Exam 2

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a large change in eyewitness reporting (especially the estimated speed of the cars). In this study, the critical words were _______________.

"hit vs. smashed."

What are the two major characteristics of sensory memory in terms of its capacity and duration?

(Almost) Unlimited capacity, very short duration

In the experiment in which participants sat in a psychology-experiment office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of on memory.

(scene) schemas

The results from the partial report condition suggests that the limited performance in the whole report condition was due to _____

*Participants did not know which row to report until the array disappeared (only after the array disappeared, they heard the tone). Participants however, remembered ALL LETTERS from ANY given row.*

According to Peterson and Peterson, we lose the information in the short-term memory in about __________ second(s).

18-20

Sperling presented a 3x4 array of letters to his participants for 50 ms. In the whole report condition, participants were asked to report as many letters as they could from the whole matrix. (Note, in the partial report condition, they were asked to report letters from a specific row indicated by a tone). In the whole report condition, participants could report an average of ------ out of the 12 letters.

4.5

Your instructor introduced an example that was very similar to the above question. The example was about two boys playing ________.

A video game (Starcraft)

Which of the following is an example of implicit memory?

All of the above

Which of the following memory effect was introduced in Chapter 7?

All of the above

Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the effect of emotion on memory?

All of the above are correct description of the effect of emotion on memory

Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the experiment with which the testing effect was proposed?

All of the above are correct description of the testing effect experiment.

Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the flashbulb memories?

All of the above are correct.

Neural mind reading involves _________________.

All of the above.

Which of the following is a correct description of the coding in short term memory (STM) and long term memory (LTM)?

All of the above.

Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the results from eyewitness-testimony experiments?

Although not perfect, eyewitness testimony is quite reliable: at least innocent people have not been jailed at all based on an inaccurate eyewitness testimonial.

Bransford and Johnson'(1972) had participants hear a passage about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend who lived in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture about the story made it easier to understand and memories the contents. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _________ in forming reliable long-term memories.

An organizational context (i.e., big picture/framework)

According to the cognitive interview technique, we should let eyewitness _____________.

Both A and B.

According to the transfer appropriate theory, processing the auditory aspect of stimuli during encoding can cause a better memory at later test than processing the meaning of stimuli during encoding, if _____________ (Make sure to read all alternatives).

Both A and B.

Travis got a locker in gym class with the combination of 19-5-4. In order to remember it, he thinks of it as the year 1954. His method of remembering best illustrates:

Chunking

Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the three explanations for the reminiscence bump?

Cognitive hypothesis: busy period of life that is followed by a relaxed and stable period of life causes stronger memory about the relaxed period.

According to cognitive psychologists, it is better to have an administrator of the lineup procedure who _________ know whether or not the lineup has a real suspect/perpetrator while letting the eyewitness know that there _________ be the suspect.

Does not; may not

When someone (not just Dr. J's wife) is currently upset, she can easily recall some old events that had made her upset. This is an everyday example of the _______________.

Encoding specificity (especially, the state-dependent learning)

Which of the following is a correct description regarding spacing effect?

Even when subjects believe that cramming works for them, for the most of the cases, spacing effect occurs (i.e., when they space out study times, they perform better)

In Mantyla's experiment, participants saw many target words and generated three words related to each target word. Then, those three words were presented as a retrieval cue in later recall. The result of the experiment supported which of the following?

Generation effect

Which of the following is NOT an example of semantic memory?

I remember not only when and where my last car accident happened but also remember that I was texting and my friends were in the same car talking about school and we were listening to our favorite music.

Which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear from the serial position curve?

Inserting the backward counting task for 30 seconds before recall

The Graf et al. experiment with Korsakoff syndrome patients and two control groups had two phases where the patients first performed the _________ and then _________ later.

Likability rating of 10 words; either surprise free-recall of the 10 words or word-fragment task.

In the serial position curve, the primacy effect is associated with __________ memory which was supported by the following finding ____________.

Long-term; Repeating-words-out-loud during intervals between words showed that the number of repetition of each word corresponded well to the memory performance for the first few words.

According to Craik & Tulving (1975) who did the levels-of-processing experiment, people remembered target words best when the questions (that proceeded the target words) were about ______.

Meaning (e.g., fit into the blank?)

Peterson and Peterson observed that subjects' recall rate of the trigrams decreases as the delay increases (i.e., the longer the subjects count backwards). Based on this observation, Peterson and Peterson concluded that __________.

Memory decays as time goes

What is flashbulb memory?

Memory for circumstances surrounding shocking or highly charged important events.

When sentence A, The flimsy shelf weakened under the weight of the books. is followed by sentence B, The flimsy shelf ________ under the weight of the books. People often fill in the blank with "collapsed". This demonstrates that ____________.

Memory is reconstructed based on previous / typical language usage

According to the experiment that involves emotional and neutral picture surrounded by color frames, people are ______ confident to recognize emotional pictures than to recognize neutral pictures, but their memory for the frame color is ________ accurate for the emotional pictures.

More; less

In order to measure the capacity of working memory, _______ task is typically used.

N-back

In Mantyla's experiment, participants saw many target words and generated three words related to each target word. Then, those three words were presented as a retrieval cue in later recall. Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the result?

Neither self-generated nor others-generated cues were helpful for participants remembering the target words.

As a supporting evidence of the cognitive hypothesis of the reminiscence bump, researchers found that people who immigrated at the age of 34-35 show a reminiscence bump that is ______.

Postponed comparing to those of people who immigrated at the age of 20-24

__________ is the primary brain area of short-term memory.

Pre-frontal cortex

Jill's friends tell her she has a really good memory. Therefore, she decides to test her memory. Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists. On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thursday, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Jill does not realize that she is demonstrating a natural mechanism of forgetting known as ____________________.

Proactive interference

Unlike the conclusion of Peterson and Peterson, Keppel and Underwood proposed _________ as an alternative explanation of forgetting. This account was proposed based on the observation that ____________.

Proactive interference; subjects could recall the trigram even after 18 seconds in the first trial

__________ interference refers to that old information learnt previously interferes with learning/remembering new information, while __________ interference refers to that newly learned information interferes with remembering old information.

Proactive; Retroactive

Which of the following is NOT a good study strategy for a better recall of course materials in test?

Putting all study hours in one day immediately before the exam instead of spreading them across days.

Which of the following involves procedural memory?

Reading the words on this test

Wickens et al. (1976) observed that if the category of words suddenly changed, then the memory accuracy, which was decreasing as trial goes, suddenly increases. They called it _______.

Release from PI (proactive interference)

The claim in Q2 (primacy effect is associated with a certain specific kind of memory) was supported by the finding that __________.

Repeating-words-out-loud during intervals between words showed that the number of repetition of each word corresponded well to the memory performance for the first few words

H.M. underwent brain surgery (lobotomy) to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that __________________, which is similar to Clive Wearing's (an old pianist) symptoms.

STM can operate (relatively) normally while LTM is impaired due to the damage of hippocampus.

Which of the following effect is most closely related to the cognitive hypothesis of reminiscence bump?

Self-generation effect

The above finding in Q5 indicates _______ coding in the short-term memory.

Semantic

According to cognitive psychologists, it is better to have ________ lineup and ________ in the lineup.

Serial; fillers (someone similar to the suspect/perpetrator)

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information on a mental work table rather than simply storing it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of ________________.

Short-term memory

The best way to prepare for Exam 2 of this course is to __________.

Test yourself by verbally answering the "test yourself" questions

Funahashi and colleagues (1989) claimed that some neurons in visual cortex are responsible for short-term memory based on the observation of the neurons are firing the most strongly during _____.

The absence of the visual stimulus

Encoding specificity suggests that _______________.

The context of learning is encoded along with the material being learnt, and can facilitate retrieval of the material if one has the same context as the encoding at retrieval.

The reason you see a trail of sparkler or smooth movement from a fast sequence of static images is because ___________.

The iconic memory keeps old visual information temporarily until new visual information comes

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, t-shirt, cherry, sofa, pants" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of __________________.

The spontaneous tendency of grouping items based on their categories.

In Peterson-Peterson task, subjects receive trigrams (e.g., JKH) followed by a number from which they need to do the backward counting. What is the purpose of the backward counting?

To prevent subjects from rehearsing the trigram

Graf and colleagues picked the 10 words for the likability rating so that they help the word-fragment task. T or F

True

The defining characteristic of implicit memory is that ______________.

We are not consciously aware of the fact we have them and under the influence of them.

According to the encoding specificity, background noise during test (i.e., retrieval) can improve your memory if ______________.

You had had the same noise during encoding.

Graf and colleagues used Korsakoff syndrome patients so that ___________.

although the patients cannot explicitly remember the 10 words from the likability rating task, they can perform well in the word-fragment test with the help of the implicit memory of the 10 words that are related to the word-fragment task.

Sperling devised the partial report condition for measuring the ________, while devised the delayed partial report condition for measuring the _________ of the ________ memory.

capacity, duration, sensory

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was based on Canadian Indian culture demonstrated the constructive nature of memory. Specifically, it demonstrated that memory is altered based on one's ___________.

cultural background.

Murdoch's experiment from which the serial position curve was reported showed that memory is best for the ______ of a list.

first few and the last few words

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember herlife events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects ____________________.

intact EPISODIC memory but impaired SEMANTIC memory.

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with memory.

long-term

Which of the following best illustrates the encoding specificity?

· All of the above

Which of the following is a correct description of the three explanations for the reminiscence bump?

· All of the above are correct.

Which of the following is not evidence for the phonological loop?

· All of the above are evidence for the phonological loop

Regarding the limited performance in the whole report condition, what kind of explanation(s) did Sperling consider?

· Both A and B

In the partial report condition, participants remembered

· almost all (3.3 letters) out of the 4 letters from any given row (82%)