middle germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems
synovial
most membranes are composed of two or three tissue types. However, an example of an exception is the _____________ membrane
floating ribs (11-12)
not attached to sternum (only vertebrae)
hair bulb
the actual paste at the base where hair originates that becomes the hair
papillary layer
outer layer of the dermis, directly beneath the epidermis areolar tissue
Ectoderm
outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin
Periosteum
outside later of bones
bith canal
passageway of the baby in the pelvis during childbirth
Desomosomes
prevent cells from separating during contraction
process
prominent projection on a bone
Testosterone
promotes the growth of muscle
gap junctions
provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells
ossification
replace other tissue with bone, endochondral, intramembranous
Pacinian corpuscles
respond to deep pressure and vibration
false ribs (8-12)
ribs that do not have a direct attachment to the sternum
sesamoid bones
round bones found near joints
Holocrine
sebaceous glands
sebaceous glands
secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles where the hair shafts pass through the dermis
apocrine glands
secrete sex hormones in the sweat that smell and released under stress, contain lipid droplets, example milk from mammary glands. The cells are cuboidal epithelium. The top part of the cell is gone with the sweat which makes it smell.
growth hormone
secreted by the pituitary gland, stimulate the synthesis of both osteoblasts and bone matrix
thyroxine
secreted by the thyroid gland, helps growth hormone to activitate bone growth
parathyroid hormone
secreted when calcium level is low so that it can stimulate osteoclasts to break the bone to release calcium. PTH activates the osteoclasts so the bone tissue is broken down to produce calcium, when the body needs it
Calcitonin
secreted when calcium level is too high in the blood so that it can build calcium into bone to keep it away from the blood. It does this by stopping osteoclasts
tactile corpuscles
small epidermal structures with nerve endings that are sensitive to touch and pressure
apical surface
surface of an epithelial cell that faces away from the basement membrane
dense regular connective tissue
tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
Endoderm
the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems
piloerector muscle
the muscle that makes the hair stand
Keratinocytes
the name of the most popular cell on the skin, hair, and nails
chondrioitin sulfate
the only avascular connective tissue and the ground substance for cartilage
cytology
the science that studies cells is called
dermatology
the study of the skin
Innervation
the supply of nerves to a specific body part
coronal suture
the suture between the parietal and frontal bones of the skull
hair follicle
the tube in which the hair grows from
exocrine
this gland produces digestive enzymes
Merocine glands
use exocytosis to produce sweat. Use stratified cuboidal epithelium
hair shaft
visible part of the hair
nail body
visible part of the nail
adipocytes
what cells are found in adipose loose connective tissue
fibrocytes
what cells are found in reticular and adipose loose connective tissues
to generate heat
what is a function of this tissue
connect bone to bone
what is the function of this tissue
to conduct electrical impulses
what is the function of this tissue
to provide flexible support
what is the function of this tissue
skin
what is the largest and heaviest organ in the human body 15% body mass
lamina propria
what is the name of the layer at B in this membrane
Histology
what is the name of the science that studies tissues
areolar
what type of tissue is found at B
lining the lumen of the respiratory tract
where in the human body would this membrane be found
biceps brachii
where in the human body would this tissue be found
calcaneal tendon
where in the human body would this tissue be found
spinal cord
where in the human body would this tissue be found
epiglottis
where would this tissue be found in the human body
cuboidal cells
which cells have functions such as absorption and secretion causing them to be in most glands
collagen
which of the following does not account for the gelatinous consistency of connective tissue ground substance
