Exam 2
What are the four rankings of motivating forces from most impactful to least?
(1) self efficacy, (2) specific and difficult goals, (3) increased valence, instrumentality, and expectancy, and (4) perceptions of equity
McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory
Achievement, power, affiliation
What are the two types of stress?
Challenge and Hindrance
bounded rationality
Decision makers simply do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives to make an optimal decision
True or false: If any of the three beliefs of expectancy, instrumentality, and valence is higher than zero, motivation will be higher than zero. (T/F)
False -- all are multiplied together to equal motivation so if one is zero, then motivation will be zero
What kind of stressors trigger negative emotions?
Hindrance stressors
What form of psychological empowerment are people experiencing when they feel that their work makes a difference and contributes to progress?
Impact
Which of the following best defines valence?
It is the believed worth of the results of one's efforts.
equity theory
Motivation is maximized when an employee's ratio of "outcomes" to "inputs" matches those of some "comparison other"
Merit pay plans v. lump sum bonuses
Reason: Merit pay plans typically offer little in the way of difficult and specific goals. In contrast, lump-sum bonuses provide a forum for assigning difficult and specific goals, and they put pay "at risk" unless the goals are met.
What are strains?
The negative consequences associated with stress
Lump-sum bonuses have a high impact on motivation because the lump-sum bonuses link financial payments to the successful achievement of certain tasks. (T/F)
True
positive reinforcement
a positive outcome following a wanted behavior (giving someone a gold star for doing the extra credit)
Stress
a psychological response to demands that possess certain stakes for the person and that tax or exceed the person's capacity or resources
Motivation
a set of energetic forces that originates both within and outside an employee, initiates work-related effort, and determines its direction intensity and persistence
piece rate
a specified rate is paid for each unit produced, each unit sold or each service provided (consequences include quality of output and unnecessary work)
gainsharing bonus
a unit-focused bonus that is received for meeting unit goals (department/team goals)
nonprogrammed decisions
address issues that are new, complex, or ill-defined
behavioral strains
alcohol and drug use, teeth grinding, compulsive behaviors, and overeating
merit pay
an increase to base salary is made in accordance with performance evaluation ratings
psychological empowerment
an intrinsic form of motivation derived from the belief that one's work tasks are contributing to some larger purpose
negative reinforcement
an unwanted outcome is removed following a desired behavior (taking away hw assignments after the class scored above a 90%)
four steps of behavioral model
attentional, retention, production, reinforcement
What are the five hierarchies of needs according to Maslow?
basic needs, safety & security, belongingness, esteem, self-actualization
behavioral vs cognitive coping
behavioral coping involves physically doing something that someone else could observe while cognitive is a mental (unobservable) way to cope involving ones thoughts
what are the four types of coping strategies?
behavioral problem focused/emotion focused and cognitive problem focused/emotion focused
learning orientation
building competence is deemed more important than demonstrating competence (ex: going to college for the sake of going to college)
What kind of stressor is linked to attainment of education and achievement?
challenge stressors
Workers who believe that their workplaces have a sense of equity are more likely to exhibit Blank______ behaviors and less likely to exhibit Blank______ behaviors. Multiple choice question.
citizenship; counterproductive
In terms of equity theory, what is the term for the process in which people think about things in new ways in order to regain intellectual balance, but do not change their behaviors?
cognitive distortion
Katrina discovers that she is earning significantly more than a coworker with more experience. She justifies this by convincing herself that she is paid more because she puts more effort into the job than her coworker. Katrina's views are an example of
cognitive distortion
Raul compares himself with other employees in his company who are doing different jobs. What type of comparison is Raul performing?
company equity
According to equity theory, we examine our own efforts and results and contrast them with the efforts and results of other employees. What term is used to describe these other workers?
comparison others
Which dimension of psychological empowerment refers to an employee's belief that they can perform their job successfully?
competence
___________ captures a person's belief in their capability to perform work tasks successfully; knowledge gain, pride and mastery, self directed learning
competence
Performance is rated by what
consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency
under which style is learning the fastest?
continuous
what are the five kinds of reinforcement schedules?
continuous, fixed ratio, fixed interval, variable ratio, and variable schedule
Autonomy, self-sufficiency, and responsibility would be categorized as _________ needs.
control
According to research, what kind of goals result in the greatest amount of success in workers?
difficult and specific
A company's employees work both in sales and in record-keeping. When the company introduces a sales contest, it is most likely to affect the staff's Blank______ of effort.
direction
Motivation determines what employees do at a given moment
direction
What three things does motivation determine?
direction, intensity, and persistance
three components of motivation
direction, intensity, persistence
Employee Blank______ is a combination of perceptions that motivate employees to devote themselves to their jobs.
egagement
social learning theory
emphasized the importance of observing and modeling others behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions
Employees with high Blank______ are fully absorbed and enthusiastic about their work and devote a lot of energy to the job.
engagement
examples of intrinsic outcomes
enjoyment, accomplishment, knowledge, skill development
What theory asserts that motivation is based on what a person considers to be fair when compared to others?
equity theory
What theory of motivation suggests that motivation depends on individuals' perceptions of their life and what occurs in lives of others?
equity theory
Alderfer's ERG Theory
existence, relatedness, growth, and frustration regression
A student believes that studying hard for the next organizational behavior test will result in good performance. What kind of belief does this exemplify?
expectancy
An individual's belief that effort will result in positive outcomes is known as ...
expectancy
Which theory of motivation proposes that work effort is directed toward positive experiences and away from negative ones?
expectancy theory
In terms of equity theory, which of the following would be considered inputs?
experience and skills
explicit vs tacit knowledge
explicit can be transferred through written/oral communication and tacit is difficult to articulate to others/based on experience
Danielle is eager to earn an A average in her college courses this semester because her parents have promised her a trip to Florida if she achieves this. The trip is an example of Blank______ forces in Danielle's motivation.
external
Since Darnell is the only purchasing manager in his company, he compares his salary and benefit package with those of purchasing managers in other, similar-sized companies. What kind of indicators is Darnell using to examine his position?
external comparison
What type of motivation occurs when success is recognized and rewarded by other people?
extrinsic motivation
performance-prove orientation
focus is on demonstrating competence so that others think favorably of them
performance-avoid orientation
focus is on demonstrating competence so that others will not think poorly of them (ex: avoiding eye contact with a professor so you won't embarrass yourself in front of the class)
"Money is a tool to enable me to travel and do what I want." Which dimension of the symbolic value of money is emphasized in this statement?
freedom
type a
go-getters, on the go, focused on time and meeting deadlines, love getting feedback as soon as possible, aggressive personality type
Which of following is the aim of an action and serves as the primary driver of the intensity and persistence of effort for the action?
goal
The determination with which employees establish a goal and the efforts they will take to achieve it is called
goal commitment
Which theory of motivation argues that objectives determine the work actions of people?
goal setting theory
programmed decisions
has a "ready made" solution because it has been resolved in the past
expectancy component of expectancy theory
if i exert effort, will i perform well?
instrumentality component of expectancy theory
if i perform well, will i receive outcomes?
lump sum bonuses
if you achieve objective level of performance, you will get this bonus, no change is made to base salary, salary may be lower but bonuses earned each year
What are the two components needed for stress to be present?
importance and doubt
Three types of compensation plans
individual, unit-focused, or organization focused
A student believes that doing well on the next test will ensure an A in the course. These thoughts demonstrate what type of belief?
instrumentality
Motivation goes on to determine how hard an employee works
intensity
What is term for the level of effort that motivated employees put forth?
intensity
In terms of equity theory, a(n) Blank______ refers to an employee examining others within the same organization.
internal comparison
three types of role conflict
interrole, intrarole, and interpersonal
What type of motivation is involved when an employee finds internal satisfaction in doing a job well?
intrinsic
valence component of expectancy theory
is the outcome valuable to me?
Teri works in the secretarial pool of a large law firm. She compares her ratio of outcomes and inputs with that of the other secretaries in the firm. What type of comparison is Teri performing?
job equity
intrapersonal conflict example
job wants you to do something but you don't believe that you should, the job is conflicting with your personal beliefs/morals
benign job demands
less stressful duties, perceived to be routine, low stress
instrumental support
looking to have somebody fix the problem (dealing with the problem itself)
emotional support
looking to have someone make you feel better
punishment
making someone do something, giving something as a result of an undesired behavior (giving a student detention for being late to class)
describe the three needs theories
maslow's, alderfer's, and mcclelland's
The need to be fully alive and find purpose in life would best be described as a(n) _______ need.
meaning
In the context of work, what quality results from the feeling that job tasks are valuable relative to an individual's own ideals and passions?
meaningfulness
four components that foster psychological empowerment
meaningfulness, self-determination, competence, impact
Psychological strains
mental strain as a result of stressors (irritability, depression)
Which term describes how hard people work towards something, where they apply their efforts, and how they continue to work towards their goals?
motivation
goal setting theory
motivation is fostered when employees are given specific and difficult goals rather than no goals/easy goals or "do your best" goals
expectancy theory
motivation is fostered when the employee believes (1) the effort will result in performance ... expectancy, (2) that performance will result in outcomes ... instrumentality, and (3) that those outcomes will be valuable ... valence
What are some examples of the most stressful jobs?
newspaper reporter, librarian, enlisted military personnel
profit sharing compensation
organization compensation method in which bonuses are received when publicly reported earnings of a company exceed some minimum level
After comparing your situation with that of a comparison other, you realize that your ratio of outcomes and inputs is greater than the other person's. According to equity theory, this is what type of a situation?
overreward equity
In terms of equity theory, which of the following would be considered outcomes?
pay and promotions
examples of extrinsic outcomes
pay, benefits, praise, job security
explain the performance equation
performance = motivation x ability x opportunity (if any element is missing, performance will not happen)
consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency
performance ratings -- FILL IN
motivation determines for how long the intensity of effort continues
persistance
Three types of strains?
physiological, psychological, and behavioral
four types of individual compensation plans
piece rate, merit pay, lump-sum bonuses, recognition awards
primary vs secondary appraisal
primary asses whether or not the situation is stressful & secondary figures out how to cope
problem vs emotion focused coping
problem focused involves finding a solution to the issue itself while emotion focuses on changing how you feel in response to stressful demands
What do people experience when they believe that their professional work contributes to some greater cause?
psychological empowerment
ways to foster goal commitment
publicity, rewards, accountability, support, participation, and resources
Which of the following would be considered "positively valenced" outcomes for most people?
recognition and salary increase
Which dimension of psychological empowerment is experienced by employees who have a degree of autonomy in their work tasks?
self-determination
What term describes internalized milestones?
self-set goals
heuristics
simple, efficient "rules of thumb" that we use to help us make decisions more easily
Laila owns an executive search firm and has established a goal for each of her recruiters to make contact with 25 or more potential candidates each day. This illustrates which of the following concepts of S.M.A.R.T. goals?
specific, measurable, and time-sensitive
Physiological Strains
strains that result from stressors affecting the healthy or normal functioning of the systems of the human body (high blood pressure, illness)
recognition awards
tangible rewards (gift cards) or intangible rewards (praise) are given on an impromptu basis to recognize achievements
Setting specific, challenging goals encourages workers to develop plans that teach them new things and answer their dilemmas. What term is used to describe these kinds of plans?
task strategies
learning plans and problem solving approaches used to achieve successful performance
task strategies
Alana's manager has set a challenging goal for her to increase sales in her region by 10% over the next quarter. What process does Alana use to develop an approach to reaching this goal?
task strategy
What are some examples of the least stressful jobs?
tenure university professor, librarian, software engineer
recovery
the degree to which you allow yourself to recover recharge in order to deal with future stressors (coping with the stressors) emotional labor wears you out
What best characterizes task complexity under goal setting theory?
the difficulty of performing and learning about a task and whether the task changes
selective perception
the tendency for people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations
antecedent, behavior, and consequence
the three stage of reinforcement aka the condition that precedes the behavior, the behavior itself, and the result that occurs after the behavior
social identity theory
theory that proposes that we tend to define our self-concept by the groups to which we belong
benevolents
those who are fine with be paid less and doing more work
entitleds
those who have to be overpaid and underworked to perceive fairness
direction, persistence, and intensity
three components of motivation describing the primary focus/goal of energy, how long you are working towards that goal, and if you are being more motivated as the deadline approaches
What are some examples of challenge stressors (both work and nonwork)?
time pressure, work complexity, responsibility, family time demands, positive life events)
Which of the following is the element of a S.M.A.R.T. goal that establishes when the objective or goal should be completed?
time sensitive
When you compare your situation with that of a comparison other, you realize that your ratio of outcomes to inputs is significantly less than the other person's. According to equity theory, you would now perceive yourself to be in which state?
underreward inequity
presenteeism
when employees are on the job but not fully there due to mental or physical medical conditions
behavioral modeling
when employees observe the actions of others, learn from what they observe, and then repeat the observed behavior
attentional processes
when learners concentrate on the important behaviors exhibited by a behavioral model
satisficing
when you are not looking for the very best alternative, but instead accept the first alternative that meets minimum requirements
frustration regression
when you cannot satisfy a need, you will regress back to another need that has already been met and over satisfy it
extinction
remove a desirable outcome when the person does something undesirable (parent taking away phone from teenager who broke the rules)
What are three common symbolic meanings of money?
respect, freedom, and achievement
fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
reward given following a fixed number of desired deviations (piece rate pay/pay per # service performed)
variable ratio reinforcement schedule
reward given following variable number of desired deviations (commission pay)
variable interval reinforcement schedule
reward given following variable time periods (supervisor walk-by)
continuous reinforcement schedule
reward is given following every desired behavior
fixed interval reinforcement schedule
rewards given following fixed time periods (ex: paycheck every two weeks)
What are some examples of hindrance stressors (both work and nonwork)?
role conflict, role ambiguity, role overload, daily hassles, work-family conflict, negative life events, financial uncertainty
Which of the following needs would be categorized as existence needs?
safety and shelter
self determination v. competence
self determination in terms of empowerment concerns the choice of work tasks on the job, not gaining competence for long term goals
An employee with little experience in event planning is convinced they have the ability to plan a successful company holiday party. What type of belief does this demonstrate?
self efficacy
Which type of belief prompt people to think that they have the capabilities needed to carry out the behaviors needed for a task?
self efficacy
One of the aspects that Ricardo loves best about running a branch office is that the people in headquarters leave him alone and give him considerable latitude in making decisions for the branch. Which component of psychological empowerment does this represent?
self-determination
intrarole conflict example
working at a call center and being expected to (1) resolve customer problems and (2) end the call in under two minutes but both are not possible
interrole conflict example
you become lead cashier at a restaurant, now have to write up friends for being late
