exam 2 oceanography
1807
president Thomas Jefferson authorizes National Ocean Survey to explore the ocean
ROVs
remotely operated vehicles
core samples
requires a special bit collect at key intervels
starboard
right side of the ship has a green light
Lt. Don Walsh and Dr. Jacques Piccard
rode in the Triesete
salt dome
salt is pushed up forming a dome. hydrocarbons are trapped at each layer around dome
1970s- onward
satellite oceanography
SCUBA
self-contained underwater breather apparatus
hills
are over under water mountains
1977 SONAR
austrian artist, H.Beram, worked with Tharp and Heezan to make a more detailed, color, shaded relief of the entire sea floor. clearly showed MORs, trenches, shelves, abyssal plains
aft
back area at the stern of a ship
system of orbiting satellites
began era of remotely-sensed observation of Earth
drill cuttings
brought to the surface by circulation mud. collected by mudlogger
tripping the hole
can take 2-3 days. all pipes must be pulled out to replace the worn out drill bit
Fridtjof Nansen
captain of the norwegian ship Fram.
1860s
civil war time. confederates had a sub the Hunley
HMS Endeavor
collected samples of plants and animals, noted geology of islands, measured ocean depths, noted currents, wind patterns etc. Their maps of the Pacific were still used in WWII.
bathymetry
contour lines use to show shape of the ocean floor, all negative
topography
contour lines used to show shape of lands surface
1968
deep sea drilling program started. using a ship with a drill in the middle
Meteor
determined the seafloor. discovered the MOR's. spent 2 years at sea. suggests a 4 layer structure of ocean water
1920
development of electronics begins new era in research.
hydrothermal vents
ecosystem surrounds vent. bacteria is base of food chain they use chemosynthesis. thought to be where life originated
Hunley
first sub to sink a ship, had a long pole on front with an explosive charge. Sank a union ship in Charleston Harbor
anticline
fold arched downward like an ant hill. the gas and oil is lighter than water so it will sit at the top of the anticline
Captain James Cook
founder of oceanography. He insisted on cleanliness, good ventilation, and gave his crew limes to prevent scurvy. returned to England and was promoted to Admiral and sailed twice more to South Pacific. Eventually killed in Hawaii.
fore
front area at the bow of a ship
mudlogger
geologist who studies the cuttings to determine rock type, age of rock, shows of oil and gas.
1940s WWII
greatly spurs ocean research because Germans based their navel strategy on subs
HMS Challenger
had a steam winch to haul up samples. large net brought up 4700 new species of marine animals; from depths as great as 26,000 ft, 100s of readings of temp, salinity, density of H2O, currents, sediments, weather. Published 50 volume challenger report
perforating
holes punched in side of well to allow for oil and gas to flow in
Deep sea sampling problem
how to sample the ocean floor? how to get accurate depths? very time consuming to lower rope to sea floor .
1903
institute and museum oceanographique in the tiny country of Monace on the French Meditarranean coast
depth range of ordinary sub
is a secret possible a few 1000 feet
shows of gas and oil
will fluoresce under a black light
1620
wood sub built in England by C Drebble
1930
woods hole oceanographic institute in Massachutes
1977 deep sea diving
Robert Ballard, in Alvin, discovered MOR hydrothermal vents
1905
Scripps Institute of Oceanography in San Diego. Part of the University of California
20,000 pounds
$12,000,000 offered by the British government to any one who could built an accurate clock
1959
1st chart of the sea floor, based on SONAR data. compiled by Maria Tharp and Bruce Heezan at Lamont-Doherty Observatory at Columbus University New York
early 1900s
1st oceanographic research institutions
age dating
2 techniques
average thickness of continental crust
30 miles
1970s deep sea diving
Alvin could carry 3 and had remote arms to collect samples
1769
Ben Franklin and his cousin, Tim Folger, a whaling captain from new England, produced the first chart showing an ocean current the gulf stream. chart used by ships to aid in traveling between North America and Europe
1768
Captain James Cook of England sailed the HMS Endeavor to South Pacific and discovered New Zealand. mapped the Great Barrier Reef.
major figure in early science
Charles Darwin
1925
German ship Meteor sailed back and forth across the Atlantic. used SONAR then called "echosounding".
Famous Alumni of institute and museum oceanographique
Jacque Croseteau
1943
Jacque Croseteau coninvented SCUBA gear and had many tv specials
1714
John Harrison built a clock that used springs; was accurate within a minute per 80 days
SONAR acronym
Sound Navigation And Ranging
WWII
Sub warfare was used extensively by Germany, other countries had to rapidly develop sup technology. Led to increase in knowledge about words oceans
1872
The Challenger Expedition sailed from England in HMS Challenger. a 4 yr voyage led by Charles Thompson and John Murray. 1st to use the term oceanography
1995
The Hunley was found using side-scan SONAR. brough up and is on display at South Carolina musuem
1960
The Trieste descended to the bottom of the Mariana Trench about 36,000 feet
1776
The Turtle. An egg shaped sub that used a hand-cranked propellor. attempted to attach a bomb to the bottom of a British ship in New York Harbor
1893
allowed ship to be frozen into the arctic ice, drifted across arctic for 3 years proved there was no land at the North pole. Noble peace prize?
1934
William Beebe built a round craft w/ thick steel walls with an air hose connected to ship above. lowered 3000 ft.
the gulf stream
a current of warm water from the gulf that goes up U.S. East coast and goes across North Atlantic
"mud"
a mix of clay and heave elements/minerals
Alvin
a small deep diving sub for science research. Has made over 4,000 dives to the ocean floor mostly MOR's
average thickness of oceanic crust
about five miles
sampling devices gradually improved
larger amounts collected, even cores of sediment with layers preserved; collect water samples, temperatures and organisms at various depths
port
left side of a ship has a red light
1 technique for age dating
look at sea floor mud just on top of basalt. the age of microfossils gives the age of basalt
early method for sampling
lower a grease covered lead ball to the sea floor, mud would stick
oceanic crust
made of basalt none older than about 200 million years. much less deformed
polar tangent projection
map horizontal and touches N and S pole, accurate for polar region
conic projection
map is rolled around globe to a form a cone, contacts earth at mid-latitudes
Charles Darwin
marine biologist on the HMS Beagle in 1831 on 4 yr voyage in Southern Hemisphere. studied coral atolls in the pacific. he studied the biology of sea and islands. published book on barnacles fossils volcanic islands
casing
metal sheets lowered around the drill. the hole is then filled with concrete and drilled again to prevent collapses
early 1600s
microscope invented by Dutch Antony van Leeuwenhoek. 200X, discovered bacteria, blood cells, etc. looked at lake water and sea water. described plants and animals he saw.
drill bits
most have a rotating cone with 3 parts called cones with hard projections aka knobs that rotate and chew up rock
continental crust
mostly granitic and up to 4 billion years old. much thicker and more deformed.
1962
new technology developed. Multi-beam imaging
1960s
next advance drilling the ocean floor
1950s
nuclear powered subs developed. technology developed for extracting oxygen from sea water. they could stay submerged as long as food supplies lasted
1958
nuclear sub Nautilus sailed beneath the North pole
satellite imagery revealed
ocean surface has hills and valleys undetectable by eye
late 1700s
ocean voyages for science began to collect data about the oceans and islands
fathom
old depth measurement, originally the width of a man's out stretched arms; then standardized to 6 ft
1970s SONAR advancement
side scan SONAR added even more beams from a tow fish. produced extremely detailed images of the sea floor clearly showing downed ship and planes. was used to find the Titanic and is still finding treasure ship
SONAR measurement
sound wave generated then bounces off the sea floor. It's 2 way travel time is recorded and sea floor depth can be calculated
submarine
special water craft that can operate under water
WWI
subs not important
seismic reflection profiles
technology that enables seeing beneath the layers of marine sediments and the basalt below. uses shock waves instead of sound pulses
spudding the well
the beginning of drilling
cylindrical projection
the map is rolled around a globe and thus forming a cylinder, contacts Earth around the equator, most common, big advantage , longitude and latitude are straight lines
drill bit attached
to the first 30 ft section of drill pipe
blowouts and gushers
uncontrolled escape of highly pressurized oil or gas from well. can catch on fire
hydrophone
underwater microphone invented by the British used to listen for propellers of subs and other ships
early clocks
used a pendulum mechanism and was useless on ships
multi-beam imaging
used multiple beams of sonar pulses
Glomer Challenger
used thrusters on 4 sides of the ship to stay over sea floor drill site
radioactive age dating
uses decay of radioactive , unstable, elements. They change to stable elements and uniform rates
chemosynthesis
uses heat sulfur and metals to create energy and food
SONAR
uses pulses of sound generated by an electronic instrument on a ship
prevent blowouts and gushers
wells drilled using heave "mud" pumped into well using the drill pipe